Prediction and safety analysis of additional vertical stress within a shaft wall in an extra-thick alluvium

An alluvium with a sandy aquifer at the bottom,but lacking an effective impermeable layer between the sandy aquifer and bedrock is referred to as a special alluvial stratum.Impacted by the drainage of the aquifer due to mining activities,a shaft wall in this special alluvial stratum will be subject to a downward load by an additional vertical force which must be taken into consideration in the design of the shaft wall.The complexity of interaction between shaft wall and the surrounding walls makes it extremely difficult to determine this additional vertical force.For a particular shaft wall in an extra-thick alluvium and assuming that the friction coefficient between shaft wall and stratum does not change with depth,an analysis of a numerical simulation of the stress within the shaft wall has been carried out.Growth and size of the additional vertical stress have been obtained,based on specific values of the friction coefficient,the modulus of elasticity of the drainage layer and the thickness of the drainage layer.Subsequently, the safety of shaft walls with different structural types was studied and a more suitable structural design,providing an important basis for the design of shaft walls,is promoted.

Analysis of the Risk of Water Breakout in the Bottom Plate of High-Intensity Mining of Extra-Thick Coal Seams

In order to clarify the danger of water breakout in the bottom plate of extra-thick coal seam mining, 2202 working face of a mine in the west is taken as the research object, and it is proposed to use the on-site monitoring means combining borehole peeping and microseismic monitoring, combined with the theoretical analysis to analyze the danger of water breakout in the bottom plate. The results show that: 1) the theoretically calculated maximum damage depth of the bottom plate is 27.5 m, and its layer is located above the Austrian ash aquifer, which has the danger of water breakout;2) the drill hole peeping at the bottom plate of the working face shows that the depth of the bottom plate fissure development reaches 26 m, and the integrity of the water barrier layer has been damaged, so there is the risk of water breakout;3) for the microseismic monitoring of the anomalous area, the bottom plate of the return air downstream channel occurs in the field with a one-week lag, which shows that microseismic monitoring events may reflect the water breakout of the underground. This shows that the microseismic monitoring events can reflect the changes of the underground flow field, which can provide a reference basis for the early warning of water breakout. The research results can provide reference for the prediction of sudden water hazard.

厚冲积层薄基岩条件下采动井稳孔工艺与应用

以平煤股份八矿煤层气采动井01井为研究对象,借助钻井窥视仪获取了不同层位的套管变形破坏特征,分析了导致套管变形的主要影响因素。在此基础上,设计了基于“抗、让、防”稳孔工艺的井身结构和稳孔措施,并对同一井场的05井应用。结果表明,同产气周期下,基于稳孔工艺设计的采动井套管完整度高、变形小、产气量稳定。此稳孔工艺可为相似地质条件下的采动井井身结构设计提供经验参考。

泸定水电站坝基覆盖层深部潜蚀对土骨架变形影响评价试验研究

泸定水电站因坝基覆盖层深部(1)层潜蚀诱发涌水险情,潜蚀过程中大量细颗粒持续流失能否诱发明显土骨架变形关系到电站自身、下游梯级电站及泸定县城的安全。土体颗粒级配、应力状态及细颗粒流失比例等均有可能影响土骨架变形,但其影响机制尚不清楚。为全面评价(1)层潜蚀对土骨架变形的影响,自行研制了可以模拟现场(1)层土体原始级配特征和应力状态的高应力、大直径的土体渗透稳定试验装置,建立了土骨架发生明显变形的判据,即潜蚀过程中试样累计体积应变大于等于1%时,表明土骨架已发生明显变形,提出了细颗粒运移比作为衡量细颗粒流失比例的评价指标。针对(1)层土体,开展了一系列极端不利水力条件下的渗流应力耦合潜蚀试验研究,重点探讨了颗粒级配、应力状态及细颗粒运移比对土骨架变形的影响规律。研究表明:所有试样潜蚀全过程的累计体积应变介于0.1%~0.49%,均小于1%,即(1)层土体中细颗粒大量甚至全部流失也不会诱发明显骨架变形,(1)层潜蚀诱发防渗墙开裂、折断,甚至突然溃坝的风险不大。颗粒级配显著影响细颗粒运移比、潜蚀临界和破坏坡降,5 mm以下颗粒含量越少,细颗粒运移比越大,潜蚀临界和破坏坡降越小;上覆压力对细颗粒运移比影响不大,但对潜蚀临界和破坏坡降影响显著,上覆压力越大,潜蚀临界和破坏坡降越大。研究成果为科学评价泸定水电站深部渗透稳定提供了重要依据,同时,也为其他类似工程安全评价提供了重要借鉴。

