Disasters of gas-coal spontaneous combustion in goaf of steeply inclined extra-thick coal seams

In light of the escalating global energy imperatives,mining of challenging-to-access resources,such as steeply inclined extra-thick coal seams(SIEC),has emerged as one of the future trends within the domain of energy advancement.However,there is a risk of gas and coal spontaneous combustion coupling disasters(GCC)within the goaf of SIEC due to the complex goaf structure engendered by the unique mining methodologies of SIEC.To ensure that SIEC is mined safely and efficiently,this study conducts research on the GCC within the goaf of SIEC using field observation,theoretical analysis,and numerical modeling.The results demonstrate that the dip angle,the structural dimensions in terms of width-to-length ratio,and compressive strength of the overlying rock are the key factors contributing to the goaf instability of SIEC.The gangue was asymmetrically filled,primarily accumulating within the central and lower portions of the goaf,and the filling height increased proportionally with the advancing caving height,the expansion coefficient,and the thickness of the surrounding rock formation.The GCC occurs in the goaf of SIEC,with an air-return side range of 41 m and an air-intake side range of 14 m,at the intersection area of the“<”-shaped oxygen concentration distribution(coal spontaneous combustion)and the“>”-shaped gas concentration distribution(gas explosion).The optimal nitrogen flow rate is 1000 m3/h with an injection port situated 25 m away from the working face for the highest nitrogen diffusion efficacy and lowest risk of gas explosion,coal spontaneous combustion,and GCC.It has significant engineering applications for ensuring the safe mining of SIEC threatened by the GCC.

Prediction of subsurface settlement induced by shield tunnelling in sandy cobble stratum

This study focuses on the analytical prediction of subsurface settlement induced by shield tunnelling in sandy cobble stratum considering the volumetric deformation modes of the soil above the tunnel crown.A series of numerical analyses is performed to examine the effects of cover depth ratio(C/D),tunnel volume loss rate(h t)and volumetric block proportion(VBP)on the characteristics of subsurface settle-ment trough and soil volume loss.Considering the ground loss variation with depth,three modes are deduced from the volumetric deformation responses of the soil above the tunnel crown.Then,analytical solutions to predict subsurface settlement for each mode are presented using stochastic medium theory.The influences of C/D,h t and VBP on the key parameters(i.e.B and N)in the analytical expressions are discussed to determine the fitting formulae of B and N.Finally,the proposed analytical solutions are validated by the comparisons with the results of model test and numerical simulation.Results show that the fitting formulae provide a convenient and reliable way to evaluate the key parameters.Besides,the analytical solutions are reasonable and available in predicting the subsurface settlement induced by shield tunnelling in sandy cobble stratum.

Physical and numerical investigations of target stratum selection for ground hydraulic fracturing of multiple hard roofs

Ground hydraulic fracturing plays a crucial role in controlling the far-field hard roof,making it imperative to identify the most suitable target stratum for effective control.Physical experiments are conducted based on engineering properties to simulate the gradual collapse of the roof during longwall top coal caving(LTCC).A numerical model is established using the material point method(MPM)and the strain-softening damage constitutive model according to the structure of the physical model.Numerical simulations are conducted to analyze the LTCC process under different hard roofs for ground hydraulic fracturing.The results show that ground hydraulic fracturing releases the energy and stress of the target stratum,resulting in a substantial lag in the fracturing of the overburden before collapse occurs in the hydraulic fracturing stratum.Ground hydraulic fracturing of a low hard roof reduces the lag effect of hydraulic fractures,dissipates the energy consumed by the fracture of the hard roof,and reduces the abutment stress.Therefore,it is advisable to prioritize the selection of the lower hard roof as the target stratum.

Analysis of the Risk of Water Breakout in the Bottom Plate of High-Intensity Mining of Extra-Thick Coal Seams

In order to clarify the danger of water breakout in the bottom plate of extra-thick coal seam mining, 2202 working face of a mine in the west is taken as the research object, and it is proposed to use the on-site monitoring means combining borehole peeping and microseismic monitoring, combined with the theoretical analysis to analyze the danger of water breakout in the bottom plate. The results show that: 1) the theoretically calculated maximum damage depth of the bottom plate is 27.5 m, and its layer is located above the Austrian ash aquifer, which has the danger of water breakout;2) the drill hole peeping at the bottom plate of the working face shows that the depth of the bottom plate fissure development reaches 26 m, and the integrity of the water barrier layer has been damaged, so there is the risk of water breakout;3) for the microseismic monitoring of the anomalous area, the bottom plate of the return air downstream channel occurs in the field with a one-week lag, which shows that microseismic monitoring events may reflect the water breakout of the underground. This shows that the microseismic monitoring events can reflect the changes of the underground flow field, which can provide a reference basis for the early warning of water breakout. The research results can provide reference for the prediction of sudden water hazard.

