Species and Control Techniques of Main Diseases and Insect Pests of Camellia oleifera in Anhui Province

[Objectives]The paper was to master the species,incidence regularity and control techniques of main diseases and insect pests of Camellia oleifera in Anhui Province.[Methods]The species of main diseases and insect pests of C.oleifera in major C.oleifera afforestation bases and seedling bases in Anhui Province were investigated through field survey and literature search.Afterwards,the symptom characteristics,occurrence regularity and harms of diseases and insect pests were analyzed,and scientific and reasonable control techniques were put forward.[Results]The main diseases of C.oleifera in Anhui Province were soft rot disease,blister blight,anthracnose,sooty blotch,etc.,and the main insect pests were Euproctis pseudoconspersa,Biston marginata,Hypomeces squamosus,Curculio chinensts,Chrenoma atritarsis,etc.The control techniques mainly included ecological regulation,physical prevention and control,chemical prevention and control,and biological prevention and control.[Conclusions]The results will promote the high-quality development of C.oleifera industry in Anhui Province,and contribute to the improvement of China s edible vegetable oil supply and national grain and oil security.

Effects of silicon amendment on the occurrence of rice insect pests and diseases in a field test

Rice is one of the most important staple foods for the world population,but it is attacked by a number of destructive pests.While evidence from greenhouse and laboratory tests has shown that silicon（Si）amendment can confer enhanced resistance to pests in rice,few studies have directly demonstrated the Si-mediated protection from pests in a field situation.In this study,field plots with silicon amendments at 0,75,150 and 300 kg SiO2 ha-1 in early-and late-season rice were employed to evaluate the effects of silicon amendment on the occurrence of major insect pests and diseases and rice yield.Compared with the control plots without silicon amendment,plant damage by stem borer and leaf folder and population size of planthopper were significantly lower in three to five of the seven monitoring observations in each season in the plots amended with 300 kg SiO2 ha-1.The disease index of rice blast in the early-season rice was lower in the plots amended with Si at 300 kg SiO2 ha-1 than in the control plots,while Si protection from rice blast in the late-season rice and from rice sheath blight in the early-season rice were not apparent.An insignificant increase of rice yield by 16.4%（604 kg ha-1）was observed in the plots amended with 300 kg SiO2 ha-1 over the control plots.Our results indicate that Si amendment at 300kg SiO2 ha-1 can provide substantial protection from some of the rice pests under field conditions.These findings support the recommendation of silicon amendment as a key component of integrated management of rice pests.

A Brief Introduction of Main Diseases and Insect Pests in Soybean Production in the Global Top Five Soybean Producing Countries

The United States, Brazil, Argentina, India and China are the major soybean producing countries in the world. Nearly 90% of the world^s soybean production comes from these countries. The occurrence of diseases and insect pests often lead to the reduction of soybean yield, and brings varying degree losses to these countries. This article provides an overview of the impact and measures on soybean main diseases and insect pests in the top five major soybean producing countries over the world. It is concluded that the diseases affecting the soybean yield seriously include Phakopsorapachyrhizi, Heterodera glycines, Septoria glycines, Colletotrichum spp. and Macrophominaphaseolina; and the main insect pests include Anticarsia gemmatalis, Spodoptera litura, Nezara viridula and Frankliniella occidentalis, which will provide information for key prevention and control of soybean main diseases and insect pests in these countries.

Occurrence and Control of Main Soybean Diseases and Insect Pests in Greater Mekong Sub-region

Soybean rust,soybean downy mildew,and soybean thrips,soybean pod borers,and soybean nocturnal moths are the world wide diseases and insect pests in soybean production,which pose a potential threat to soybean production in Great Mekong Sub-region（ GMS）,comprising Cambodia,Lao People＇s Democratic Republic,Myanmar,Thailand,Vietnam,and Yunnan province,the People＇s Republic of China. This paper summarized the host range,epidemiology,damage and control methods of these diseases and insect pests in GMS,with the aim to provide information basis for understanding and effective control of soybean diseases and insect pests in GMS.

Analysis and Study on Characteristics and Detection Methods of Cotton Diseases and Insect Pests

[Objectives]The paper was to find the diseases and insect pests in the process of cotton growth quickly,effectively and timely.[Methods]The growth process of cotton was dynamically monitored by UAV aerial photography,and the aerial data map was converted into geotif image with longitude and latitude and then inputted into the detection system for preprocessing,mainly for image feature extraction and classification.Through deep learning of MATLAB software and BP neural network algorithm,the feature similarity of the images in the established characteristic database of cotton diseases and insect pests was compared.[Results]Through comparative analysis of characteristics of a large number of diseases and insect pests,it was found that deep learning method had high discrimination accuracy and good reliability.[Conclusions]The dynamic detection system using deep learning can well find cotton diseases and insect pests,and achieve early detection and early treatment,so as to effectively improve the yield and quality of cotton.