厚松散层薄基岩下分层开采覆岩破坏高度研究

以赵固一矿厚松散层薄基岩下分层工作面为研究对象,采用理论分析、数值模拟研究、钻孔冲洗液漏失量观测及钻孔窥视方法对采后覆岩破坏高度进行研究,研究表明:采用经验公式计算得到下分层工作面采后,顶板垮落带发育高度为6.93~27.72 m,导水裂缝带发育高度为22.17~71.73 m;数值模拟结果表明下分层采高2.5 m、累计采高6 m时,最大垮采比为2.61,而累计采厚小于6 m、基岩厚度不小于30 m、黏土层厚度大于5 m时可认为黏土层厚度能够阻隔导水裂缝带向上发育;采用现场实测方法得到累计采厚5.8 m处,垮落带15.26 m,垮采比为2.62,导水裂缝带55.59 m,裂采比为9.58。东一盘区下分层工作面后开采覆岩破坏高度的规律,可以为该矿下分层工作面时确定防水、防砂安全煤(岩)柱厚度提供理论依据。

覆盖层沉降变形监测方法概述

坝基覆盖层沉降变形可对坝体结构运行性态产生直接影响,是水利工程中极为重要的监测项目。由于覆盖层深埋于坝体以下,在施工期与运行期开展沉降变形监测均存在较大难度。对此,本研究系统总结了现有各类监测方法,从仪器的工作原理、安装方法等方面进行了综合比较,并结合典型工程案例探讨了各类方法的优缺点及适用性。同时,利用现有的监测成果,总结了坝基覆盖层沉降变形的一般规律。本研究可为相关工程监测设计及覆盖层力学特性研究提供参考。

厚松散层下高强度综放开采地表沉陷规律研究

在陕北地区浅埋厚煤层、厚松散层地质条件下,以某大型煤矿大采高综采工作面采动地表沉降监测数据为基础,选取沿工作面走向、倾向两条观测线为研究对象,分析研究各观测点全周期下沉变化及对应时空关系,采用数理统计、公式计算、数据拟合等方法确定地表移动动态变化相关参数,探讨采动工作面的地表沉降特征和变化规律。结果显示:工作面采动初期上覆岩层的运动范围已波及到地表,随着工作面不断推进,其地面影响范围一直在超前;当工作面回采完成时,下沉量迅速衰减,逐步趋于稳定。走向线最大下沉值3 715 mm,倾向线最大下沉值3 327 mm,工作面推进在400~600 m,下沉速度超过200 mm/d,最大可达268 mm/d。地表沉降系数0.58,起动距102.6 m,超前影响角54.9°,最大下沉速度滞后角71.8°。地表移动持续时间282 d,起动阶段时间短,仅为18 d,活跃阶段移动速度大、变形剧烈,衰退阶段持续时间较长达199 d,反映了浅埋厚松散层综放高强度开采条件下,地表移动发展快、稳定也快的特征。

Prediction of upper limit position of bedding separation overlying a coal roadway within an extra-thick coal seam

Failure of the surrounding rock around a roadway induced by roof separation is one major type of underground roof-fall accidents.This failure can especially be commonly-seen in a bottom-driven roadway within an extra-thick coal seam("bottom-driven roadway"is used throughout for ease of reference),containing weak partings in their roof coal seams.To determine the upper limit position of the roof interlayer separation is the primary premise for roof control.In this study,a mechanical model for predicting the interlayer separation overlying a bottom-driven roadway within an extra-thick coal seam was established and used to deduce the vertical stress,and length,of the elastic,and plastic zones in the rock strata above the wall of the roadway as well as the formulae for calculating the deflection in different regions of rock strata under bearing stress.Also,an approach was proposed,calculating the stratum load,deflection,and limiting span of the upper limit position of the interlayer separation in a thick coal seam.Based on the key strata control theory and its influence of bedding separation,a set of methods judging the upper limit position of the roof interlayer separation were constructed.In addition,the theoretical prediction and field monitoring for the upper limit position of interlayer separation were conducted in a typical roadway.The results obtained by these two methods are consistent,indicating that the methods proposed are conducive to improving roof control in a thick coal seam.