A method for predicting the water-flowing fractured zone height based on an improved key stratum theory

In the process of using the original key stratum theory to predict the height of a water-flowing fractured zone(WFZ),the influence of rock strata outside the calculation range on the rock strata within the calculation range as well as the fact that the shape of the overburden deformation area will change with the excavation length are ignored.In this paper,an improved key stratum theory(IKS theory)was proposed by fixing these two shortcomings.Then,a WFZ height prediction method based on IKS theory was established and applied.First,the range of overburden involved in the analysis was determined according to the tensile stress distribution range above the goaf.Second,the key stratum in the overburden involved in the analysis was identified through IKS theory.Finally,the tendency of the WFZ to develop upward was determined by judging whether or not the identified key stratum will break.The proposed method was applied and verified in a mining case study,and the reasons for the differences in the development patterns between the WFZs in coalfields in Northwest and East China were also fully explained by this method.

Correction to:Wear mechanism and life prediction of the ripper in a 9‐m‐diameter shield machine tunneling project of the Beijing new airport line in a sand‐pebble stratum

Jiang H,Zhu J,Zhang X,Zhang J,Li H,Meng L.Wear mechanism and life prediction of the ripper in a 9‐m‐diameter shield machine tunneling project of the Beijing new airport line in a sand‐pebble stratum.Deep Undergr Sci Eng.2022;1:65‐76.doi:10.1002/dug2.12010.

Study on the disaster caused by the linkage failure of the residual coal pillar and rock stratum during multiple coal seam mining:mechanism of progressive and dynamic failure

Multi-seam mining often leads to the retention of a significant number of coal pillars for purposes such as protection,safety,or water isolation.However,stress concentration beneath these residual coal pillars can significantly impact their strength and stability when mining below them,potentially leading to hydraulic support failure,surface subsidence,and rock bursting.To address this issue,the linkage between the failure and instability of residual coal pillars and rock strata during multi-seam mining is examined in this study.Key controls include residual pillar spalling,safety factor(f.),local mine stiffness(LMS),and the post-peak stiffness(k)of the residual coal pillar.Limits separating the two forms of failure,progressive versus dynamic,are defined.Progressive failure results at lower stresses when the coal pillar transitions from indefinitely stable(f,>1.5)to failing(f,<1.5)when the coal pillar can no longer remain stable for an extended duration,whereas sud-den(unstable)failure results when the strength of the pillar is further degraded and fails.The transition in mode of failure is defined by the LMS/k ratio.Failure transitions from quiescent to dynamic as LMS/k.<1,which can cause chain pillar instability propagating throughout the mine.This study provides theoretical guidance to define this limit to instability of residual coal pillars for multi-seam mining in similar mines.

中国石化超深层钻完井关键技术挑战及展望

超深层是中国石化油气勘探开发的重要增储上产领域。针对超深层勘探开发需求和高温高压及复杂地质环境带来的工程挑战,中国石化持续开展关键技术攻关,在钻完井基础理论和方法、钻完井装备、高温井筒工作液、耐高温井下工具仪器和完井测试等方面取得关键技术进展,保障了120口超8 000 m油气井的安全钻探,钻深能力突破9 000 m,助推塔里木盆地顺北大型超深油气田建设、四川盆地海相特深层油气勘探开发突破,为保障超深层油气勘探开发提供了有力的工程技术支撑。随着油气勘探开发不断向更深层推进,技术升级转型需求日益迫切,需进一步夯实理论研究基础,突破耐高温关键工具仪器和井筒工作液,加快推进钻完井工程技术向数智化转型,为保障深层、超深层油气高效勘探开发和加快技术升级转型提供工程技术支撑。

成都平原浅层天然气高瓦斯隧道抽排性能评价

针对浅层天然气工区高瓦斯隧道盾构施工难的问题,借助工程实例,采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场试验的方法,分析了成都平原浅层天然气抽排性能的影响因素,确定了研究区的有效抽排半径和抽排时间。结果表明,当裂隙渗透率为39 mD、瓦斯压力为0.31 MPa时,研究区浅层天然气高瓦斯工区的有效抽排半径为5 m、抽排时间为60 min,与煤层瓦斯的抽排参数差异巨大;抽排负压对抽排流量影响较大,对有效抽排半径影响较小;抽排流量和有效抽排半径与地层初始渗透率的变化呈现正相关关系。

