Prediction of mechanical properties for deep drawing steel by deep learning

At present,iron and steel enterprises mainly use“after spot test ward”to control final product quality.However,it is impossible to realize on-line quality predetermining for all products by this traditional approach,hence claims and returns often occur,resulting in major eco-nomic losses of enterprises.In order to realize the on-line quality predetermining for steel products during manufacturing process,the predic-tion models of mechanical properties based on deep learning have been proposed in this work.First,the mechanical properties of deep drawing steels were predicted by using LSTM(long short team memory),GRU(gated recurrent unit)network,and GPR(Gaussian process regression)model,and prediction accuracy and learning efficiency for different models were also discussed.Then,on-line re-learning methods for transfer learning models and model parameters were proposed.The experimental results show that not only the prediction accuracy of optimized trans-fer learning models has been improved,but also predetermining time was shortened to meet real time requirements of on-line property prede-termining.The industrial production data of interstitial-free(IF)steel was used to demonstrate that R2 value of GRU model in training stage reaches more than 0.99,and R2 value in testing stage is more than 0.96.

Subsurface macro-inclusions and solidified hook character in aluminum-killed deep-drawing steel slabs

Subsurface macro-inclusions and hooks are detrimental to the surface quality of deep-drawing steel sheets. However, little is known about the relationship between macro-inclusions and hooks. Thus, in this work, two ultralow carbon （ULC） steel slabs and two low carbon （LC） aluminum-killed steel slabs were sampled to study the relationship between hooks and subsurface macro-inclusions, which were detected on the cross-sections of steel samples with an area of 56058 mm2 using an automated scanning electron microscopy/energy-disper-sive X-ray spectroscopy system. Results show that subsurface inclusions larger than 200 μm were almost entrapped by hook structures, whereas the location of other inclusions smaller than 200μm had no obvious dependence on the location of solidified hooks. Furthermore, the number density （ND） of subsurface inclusions larger than 200μm decreased from 0.02 to 0 cm-2 in ULC steel as the mean hook depth decreased from 1.57 to 1.01 mm. Similar trends were also observed in LC steel. In addition, the detected inclusions larger than 200μm were concentrated in the region near the slab center （3/8 width-5/8 width）, where hook depths were also larger than those at any other locations. Therefore, minimizing the hook depth is an effective way to reduce inclusion-induced sliver defects in deep-drawing steels.

Investigation of SUS304 Stainless Steel with Warm Hydro-mechanical Deep Drawing

Basing on warm mechanical property of SUS304 stainless steel and hydro-mechanical deep drawing process, warm hydro-mechanical deep drawing process is proposed and discussed with experiments in this paper. The experiments are performed at four different temperatures. The results show that the formability of stainless steel is improved under the condition of warm temperature. Warm hydro-mechanical deep drawing raises limiting drawing ratio of SUS304 effectively, and limiting drawing ratio 3.3 is obtained, which is beyond 2.0 with conventional deep drawing. The temperature of 90℃ is beneficial to the forming of SUS304 stainless steel, the strain-induced martensite is controlled effectively, and the thickness distribution is more uniform.

Effect of Variable Blank Holder Force on Rectangular Box Drawing Process of Hot-galvanized Sheet Steel

At first, a series of finite element method （FEM） simulation tests were used to find the critical forming conditions of hot-galvanized sheet steel during the rectangular box drawing processing when constant blank holder forces were applied. According the test results, the reasonable alteration scope of initial variable blank holder force （VBHF） was as 1.9-2.3 T. Then, based on the test productions of blank holder force, 12 typical VBHF curves were applied to perform the simulation tests by the simulation software of DYNAFORM. The simulation test results showed that VBHF had great effects on drawing formability of hot-galvanized sheet steel during the rectangular box drawing. However, the different VBHF curves were applied to control the whole drawing and it would get great different effects. At the same tine, the VBHF had great effects on the maximum thick thinning ratio, but had little effect on the maximum thick incrassation ratio. So, reasonable application of the VBHF would greatly decrease the fractures. When the VBHF profile is taken as curve L, the best effect of drawing formability could be obtained. When curve I is used, contrary effect could be gotten. The other types of curves would cause effects between above two types of VBHF curves. Finally, the actual tests were applied to check the validity of the FEM simulation tests. The results show that the FEM simulation tests are good ways for predicting and optimizing the VBHF.

