This paper presents the design of an ultra low-voltage (ULV) pseudo operational transconductance amplifier (P-OTA) that is able to operate with a single supply voltage as low as 0.4 V. The proposed circuit is based on...This paper presents the design of an ultra low-voltage (ULV) pseudo operational transconductance amplifier (P-OTA) that is able to operate with a single supply voltage as low as 0.4 V. The proposed circuit is based on the bulk-driven technique and use of cross-coupled self-cascode pairs that boosts the differential DC gain. The stability condition of this structure for the DC gain is considered by definition of two coefficients to cancel out a controllable percentage of the denominator. This expression for stability condition yield optimized value for the DC gain. Also, as the principle of operation of the proposed technique relies on matching conditions, Monte Carlo analyzes are considered to study of the behavior of the proposed circuit against mismatches. The designed P-OTA have a DC gain of 64 dB, 212 KHz unity gain bandwidth, 57phase margin that is loaded by 10 pF differential capacitive loads, while consume only 16 μW. Eventually, from the proposed P-OTA, a low-power Sample and Hold (S/H) circuit with sampling frequency of 10 KS/s has been designed and simulated. The correct functionality for this configuration is verified from –30℃ to 70℃. The simulated data presented is obtained using the HSPICE Environment and is valid for the 90 nm triple-well CMOS process.展开更多
HSLA steels need extremely low levels of tramp elements like P,S,H and O t.During tapping the steel is deoxidized with aluminum and in the secondary metallurgy sulphur (< 10 ppm) and hydrogen (< 1 ppm) are extra...HSLA steels need extremely low levels of tramp elements like P,S,H and O t.During tapping the steel is deoxidized with aluminum and in the secondary metallurgy sulphur (< 10 ppm) and hydrogen (< 1 ppm) are extracted.After tank degassing the steel is strongly Ca-treated by wire feeding to form CaS instead of MnS.Non-metallic inclusions in the steel and centre segregation with MnS are sinks for hydrogen which result in HIC (Hydrogen Induced Cracking).Therefore these steels ask for excellent oxide cleanness and S-contents of < 10 ppm.Macro inclusions of > 50 μm are harmful for the product.These large inclusions are seldom and difficult to be detected.Small inclusions of < 15 μm do no harm to the product.The origin of non-metallic inclusions is,roughly spoken,one third each of de-oxidation-/reoxidation products,refractory and casting powder.Slag carry-over is mainly avoided by sensitive electronic devices.Slag covers and shrouding systems of the steel stream during the transfer of metal between ladle,tundish and mold are effective to avoid reoxidation.Systems to control the flow of steel in tundish and mold favor the floatation of inclusions and their even distribution in the strand.展开更多
文摘This paper presents the design of an ultra low-voltage (ULV) pseudo operational transconductance amplifier (P-OTA) that is able to operate with a single supply voltage as low as 0.4 V. The proposed circuit is based on the bulk-driven technique and use of cross-coupled self-cascode pairs that boosts the differential DC gain. The stability condition of this structure for the DC gain is considered by definition of two coefficients to cancel out a controllable percentage of the denominator. This expression for stability condition yield optimized value for the DC gain. Also, as the principle of operation of the proposed technique relies on matching conditions, Monte Carlo analyzes are considered to study of the behavior of the proposed circuit against mismatches. The designed P-OTA have a DC gain of 64 dB, 212 KHz unity gain bandwidth, 57phase margin that is loaded by 10 pF differential capacitive loads, while consume only 16 μW. Eventually, from the proposed P-OTA, a low-power Sample and Hold (S/H) circuit with sampling frequency of 10 KS/s has been designed and simulated. The correct functionality for this configuration is verified from –30℃ to 70℃. The simulated data presented is obtained using the HSPICE Environment and is valid for the 90 nm triple-well CMOS process.
文摘HSLA steels need extremely low levels of tramp elements like P,S,H and O t.During tapping the steel is deoxidized with aluminum and in the secondary metallurgy sulphur (< 10 ppm) and hydrogen (< 1 ppm) are extracted.After tank degassing the steel is strongly Ca-treated by wire feeding to form CaS instead of MnS.Non-metallic inclusions in the steel and centre segregation with MnS are sinks for hydrogen which result in HIC (Hydrogen Induced Cracking).Therefore these steels ask for excellent oxide cleanness and S-contents of < 10 ppm.Macro inclusions of > 50 μm are harmful for the product.These large inclusions are seldom and difficult to be detected.Small inclusions of < 15 μm do no harm to the product.The origin of non-metallic inclusions is,roughly spoken,one third each of de-oxidation-/reoxidation products,refractory and casting powder.Slag carry-over is mainly avoided by sensitive electronic devices.Slag covers and shrouding systems of the steel stream during the transfer of metal between ladle,tundish and mold are effective to avoid reoxidation.Systems to control the flow of steel in tundish and mold favor the floatation of inclusions and their even distribution in the strand.