软土地层临近地铁基坑施工影响控制研究

随着城市地铁沿线地下空间的持续开发,基坑施工对临近地铁变形影响控制越来越受到关注。以上海某邻近地铁的基坑工程为例,通过实测分析和数值计算的方法研究了基坑开挖和拆撑对临近隧道变形的影响,并对伺服系统控制临近隧道变形进行定量分析。结果表明:覆存于软土地层中的隧道对临近施工扰动非常敏感,尽管大区基坑与隧道间距超过2.5倍开挖深度,隧道变形仍超过了监护要求的控制值;大区地下结构施工时拆撑对隧道收敛变形影响超过开挖影响的50%;应力伺服支撑系统对控制临近隧道变形比较有效,适当的“负位移”可以对隧道变形产生有利效果。

砂卵石地层矿山法隧道长管棚支护机理及应用

研究目的:砂卵石地层由于卵石强度高且颗粒分布无序,因此长管棚施工地层扰动大且支护效果难以保证,已成为制约隧道实际应用的一大瓶颈。本文以某轨道交通暗挖法车站为依托工程,采用理论分析、现场测试与数值模拟相结合的方法,对不同直径、不同环向间距条件下长管棚的支护效果进行了深入研究,以期揭示砂卵石地层矿山法隧道长管棚支护机理,提出最佳支护参数。研究结论:(1)砂卵石地层,暗挖隧道管棚超前支护条件下,地层沉降变形在向地表传递过程中,沿高度方向的折减率约为0.91 mm/m;(2)管棚超前支护效果对矿山法隧道工程安全具有决定性作用,须采取措施减小管棚施工扰动及相应地层变形;(3)根据单因素敏感性分析结果,地表沉降随管棚支护长度的增加而增大,随管棚环向间距的增大而增加,且基本呈正相关;(4)为有效控制地表沉降并提高工程经济效益,建议直径127 mm管棚环向间距宜为35 cm,支护长度宜为40 m;直径159 mm管棚建议环向间距宜为40 cm,支护长度宜为40 m;直径209 mm管棚建议环向间距宜为45 cm,支护长度宜为50 m;管棚直径与其最佳打设长度正相关;(5)本研究结论可为砂卵石地层矿山法隧道支护措施提供借鉴与参考。

软土地层双洞口顶管接收井下沉力学特性研究

相较于常规沉井,顶管接收井几何形式的差异对结构受力、变形的影响规律尚不明确,亟待对此展开深入研究。以武汉市某排水顶管工程矩形接收井为依托,对沉井结构受力及下沉姿态开展现场监测,并利用数值模拟进行了对比验证和拓展研究。结果表明:预设顶管接收洞口引起的结构局部刚度降低,会导致结构在初沉阶段受弯效应增强,从而使接收洞口附近的内层钢筋压应力减小并使钢筋转向受拉状态,并且在下沉后期加剧该处钢筋应力变化幅度;因沉井外壁摩阻力增大而产生的附加应力叠加弯矩作用,使结构内、外层纵向钢筋沿井壁厚度方向的内力分布不均。对软土地层进行土体加固,有利于提高顶管接收井结构稳定性和顶管机头接收精度。

地热井砂岩热储回灌堵塞机理及解堵研究

地热井回灌是制约水热型地热持续开发的“卡脖子”难题,特别是砂岩热储的回灌更为艰难。为揭示制约砂岩热储回灌过程中面临的堵塞难题,以陕西关中渭河盆地某“一采一灌”模式砂岩地热井为例开展试验研究,探究砂岩热储回灌过程中的4类堵塞机理,并提出相应解堵措施。结果表明:碳酸盐类、部分铝硅酸盐类和铁类矿物沉淀受温度影响较大,地层温度的升高会加速其化学堵塞的形成;随温度的上升,悬浮物堵塞和化学堵塞会构成协同效应。同时悬浮物颗粒布朗运动速度也因温度上升而增大,使堵塞更严重;回灌产生气体堵塞的原因主要是:大体积气泡进入储层内部难、气泡直径与底层喉道大小相当;腐生菌和铁细菌是成微生物堵塞的主要微生物。通过加入阻垢剂可有效防止化学堵塞,采取多级过滤可减缓物理堵塞,在回灌系统中加入自动排气装置可防止气体堵塞,对尾水进行灭菌处理降低微生物堵塞风险。经过现场回暖季试验,采取的解堵措施应用于目标地热井后的回灌率达100%,降低了回灌过程中可能发生的堵塞对回灌带来的不良影响。