Experimental Investigation on Micro Deep Drawing of Stainless Steel Foils with Different Microstructural Characteristics

In the present work,austenitic stainless steel(ASS)304 foils with a thickness of 50μm were first annealed at temperatures ranging from 700 to 1100℃for 1 h to obtain different microstructural characteristics.Then the effects of microstructural characteristics on the formability of ASS 304 foils and the quality of drawn cups using micro deep drawing(MDD)were studied,and the mechanism involved was discussed.The results show that the as-received ASS 304 foil has a poor formability and cannot be used to form a cup using MDD.Serious wrinkling problem occurs on the drawn cup,and the height profile distribution on the mouth and the symmetry of the drawn cup is quite non-uniform when the annealing temperature is 700℃.At annealing temperatures of 900 and 950℃,the drawn cups are both characterized with very few wrinkles,and the distribution of height profile,symmetry and mouth thickness are uniform on the mouths of the drawn cups.The wrinkling becomes increasingly significant with a further increase of annealing temperature from 950 to 1100℃.The optimal annealing temperatures obtained in this study are 900 and 950℃for reducing the generation of wrinkling,and therefore improving the quality of drawn cups.With non-optimized microstructure,the distribution of the compressive stress in the circumferential direction of the drawn foils becomes inhomogeneous,which is thought to be the cause of the occurrence of localized deformation till wrinkling during MDD.

Effect of Friction on the Drawing Process of Hot-Galvanized Sheet Steel

A probe test method was employed to detect the friction condition of the interfaces between tools and blank. At the same time a self-developed measurement apparatus to realize the probe test method was also presented. Based on the analysis of force, a correlative friction model was also given. With the self-developed measurement apparatus,the effects of three kinds of lubricating oils which were in common use during the process of sheet steel drawing were studied. By probing the friction coefficient values of different lubricating oils during the drawing process of the hot-galvanized sheet steel （steel brand： ST07Zn）, we can see that the friction caused by PK oil was the lowest, so the effect of PK oil was the best. Then PK oil was used as the base lubricating oil and some solid additive powers was added into it to make a new type lubrication （named as L oil）.The result of test proved that the new lubricating oil had remarkable effect on the drawing process of hot-galvanized sheet steel.

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENTS ON FORMABILITY OF TWO NEW DEEP DRAWING STEELS

The factors of heat treatments were discussed, which affect the formability of two low carbon, low alloy steels. Experiment concerns mechanical properties, R-values, orientation intensity, texture internal friction and their relationship with annealing and ageing.

Microstructure and texture evolution of cold-rolled deep-drawing steel sheet during annealing

In accordance with experimental results about the annealing microstructure and texture of cold-rolled deep- drawing sheet based on the compact strip production （CSP） process, a two-dimensional cellular automation simulation model, considering real space and time scale, was established to simulate recrystallization and grain growth during the actual batch annealing process. The simulation results show that pancaked grains form during recrystallization. （111} advantageous texture components become the main parts of the recrystallization texture. After grain growth, the pancaked grains coarsen gradually. The content of （111} advantageous texture components in the annealing texture increases from 55vo1% to 65vo1%; meanwhile, the contents of {112}〈110〉 and {100}〈110〉 texture components decrease by 4% and 8%, respectively, compared with the recrystallization texture. The simulation results of microstructure and texture evolution are also consistent with the experimental ones, proving the accuracy and usefulness of the model.

DRAWING OF ALUMINUM-CLAD STEEL WIRE BY FORCE-FEED LUBRICATION

The force feed lubrication method is used for drawing aluminum clad steel wire. It is studied how deformation of wire and aspect of the lubricant film are influenced by the die angle, the reduction, the drawing speed and the gap between pressure die and wire. It has been concluded that when the factors above mentioned promote to thicken lubricant film, the drawing force is reduced and this favors the homogenous deformation of aluminum coating and steel core.

Correlation of morphological anisotropy and Lankford value of deep drawing sheets hot-rolled by compact strip production

Cold-rolled steel sheets in automotive applications require an excellent deep draw ability, which is characterized by the Lankford value （r-value）. In this study, a correlation was identified between r-value and pancake-shaped grain flatness which is indicated as the ratio of grain diameter in the rolling direction （RD） and normal direction （ND） of sheets （dr/dn）. A mathematical model （ r = e^0.345（dn^1/2-dr^1/2） ） was developed to calculate r-value by the microstructure of steel sheets hot-rolled by compact strip production （CSP）. It is shown that the r-value is higher, if the microstructure of steel sheet is of pancake-shaped grains elongated in the rolling direction. The calculated r-value is confirmed to fit exactly to the measured one from the large-scale production.