Integrated Prevention and Control Technology of Major Diseases and Insect Pests of Strawberry

In order to effectively deal with the problems of diseases and insect pests in the growth process of strawberry and to improve the quality and yield of strawberry,the main diseases and insect pests in strawberry cultivation such as powdery mildew,gray mold,anthracnose,red stele root rot,calcium deficiency,salt or fertilizer damage,aphids,red spiders,thrips,grubs,etc.and their identification methods were analyzed.The comprehensive pollution-free prevention and control techniques of these pests and diseases were explored,in order to provide technical guidance for high quality,efficient and harmless production of strawberry.

Species and Occurrence Regularity of Diseases and Insect Pests Harming Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. in Guangxi

[Objectives]The paper was to understand the species and harm of diseases and insect pests of Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.in Guangxi,and to provide basis for the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests.[Methods]From 2018 to 2021,a systematic investigation on diseases and insect pests of B.ramiflora was conducted in Dongxing City,Fangchenggang City,Longzhou County,Pingxiang City,Jingxi City and Napo County in Guangxi.[Results]There were 22 species of diseases and insect pests that harmed B.ramiflora in Guangxi,7 of which were diseases and 15 were insect pests.Leaf blight(Fuasrium spp.)was the main disease at seedling stage,causing severe damage,and anthracnose(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.)caused moderate damage.Cyclosia papilionaris Drury and Chrysochus chinensis Baly had high frequency of occurrence,wide damage area and severe damage.Cyclosia panthono Stoll and Lcerya aegyptiaca Douglas caused moderate damage,while other insect pests caused light damage.[Conclusions]The study lays a foundation for the scientific prevention and control of B.ramiflora diseases and insect pests,and promotes the sustainable and rapid development of B.ramiflora industry in Guangxi.

Green Prevention and Control Technology against Main Diseases and Insect Pests of Facility Tomato

In recent years,with the increasing planting area of facility tomato,diseases and insect pests such as tomato grey mold(Botrytis cinerea),early blight(Alternaria solani),late blight(Phytophthora infestans),and whitefly(Trialeurodes uaporariorum) occur frequently,causing severe harms and difficulties in prevention and control.In order to ensure the normal production of facility tomato and improve the yield and quality of tomato,the corresponding prevention and control measures are put forward according to the regularity of the occurrence of diseases and insect pests and the characteristics of facility environment,which has certain guiding significance for agricultural production.

Detection and Monitoring of Key Hazard Factors for Quality and Safety of Characteristic Berries and Standardized Production Technology and Application

Blueberry,kiwifruit,Rosa roxburghii,and raspberry are the characteristic fruits planted in Guizhou Province.However,in recent years,harmful factors such as plant diseases and insect pests,pesticides and heavy metal residues have affected the quality and safety of blueberry,kiwifruit,R.roxburghii,raspberry and other berries.These problems mainly include the frequent occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests,pesticide residues and heavy metal pollution,which not only seriously affect the quality and safety of berries,but also restrict the healthy development of berry industry.Therefore,it is very important to study the detection and monitoring of key hazard factors affecting the quality and safety of blueberry,kiwifruit,R.roxburghii and raspberry,as well as the standardized production technology.Using literature analysis,field investigation,questionnaire survey,comprehensive analysis,SWOT analysis,laboratory testing and other methods,this paper made a comprehensive and in-depth study of the berry industry in Guizhou Province.Through the analysis of the current situation of the berry industry in Guizhou Province,the problems and shortcomings in the planting,management,sales and other aspects of the industry were revealed.In order to solve these problems,a series of practical measures were put forward,including strengthening pest control,optimizing pesticide application technology,and strictly controlling heavy metal pollution,so as to ensure the healthy and stable development of berry industry.The implementation of these measures will help to improve the overall quality level of the berry industry in Guizhou Province.

Evaluation and screening for resistance of some varieties(lines)to major diseases and insect pests of rice

During 1984-1988,2,231 varieties(lines)from International Rice Testing Program(IRTP)were evaluated and screened for resistance to riceblast(Bl),bacterial blight(BB),sheath blight

Social Cost Analysis of Biological Control Technology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests

With the rapid development of modern agriculture,the prevention and control of crop diseases and insect pests has become an important part to ensure the safety of agricultural production,the quality of agricultural products and the safety of agricultural ecological environment.Although the effect of traditional chemical prevention and control technology is remarkable,the health risks and environmental problems brought by it should not be ignored.As a green and environmentally friendly means of prevention and control,biological prevention and control technology has gradually become a hot research topic and a trend of agricultural production.This paper is intended to comprehensively evaluate the social costs of biological control technologies for crop diseases and pests,including the health risks reduced,environmental improvements,economic benefits,and barriers to promotion,and put forward corresponding policy recommendations.