Behaviors of overlying strata in extra-thick coal seams using top-coalcaving method

Accidents such as support failure and excessive deformation of roadways due to drastic changes in strata behaviors are frequently reported when mining the extra-thick coal seams Nos.3e5 in Datong coal mine with top-coal caving method,which significantly hampers the mine's normal production.To understand the mechanism of strata failure,this paper presented a structure evolution model with respect to strata behaviors.Then the behaviors of strata overlying the extra-thick coal seams were studied with the combined method of theoretical analysis,physical simulation,and field measurement.The results show that the key strata,which are usually thick-hard strata,play an important role in overlying movement and may influence the mining-induced strata behaviors in the working face using top-coal caving method.The structural model of far-field key strata presents a 'masonry beam' type structure when'horizontal O-X' breakage type happens.The rotational motion of the block imposed radial compressive stress on the surrounding rock mass of the roadway.This can induce excessive deformation of roadway near the goaf.Besides,this paper proposed a pre-control technology for the hard roof based on fracture holes and underground roof pre-splitting.It could effectively reduce stress concentration and release the accumulated energy of the strata,when mining underground coal resources with top-coal caving method.

"Nonlinear" characteristics of the static earth pressure coefficient in thick alluvium

Exact calculations of the static earth pressure from a thick alluvium require accurate/Co values. These calculations influence the sinking cost and the safety of the freezing method. The static earth pressure coefficient （K0） of thick and deep soil was analyzed using laboratory tests. The results show that the static earth pressure coefficient of thick and deep soils is nonlinear and different from that of superficial soils. The constant of superficial soils is usually invariant and the total stress or incremental stress definitions used in traditional geo-meehanics give the same value. The influence of load increments when calculating for superficial soil is ignored. The difference in values of K0 for thick alluvium defimed by the total stress or the incremental stress methods is over 10%. The effects of the thick alluvium on K0 should be considered during the design of frozen shaft projects. Such things as the frozen shaft thickness and the excavated section height should be chosen to assure the rationality of the design and to avoid potential faults and accidents.

Influence of Underground Mining on Ground Surface and Railway Bridge Under Thick Alluvium

Patterns of ground movement and pore water pressure variation are obtained through a case study using a finite element method. With the progress of excavation, ground subsidence, ground inclination and horizontal displacement accelerates. Along the striking direction, a subsidence basin is formed on the ground surface induced by underground mining. The maximum subsidence is around 5.41m. The ratio of ground subsidence to the thickness of the coal seam is 1.08. The maximum inclination is 11.5 mm/m. The maximum horizontal displacement is 2.15 mm/m. At the time the coal has been excavated, the maximum pore water pressure reaches 25 kPa. In order to improve protection of structures lo- cated over the area with underground mining, the variation of additional stresses of a railway bridge induced by ground surface deformation is analyzed. The main effect of underground mining on the railway bridge is the tensile stress and the maximum value reaches as high as 4.29 MPa, which is greater than the concrete tensile strength.

An Explanation of the Black Color of River Nyong Water’s and Associated Alluviums (Cameroon)

The River Nyong is situated in Akonolinga (central-south of Cameroon). In order to search for raw materials in ceramic use, samples of alluvium obtained from the deposits in the Nyong River clays have been studied. The results obtained show that, the samples contain important quantity of organic matter and the soil is acidic .These two parameters are necessary to understand the origin of the characteristic color of alluvium and water of the River Nyong.

Numerical Study on an Applicable Underground Mining Method for Soft Extra-Thick Coal Seams in Thailand

The EGAT Mae Moh Mine is the largest open pit lignite mine in Thailand and it produces lignite about 16 million tons annually. In the near future, the pit limit of the mine will be reached and underground mine will then be developed through the open pit in the depth of 400 - 600 m from the surface. However, due to the challenges for underground mining such as poor geological conditions, extra thickness (20 - 30 m) of coal seams, and weak mechanical properties of coal seams and the surrounding rock, the success possibility of underground mining and an applicable underground mining method is being investigated at the present. The paper discusses the applicability of multi-slice bord-and-pillar method for the soft extra thick coal seams in the Mae Moh mine by means of numerical analyses using the 3D finite difference code “FLAC3D”.

Strata behavior in extra-thick coal seam mining with upward slicing backfilling technology

Based on the character of upward slicing backfilling mining and the condition of Gonggeyingzi coal mine in Inner Mongolia,this paper describes the studies of the strata behavior and the stress distribution in the process of backfilling mining in extra-thick coal seams.This was achieved by setting up and analyzing the elastic foundation beam model using the ABAQUS software.The results show that:(1) With the gradual mining of different slices,the roof appears to bend continuously but does not break.The vertical stress in the roof decreases and the decreasing amplitude reduces,while the tensile stress in the roof grows with the mining slices and the maximum tensile stress will not exceed the allowable tensile stress.(2) The front vertical stress at the working face exceeds the rear vertical stress and both show a trend of decrease with decreasing amplitude of decrease.(3) The slices mined early have more influence on the surrounding rock than the later ones.Similarly,the strata behavior experiences the same trend.The field measured data show that the roof does not break during the mining process,which is consistent with the conclusion.