基于EDEM的砂卵石地层盾构刀具磨损特征研究

为揭示砂卵石地层土压平衡盾构典型刀具的磨损特征,指导该地层中盾构刀具的设计、布置等关键问题。采用室内三轴试验及数值离散元软件(EDEM)仿真分析,标定了颗粒-刀具磨损接触参数。依托北京新机场“磁各庄-1号风井”砂卵石盾构工程,构建了砂卵石地层EDEM数值盾构模型,可视化了砂卵石地层土压平衡盾构中典型刀具(楔犁刀、刮刀)的磨损特征,通过实际工程对模型进行了验证。研究表明:(1)以犁松原状砂卵石土为目的的楔犁刀具是掘进主切削刀具,表现为刀头合金表面以及刃角处连续的摩擦磨损形式,磨损量较大;(2)以剥落输排为目的刮刀主要表现为刀身迎土面以及刀头合金表面随机的点蚀磨损,磨损量较小;(3)刀盘径向刀具的磨损量随轨迹半径及刀体高度的增加而增大,同轨迹上高刀的磨损系数高于低刀,高刀对低刀的磨损有保护作用;刀盘径向刀具和环向刀具的“梯次化”布置可延长盾构单次连续掘进距离。

成都地区卵石地层深基坑开挖的土压力计算方法

[目的]现有土压力理论计算方法未考虑卵石地层孔隙度大、结构松散等离散性特点,计算结果与实际土压力有所偏差,需要研究适用于成都地区卵石地层的土压力计算方法。[方法]以成都轨道交通7号线为依托,分析卵石地层深基坑土压力与朗肯土压力理论值的差别,并建立深基坑开挖土压力计算方法。采用离散元数值模拟和数据统计分析,获取围护结构平动、围护结构绕墙顶转动和围护结构绕墙底转动三种基本变位模式下静止土压力、被动土压力和主动土压力的分布特征。与朗肯土压力理论计算结果进行比较,得到不同变位模式下三种土压力的修正系数,并建立深基坑土压力修正计算方法。进一步与现场实测数据比较,对比验证所提出的土压力计算方法。[结果及结论]主动土压力和被动土压力分布形式具有强烈的非线性,可采用双折线进行描述,交点分别位于埋深8 m和9 m处。静止土压力修正系数分布在0.91~0.96之间,在使用时不需要修正;主动土压力修正系数分布在0.33~0.78之间,被动土压力修正系数分布在0.52~0.91之间,在使用时应予以修正。所提出的卵石地层深基坑土压力计算结果与现场实测结果吻合较好,可为类似轨道交通工程提供参考。

富水砂层地铁盾构区间机械法联络通道施工影响

[目的]目前,富水砂层地铁盾构区间机械法联络通道施工对正线隧道及周围土体影响的研究较少,因此有必要对类似工程进行分析。[方法]以某富水砂层地铁盾构区间机械法联络通道施工项目为例,采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立数值模型,对富水砂层中机械法联络通道施工的全过程进行模拟分析,研究机械法联络通道施工对正线隧道及周围土体的影响;将数值计算结果与实际工程监测数据进行对比,验证所提数值模型的可靠性。[结果及结论]由机械法联络通道施工引起的沿正线隧道纵向和联络通道纵向的地面沉降曲线均呈U形,地面最大沉降值为4.60 mm;机械法联络通道施工对正线隧道的变形影响,以竖向变形和沿正线隧道横向的水平变形为主,正线隧道竖向变形最大值为1.08 mm,水平变形最大值为1.28 mm;施工过程中,正线隧道的最大应力会随着联络通道洞门的破除而突然增大,施工完成时,正线隧道的最大应力值为52.54 MPa。实际监测数据表明,拟合后的地面沉降监测数据与数值计算结果的变化趋势一致,验证了数值计算的可靠性。

