Governing the Horn’s External Linkages: Agency, Domestic Politics and Local Power in the Horn of Africa - Gulf Relations

The Horn of Africa and the Persian Gulf have millennial relations characterised by mutual interaction and influences.However,from the Cold War period onwards,international relations scholars focus-ing on strategic and security analysis have used a realist approach to depict these relations as largely one-way involvement and influ-ence from the Gulf to the Horn of Africa.Yet,this approach por-trays the Horn of Africa as a Gulf and other middle and great powers’strategic chessboard and fails to account for the reality of political dynamics in the Horn of Africa and the agency of the local state and non-state actors in their external relations.This article argues that the realist approach’s depiction of foreign relations mainly as power struggles between unitary state actors is reduc-tionist and presents an inadequate framework for the analysis of the Horn of Africa’s complex external relationships involving various state and powerful societal(non-state)actors.This privileges struc-ture over agency disproportionally,requiring recalibration of the realist framework’s conceptualisation of the‘state’and‘power’.As a result,the article proposes that a more nuanced actor-based account which includes domestic political dynamics and locally prominent internationally active societal actors is necessary for a more realistic analysis of the Horn’s external relations.

External Relations of the CPC

The Communist Party of China interacts with political parties and organizations worldwide The inter-party exchange and cooperation activities of the Communist Party of China(CPC) are primarily conducted by its Central Committee.At its 12th National Congress in September 1982,the CPC established the four principles for its relations with foreign political parties,namely,"independence,complete equality,