Sedimentological Studies of Alluvium Deposits along Ngovayang-Bipindi of Lokoundje River,Southwestern Cameroon

In an area of about 305 km2, Seventeen stream sediment samples were taken from alluvium on the banks and floodplain of the Lokoundjé River and its tributaries. Sand samples after being dried in an oven, are subjected to sedimentological analyses in laboratory. Amongst the analysis carried out;the particle size analysis helped to establish a precise textural description of the sediment and to understand the active mechanisms which occur during transport and particle deposition. The morphoscopy of quartz grains consists in determining the mode and duration of transport of the grains, thus allowing reconstructing the geological history of the latter. Heavy minerals are suitable to know the nature of the rock in which they come from and equal to specify their distributing province. The morphometry of pebble makes contributes for a better understanding to apprehension of the agents responsible for the transport of these materials. It appears that the alluvium of the Lokoundjé and its Bipindi tributaries are very fine to coarse. They are well segregated, classified, and homometric. It is the result of the actions of a hydrodynamic turbulent which is sometimes abrupt. From a morphoscopic point of view, using a binocular microscope, grains mainly belong to three categories based on their surface appearance: Grain unworn, the sub-dull and dull shiny. From the morphometric point of view, there is evidence of flattening and dissymmetry of pebbles which are slightly worn to form sub-spherical shapes. With regard to the study of heavy minerals, it has identified two mineralogical processions, which include a metamorphic process with the presence of Sillimanite and Andalusite. In addition, there is the presence of minerals such as green’s Hornblende, Tourmaline, and reflecting magmatic distribution. However, there are specific minerals such as zircon, which can be economically viable where the contents sometimes exceed 10 kg/m3. In the same vein, it has been noted the presence of gems like Topaze and Monazite which are real precursor auriferous accumulation.

深穿透地球化学勘查技术对胶东冲积土覆盖区隐伏金矿的勘查指示

胶东是当今世界仅有的探明金资源储量超过5000 t的三个金矿省之一,随着地质勘查程度的不断提高,其找矿方向逐渐由浅表矿转向覆盖区深部隐伏矿。土壤微细粒分离技术是一种能反映深部异常信息的深穿透地球化学勘查技术,已在多种景观区取得成功试验案例。本文选择胶东冲积土覆盖区曲家隐伏金矿及其外围开展土壤微细粒分离技术的勘查试验。结果表明:相比于中国土壤、山东省土壤、烟台市土壤背景值,研究区内Au元素高度富集,区域浓集系数高达2.88,金、银等地球化学异常范围与已知隐伏矿体位置具有很好的对应关系,能够互相印证,且与钻孔原生晕地球化学信息有继承关系。异常形成机理是:深部成矿物质以呈类气体性质的纳米颗粒形式沿断层、地层接触面等宏观裂隙和围岩中的微裂隙等通道在多营力接续作用下迁移至地表,并被地表微细粒土壤捕获形成矿化异常。土壤微细粒分离技术对隐伏金矿的勘查指示取得理想效果,可以应用于胶东冲积土覆盖区地球化学找矿勘查。