Microstructure Evolution and Its Effects on the Mechanical Behavior of Cold Drawn Pearlite Steel Wires for Bridge Cables

The microstructure evolution and its effects on the mechanical performance of 2000 MPa bridge cable steel wires were investigated by transmission electron microscope(TEM),electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD),X-ray diffractometer(XRD)and mechanical tests.Experimental results reveal that,with the increasing strain from 0 to 1.42,a fiber structure and a<110>fiber texture aligned with the wire axis are gradually developed accompanied by cementite decomposition and the formation of sub-grains;the tensile strength increases linearly from 1510 to 2025 MPa,and the reduction of the area is stable with a slight decline from 44%to 36%.After annealing at 450℃for different times,pronounced changes in the microstructure occur.Cementite lamella fragment into coarser globules corresponding to a remarkable spheroidization process,while ferrite domains recover and recrystallize,and this process is associated to modifications in the mechanical properties.Furthermore,based on the observations on dislocation lines crossing through cementite lamellae,a possible mechanism of cementite decomposition is discussed.

Determination of the Friction Coefficient in the Flat Strip Drawing Test

Current work is focused on the influence of friction in deep drawing process. Friction measurements were also conducted using a modified tribotester based on strip sliding between tools. Four different tool surfaces were tested under similar contact conditions regarding contact area, normal pressure, sliding speed, lubricant and surface characteristics to calculate the friction coefficient between the tool surface and a high strength low alloy steel sheet HSLA 380. The results showed that friction coefficient varies over a wide range with different lubricating conditions and different sliding velocities. For some sliding velocities, the coefficient of friction is stable and low, while for others it is unstable and higher. Results of the experiments reveal that this novel tribotester is a very useful tool to evaluate and compare the friction between steel sheet and tool surfaces in alloyed steel for cold working applications. The outcomes have only small dispersion within the different test series, which indicates a stable process with good repeatability. The test method enables comparison of different surface finishes and treatments, lubricants and coatings in terms of friction and galling under conditions similar to those found in sheet metal forming processes. The four different types of surfaces considered for this study were grinded, polished, nitrided and quenched/tempered. The main difference among the tested tools in this work was the surface roughness, which was found to have a strong influence on friction.

深冲钢炼钢区段专线化层流运行模式实践

鉴于某钢厂深冲钢炼钢区段运行效率较低、能量耗散较大、过程稳定性较差等问题,对炼钢区段各工序内时间-事件进行解析,协调优化各工序作业时间;并结合生产线特点,构建“一对一”层流专线化生产路径。生产实践表明:采用专线化层流运行模式生产深冲钢,可避免前、后工序间交叉运行时铁素流在空间、时间、能耗上的不确定性;工序间链接时间缩短,炼钢区段总作业时间从247.9 min缩短至193.5 min;过程能量耗散减少,转炉终点温度从1671.7℃降至1653.9℃。

高速拉拔ER70S-6焊丝钢生产工艺优化

通过总结分析ER70S-6焊丝钢存在的质量问题,提出了有针对性的优化改进措施,重点对ER70S-6焊丝钢的化学成分范围、气体氮含量、尺寸精度、显微组织等关键指标严格控制,攻关后C、Si、Mn、N含量内控达标率提高,尺寸偏差C级精度得到改善,而且消除了混晶异常组织。用户拉拔使用结果表明,优化后的焊丝钢质量得到进一步的提高,可满足用户拉拔速度28 m/s以上高速拉拔的要求。

全轻页岩陶粒混凝土与钢筋的极限粘接强度影响研究

全轻页岩陶粒混凝土和钢筋之间的粘接作用较为复杂,粘接强度受钢筋类型、锚固长度、混凝土强度等因素影响,通常采用中心拉拔试验方法分析全轻页岩陶粒混凝土的粘接效果。对此,采用该方法进行了12组不同标准的全轻页岩陶粒钢筋混凝土试件粘接强度测试试验,分析了试件拉拔破坏和劈裂破坏二种破坏形态,对比了不同钢筋直径、钢筋类型和混凝土强度等级下试件的粘接强度变化,并提出了更加合理的极限粘接强度计算方式。以期促进全轻页岩陶粒混凝土的深入研究和在建筑行业的广泛应用。