Impact of Climate Change on Epidemiology of Various Pests of Wheat Crop in Punjab Pakistan

Wheat [Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae)] is the staple diet of people in Pakistan. It is attacked by many types of pests. Therefore the purpose of this study was to assess the impact of climate change on the ecology and epidemiology of various wheat pests in Punjab, Pakistan. Results indicate that maximum weeds hot spots 242 (5.98%) Phalaris minor, 45 (1.18%) wild oat and 203 (5.01%) broad leaf weeds were noted in 2015. Aphid 31 (0.86%) hot spots were recorded in 2016 while maximum army worm 13 (0.26%) hot spots were noted in 2017. Maximum 70 (1.73%) spots of yellow rust and 85 (2.10%) hot spots of brown rust were observed during 2015 while 84 (4.16%) spots of loose smut were observed during 2017. ANOVA shows that years have no significant difference (P > 0.05) but weeks have significant effect on occurrence of these pest incidences except brown rust. But regression ANOVA was significant (P ≤ 0.05) and regression models equations have been developed on the bases of recorded data. Pest incidence was taken as dependent variable Y and weather factors i.e. minimum temperature as X1, maximum temperature as X2, relative humidity as X3 and rain fall as X4 were taken as independent variables. This study will help in recommendations for moving forward aiming at integration of biology of rust and smut diseases of wheat with changing climate for development of resistant varieties for resilient and durable management of these pathogens.

Do forest health threats affect upland oak regeneration and recruitment?Advance reproduction is a key co-morbidity

We analyzed national forest inventory data collected from circa 2000–2018 across 37 states in the eastern United States to better understand the influence of forest health related canopy disturbances on the regeneration and recruitment dynamics of upland oaks(Quercus).We found low levels of oak recruitment across all disturbance types examined but limited evidence of any direct effects from the type of disturbance on the population of regenerating oaks.The general lack of differences in oak regeneration response between forest health disturbances and disturbances caused by harvested or non-disturbed plots does not indicate that the effects of forest health disturbances were benign,however.Instead,low level of oak recruitment across all disturbance types highlights the pervasiveness of the trend of shifting composition in once oak-dominated forests where oak is absent or sparse in the regeneration layer.Our results show that oak recruitment was higher when oak was present as advance reproduction prior to disturbance from any cause examined.Collectively,these results lead us to conclude that the widespread inadequacy of oak advance reproduction in mature oak-dominated forests is the prevailing threat to oak forest health and sustainability.We suggest the status of advance reproduction be treated as a co-morbidity when weighing the risk and potential outcomes from other threats to upland oak forests in the eastern United States.

新疆棉花病虫害防治药剂剂型研发策略

棉花是我国重要的经济作物,也是受病虫害危害最严重的农作物之一。目前化学防治仍是棉田病虫害防治的重要技术。新疆棉区是我国最大的棉花主产区,气候类型属于典型的温带大陆性气候,具有光照充足、夏季高温干旱、多风、昼夜温差大等特殊气候特点,农药药液喷施过程中容易发生蒸发、飘移、降解等损失,严重影响药剂的防治效果。本文综述了温湿度、风、光照等环境因子对药剂防治效果的影响,以及国内外对提升药剂防治效果采取的调控措施,并结合新疆棉田的特殊气候条件提出了剂型研发的新策略。在提升产品理化稳定性的前提下,还需综合考虑有效成分的理化性质、棉花叶片的结构及润湿特性、施药器械等多种因素。结合农药学、植物保护学、界面化学、有机化学等多学科交叉理论知识指导,利用先进的技术和载体材料研发环境响应型、靶向高效的农药剂型,结合配套使用技术及措施,探索农药高效利用及减量调控途径,为实现农药减量增效、引领棉花产业绿色发展提供科技支撑。

基于多卷积神经网络融合的当归病虫害识别方法

针对目前当归产业病虫害识别方法缺失、人工提取特征存在主观因素及卷积神经网络训练需要大量数据等不足,提出1种基于多卷积神经网络融合的当归病虫害识别方法。构建当归常见病虫害数据集;选择在当归病虫害数据集中表现性能最好的ResNet50、InceptionNetV3、VGG19、DenseNet2014个网络作为模型融合的基学习器;使用XGBoost(极度梯度提升)算法作为元学习器,得到基于多卷积神经网络融合的当归病虫害识别模型。结果表明,该融合模型比单个卷积神经网络模型具有更高的识别准确率,并优于其他融合方法融合的模型,对当归病虫害识别的查准率、查全率、F 1值分别达到98.33%、97.14%、97.68%。本研究提出的基于XGBoost融合方法融合的模型实现了当归常见病虫害的精确分类,对常见病害的识别准确率达到98.33%,为当归产业提供了一种有效的病虫害识别方法。