深埋薄基岩采场覆岩冒落拱与拱脚高耸岩梁复合承载结构形成机理与应用

焦作煤田赋存深埋厚冲积层薄基岩煤层,覆岩构成的特殊性导致顶板活动剧烈、地表下沉系数大,采场面临强矿压、突水溃沙威胁,沉陷区出现裂缝和积水,破坏房屋和农田。为提高深埋薄基岩采场围岩控制效果,以赵固二矿14030工作面为工程背景,采用室内试验、理论分析和现场实测等手段研究覆岩采动裂隙发育特征、顶板结构形态与承载机理,探究支架选型与灾害防控方法。结果表明:覆岩变形存在初始静止、慢速增长、快速增长和突变增长4个阶段,前2个阶段覆岩稳定,第3阶段因变形局部集中进入非稳定状态,第4阶段因非连续变形进入裂隙发育进程;采动裂隙萌生于高位厚冲积层,下行扩展导致基岩全厚断裂,形成覆岩冒落拱与拱脚高耸岩梁复合结构;覆岩连续变形受关键层控制,非连续变形由冲积层冒落裂隙主导;基于关键层沉降特征解释了采动裂隙萌生于高位厚冲积层的原因,揭示了裂隙下行扩展并贯穿岩层交界面的能量原理,采用断裂力学理论推导了基岩发生全厚剪切破断的力学条件;构建了冲积层冒落拱与拱脚高耸岩梁复合结构力学模型,提出了冒落拱极限承载能力与实际边界载荷计算方法,得到了冒落拱发生结构失稳的力学判据,采动应力旋转促进冲积层载荷向拱脚两侧传递,增强了冒落拱自稳能力;提出了基岩破断面恒定法向刚度条件下高耸岩梁承载能力计算方法,确定了保持岩梁平衡所需支架具备的支撑能力;基于厚冲积层冒落拱与拱脚高耸岩梁复合承载机理,提出了液压支架强度-刚度双参量选型方法和覆岩突水溃沙通道快速识别方法,实测结果表明赵固二矿14030工作面支架选型基本合理,突水溃沙通道识别则为顶板注浆钻孔参数确定提供了指导。

Research on Ground Movement Laws for Strip Mining Under Thick Alluvium

With the discrete element method, the simulation and analysis of a series of numerical models were made. This research revealed ground movement laws for strip mining under thick alluvium and gave calculation formulae for the maximum ground subsidence and horizontal movement as a function of basement rock thickness and mining width, thus providing sound evidence for future strip mining under thick alluvium.

深埋厚冲积层薄基岩煤层开采地表沉降特征与预测方法

煤炭地下开采导致上覆岩层的破断和运动,岩层运动传递至地表引发地表沉陷,改变地表形态,破坏地表连续性和生态环境。为降低采矿活动的负外部性,以赵固二矿为工程背景,综合运用室内试验、理论分析和现场实测等方法研究深埋厚冲积层薄基岩煤层开采地表沉陷与覆岩运动的关系、地表沉陷演化特征和地表沉陷预测方法。结果表明:深埋薄基岩厚煤层开采覆岩运动存在关键层控制和厚冲积层主导2个阶段,第1阶段薄基岩呈现层状破断特征,关键层下缘离层现象明显,厚冲积层保持稳定;第2阶段采动裂隙萌生于高位厚冲积层,下行扩展导致薄基岩全厚破断,层间离层现象消失;得到了工作面推进过程中不同层位覆岩沉降曲线动态演化特征,发现厚冲积层对覆岩运动和地表沉陷具有强烈控制作用,冒落拱失稳导致覆岩沉降曲线呈现周期性突变现象;薄基岩全厚破断后整体下沉,厚冲积层冒落体下向压实,采动裂隙快速闭合,导致采空区上方垮落带和裂隙带岩层破坏后的碎胀系数小,地表下沉速度快,沉降系数高,最大下沉量达到开采厚度;将地表沉陷区划分为直接沉降和间接沉降2个区域,深埋厚冲积层薄基岩赋存条件下间接沉降区范围增大,构建了地表沉陷分区预测模型;对赵固二矿地表沉陷特征进行了预测,同时采用无人船搭载定位和声纳系统对赵固二矿地表沉陷盆地形态进行了实测和重构,预测结果和实测数据对比分析表明理论沉陷值的最大误差率为7.0%,平均误差率为2.4%,表明构建的地表沉陷分区预测模型适用于深埋厚冲积层薄基岩赋存条件,可为该类煤层开采地表沉陷治理提供借鉴。

冲积土中封闭填实爆炸自由场应力波传播特性的实验研究

为研究冲积土中地下爆炸自由场应力波的传播特性,利用中心起爆的10 kg TNT和30 kg TNT炸药球,开展了3发不同埋深的地下封闭填实爆炸试验,获得了该场地自由场加速度、速度及位移等冲击参数。通过对实测数据的分析得出,不同当量的地下封闭填实爆炸激发的粒子比加速度、粒子速度及粒子比位移符合爆炸相似率,实测加速度、速度及位移参数的峰值约为经验拟合公式的0.4~1.6倍;不同当量爆炸实验获得的粒子速度上升时间不符合爆炸相似率,上升时间与粒子速度峰值和当量均有一定相关性,上升时间和速度峰值之间的关系不能视为材料自身属性;当爆炸当量为基准实验当量的0.3~3.4倍时,可用基准实验测定的上升时间和速度峰值之间的关系来预测评估其他当量爆炸的实验结果,超出上述范围时,预测的结果可能会造成较大偏差。