厚壁不锈钢管弯曲成形试验及其回弹特性分析

借助数控弯管机,分别完成了壁厚为5.5 mm和3.5 mm不锈钢管材的弯曲成形试验。根据回弹理论,通过弯曲简化模型,进行了管材弯曲回弹机理分析,推导了金属管材弯曲回弹角的工程近似解析公式。利用多目测量机完成了弯曲回弹角的测量,通过数据分析,研究了变形条件及管材结构尺寸对弯曲回弹角的影响规律。结果表明:在单一变量情况下,弯曲回弹角随折弯角的增大而增大;相同规格管材在同一折弯角下,弯曲回弹角随着时间推移持续增大,且回弹角的回弹速度随时间增长快速衰减,回弹主要发生在弯曲完成后的24 h内。文中试验数据及研究结论为厚壁不锈钢管路的弯曲成形及其工程应用提供了参考。

变形量对冷拉拔低碳镀锌钢丝力学性能的影响

冷拉拔低碳镀锌钢丝以良好的耐蚀性能、焊接性能、与力学性能协同匹配的良好综合性能和低廉的价格广泛应用于轻工业及建筑行业,其中变形量是影响其力学性能、生产成本及良品率的关键因素。通过显微组织分析、力学性能测定、断口观察,研究了Q235冷拉拔低碳镀锌钢丝不同变形量下的加工硬化过程,并分析了断丝及钢丝表面出现箭头状裂纹的原因。结果表明:真应变从0增加到2.41的过程中,抗拉强度、横纵截面硬度随应变量增加呈抛物线状增加,抗拉强度从586.8 MPa增加到1157.1 MPa,横截面硬度比纵截面增加了5.8 HV。塑性变形初期,加工硬化率最大,为364.7 MPa。真应变从0增加到1.91过程中,加工硬化率从364.7 MPa降低到162.2 MPa,真应变从1.91增加到2.41的过程中,加工硬化率又增加到了172.0 MPa。钢丝中存在CaO夹杂物是导致钢丝出现断丝和表面箭头状裂纹的主要原因。

胶管钢丝湿拉工艺管控要点

湿拉是钢丝在湿的状态下进行拉拔,是橡胶软管增强用钢丝最后一道生产工序。钢丝湿拉工序为多机台集中式规模化生产,人均看机量大,但是单机台生产工艺雷同,需凝练出重要的工艺点即可进行很好的管控。在实际生产中,拉丝设备的维护状态、润滑液的组分指标、拉丝模具的选用等方面直接关系着钢丝品质的优劣,对这几项重要工艺点必须进行重点管控。使用自动化手段辅助生产,能极大地提高钢丝产品的质量和产能。

改性钢纤维混凝土界面伸缩缝过渡区域粘接性能分析

以碳纤维、纳米二氧化硅及再生粗集料作为主要原料制作钢筋混凝土试件,从工作状态下的基层受力模式、粘接层厚度和钢纤维埋置深度对该区域粘接性能展开分析。试验分析表明,埋入深度为25 mm的试件,其拔出后的区域内纤维絮状物质密度最小,降低界面伸缩缝过渡区基层粘接性能;拉拔整个过程分为弹性期和软化期,弹性期位移量是由于钢质和钢质之间的内聚力决定;软化期在每一次裂纹后,基体产生局部应力消失;在钢纤维混凝土中,当粘接层厚度为75μm时,最大应力为73 N,提高了钢纤维混凝土的抗拉强度和与基体之间的粘接效果;在钢纤维的长度为5~25 mm的范围内,其长度越长,对抵御混凝土裂变的作用越好。

预应力钢绞线用YL82B钢冷拉断裂原因

某钢厂生产的预应力钢绞线用YL82B钢在冷拉过程中发生多次断裂现象。采用宏观观察、化学成分分析和金相检验等方法对盘条断裂的原因进行分析。结果表明:笔尖状、喇叭状断口产生的原因为热轧后冷却速率较慢,珠光体相变增多,导致材料的强度变小,且中心碳偏析使材料形成严重网状碳化物,最终导致盘条断裂;平断状、斜断状断口的产生原因为材料表面发生磕碰、冷拉时氧化皮去除不干净、润滑不当、对焊不规范使材料发生点状烧伤,以及焊后未及时正火等。