地下水位变化对砂土地层地铁隧道沉降影响试验研究

为考察地铁运营后列车载荷和地下水对隧道造成的影响,对某砂性土地层城市中某一地铁盾构隧道区段运营6年间的沉降变形进行实测观察;根据实测所得沉降规律,设计并开展缩尺模型试验,研究车致振动条件下因地下水位变化产生的隧道沉降规律。结果表明:随着时间推移,隧道各测点所得数据呈现一定的周期性上升与下降变化趋势,前2年隧道总体上浮,之后略有沉降,第3年后虽有波动但基本未发生进一步沉降,第6年后隧道最大沉降不超过3 mm;砂性土地层中,地下水位变化会造成重塑土层内部应力变化,且振动荷载会导致土体颗粒结构重新调整至密实,易导致隧道发生沉降,因此不能忽视地铁周围施工降水给隧道带来的不利影响;土体振密及因地下水产生的浮力共同作用,导致隧道的上浮及沉降。相比于软土地层,砂性土地层中盾构隧道的沉降速率明显更低且沉降基本稳定时间更短,2种地层下的沉降规律、影响因素完全不同,各地层下的沉降分析理论亦无法相互适用。

河南平顶山矿区含煤地层沉积环境及其对煤系气成藏的控制

近几年来,河南省平顶山矿区煤系气勘探开发取得了新突破,采动井、采空井和预抽井的单井日抽采量分别达到40500 m^(3)、20000 m^(3)和4500 m^(3)。为了查明煤系气生成与赋存的沉积背景,本次工作采用地层学与沉积学的研究方法,开展了精细的地层、沉积特征和沉积序列以及气测录井资料分析,从而揭示出本区主要含煤地层山西组和下石盒子组中煤系气(煤层气、页岩气和致密砂岩气)生成与赋存的沉积环境,也就是潮坪上的泥炭沼泽(泥炭坪)、三角洲分流间湾沼泽和分流河道沉积环境控制了煤系气的成藏。基于地层沉积特征在垂向上的变化规律,划分出9种不同沉积环境的沉积序列类型,并在综合分析的基础上,提出了平顶山矿区山西组—下石盒子组煤系气赋存的沉积环境模式。研究还表明,区内煤系气含量变化及区域分布特征不仅与滨岸潮坪沼泽、三角洲分流河道砂体和分流间湾沼泽的时空变化密切相关,而且还与储集层厚度变化相关。该成果可为今后平顶山地区煤系气勘探开发井的设计、部署与施工提供科学依据。同时,对华北地区相同含煤地层的煤系气开发也具有重要借鉴意义。

塔里木盆地超深层走滑断控油气藏研究进展与趋势

在塔里木盆地开辟了超深层走滑断控油气藏勘探开发领域,但断控油气藏极为复杂,难以效益开发,亟需加强油气藏基础地质研究。走滑断控油气藏具有非均质性强、储集层与流体分布复杂、油气产量变化大及采收率低的共性,不同地区走滑断控油气藏的断裂、储集层、成藏与流体存在较大的差异,面临一系列勘探开发难题。建立了差异成因的走滑断裂破碎带及其控储模型,揭示了沿走滑断裂带“相-断-溶”三元复合控储、连片差异规模发育的成储机制;构建了“源-断-储-盖”四元耦合成藏、“小藏大田”的走滑断控油藏模型,揭示了超深层走滑断控油藏的形成与保存机理。突破了克拉通盆地弱走滑断裂难以形成走滑断控大规模储集层与大油气田的理论认识局限,明确了克拉通盆地走滑断裂系统大规模发育的成因机制、走滑断裂破碎带差异成储成藏机理与油气富集规律。

基于结构张量的走滑断裂破碎带地震识别——以富满油田超深层碳酸盐岩为例

塔里木盆地超深层奥陶系碳酸盐岩走滑断裂破碎带发现了丰富的油气资源,但由于超深层地震资料分辨率低,难以精准刻画走滑断裂破碎带,制约了走滑断控油气藏的高效评价与目标优选。根据富满油田走滑断裂破碎带的地震响应特征,在构造导向滤波基础上,利用结构张量方法计算特征值和特征向量,通过时窗选取与纵向厚度叠加加强反映沿断裂方向的投影能量,突出走滑断裂破碎带,刻画其边界与强度。结果表明:该方法更清晰地刻画了走滑断裂的分布,可以识别更小规模的走滑断裂;实现了超深层碳酸盐岩走滑断裂破碎带宽度与强度的刻画,可以用来评价走滑断裂破碎带的发育程度;将该方法应用于圈闭评价、井位部署、井轨迹设计、钻井监测等,大幅提高了钻探成功率与单井油气产量。