基于Android系统手机的甜玉米病虫害智能诊断系统

为农业智能诊断系统更加廉价、便捷、有效地为普通农户服务,该文针对Android手机终端,提出了一种基于Android手机的农业病虫害智能诊断系统的设计方法,构建了一个通用的、便于"二次开发"且人机交互技术丰富的数据库和应用程序的开发环境,并采用"产生式"规则和正向推理方法,设计了甜玉米病虫害的树型图和推理机等,重点研究和开发了"基于Android手机的甜玉米病虫害智能诊断系统",该系统的开发方法具有一定的通用性。测试和初步应用的效果显示,该系统具有便携、实用、界面友好和不受有线网络环境限制等特点,有较强的实用性和推广应用前景。

2023年邹城市春花生植保贡献率的测算评估

为了客观反映植保工作在花生生产中对病虫草害的控制效果,评价植保工作在花生生产中的作用,2023年选取全国花生绿色防控示范县邹城为测试点,开展花生重大病虫害植保贡献率的评价。试验设严格综防区、农户自防区和空白对照区,通过试验示范区的防控效果、花生产量、投入成本三个指标进行综合评估。结果表明:2023年邹城市试验区花生病虫草害的防控植保贡献率为33.1%,严格综防区较农户自防区增收11642.85元/hm^(2),表明农户自防区还有很大的增收空间。本项工作通过科学防控可实现增产增效目的,为其他地区春花生植保贡献率的评估提供了技术参考。

辽宁豇豆主要病虫害及绿色防控技术

豇豆营养丰富,有较好的保健功效,在我国是一种很受欢迎的蔬菜。但豇豆在生产中具有生长周期短、病虫害发生重、用药频次高等特点,使其农药残留超标情况常位于蔬菜品种前列。豇豆病虫害防治不当制约着豇豆产业的绿色发展。为切实做好豇豆农药残留突出问题攻坚治理,该文基于对辽宁豇豆生产环节的跟踪评价,介绍了辽宁地区豇豆主要病虫害种类及其危害症状,并从绿色防控角度提出针对性措施与建议,为辽宁豇豆安全生产提供参考。

网室栽培对广东惠州地区柑桔生长及病虫害发生的影响

柑桔黄龙病是柑桔生产上的毁灭性病害,在田间主要通过柑桔木虱(Diaphorina citri Kuwayama)传播,目前尚无有效防治柑桔黄龙病的药剂。防虫网室种植柑桔是目前国内多个黄龙病高发区用以防控柑桔木虱及黄龙病的新型种植方式。2020年1月至2021年2月在广东惠州(黄龙病流行区)的一个沙糖桔结果园中,设置防虫网覆盖区和露天区,对网室区与露天区的树势、黄龙病流行状况、柑桔木虱发生情况、其他害虫发生情况及温湿度进行跟踪调查,并分析其差异。结果显示,与露天比较,防虫网室种植有利于增强健康植株的树势,对产量无不利影响;网室对温湿度的影响主要表现在湿度上,5月和7月网室内相对湿度分别升高1.96和1.81百分点,10月和11月网室内相对湿度分别降低6.73和7.20百分点;网室种植能减少柑桔害虫发生种类,减少柑桔木虱发生数量,减轻黄龙病病情,但会引起全年性粉虱数量增加和秋季(10-11月)柑桔全爪螨暴发。

基于Android的玉米病虫害机器视觉诊断系统研究

为了使农业智能诊断系统更加廉价、便捷,有效地为普通农户服务,提出了一种基于Android手机的农业病虫害智能诊断系统。该系统使用Android智能手机对玉米病虫害部分进行图片拍摄,并将图像利用无线网上传至Web服务器,利用分割和匹配算法对病虫害部分进行智能化分析,最终将结果传输到手机用户端。为实现图像匹配的特征点提取,采用高斯差分的方法对图像进行分割和精确定位,使用聚类算法对匹配效果进行优化,并利用特征点的无限逼近,完成病虫害图像的匹配,从而诊断病虫害的类型。上传后的图像和Web服务器的规则库的图像进行匹配后可以生成病虫害的匹配结果信息,该信息可以通过Android智能系统接收,最终反馈给农户的手机客户端。通过测试发现:玉米病虫害诊断系统可从多幅图像里有效地对病虫害类型进行匹配,匹配成功率较高,系统的稳定性较好,具有很好的推广前景。