Effect of Elephantopus scaber L.Extract on Acute Pleurisy in Rats

[Objectives]To study the anti-inflammatory effect of Elephantopus scaber L.extract on acute pleurisy induced by carrageenan in rats,and to explore its anti-inflammatory mechanism.[Methods]The active sites of E.scaber L.were extracted by ethanol reflux method.The extracts of different concentrations of E.scaber L.were used as the study object,and dexamethasone was used as the positive control drug.The anti-inflammatory effects of E.scaber L.extracts were studied by measuring the levels of malondialdehyde(MDA),prostaglandin E_(2)(PGE_(2)),tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α),interleukin-1β(IL-1β)in pleural fluid and serum nitric oxide(NO),MDA,PEG_(2),TNF-α,IL-1βin rats with acute pleurisy induced by carrageenan.[Results]E.scaber L.extracts in three doses could reduce the levels of inflammatory factors in pleural fluid and serum,and inhibit acute pleurisy in rats.It was speculated that the anti-inflammatory mechanism was related to the inhibition of the release of inflammatory factors and the antioxidant effect of extracts of three doses of E.scaber L.[Conclusions]This experiment provides a basis for the development and application of E.scaber L.

Influence of Solvent onto Chemical Extraction of America-Type Coconut (Coco nucifera L.) Fbers: Analysis of Physicochemical, Mechanical and Morphological Properties

In this study, the natural fibers from Coconuts of the species Coco nucifera L. were Chemically extracted in different solvents such as sodium hydroxide (SH), acetone (AC) and sodium hydroxide-acetone (SHA) for their applications in the textile industries. Structural, morphological and physico-mechanical characterizations such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), scanned electron microscopy (SEM), measurements of density, Young’s modulus, water absorption rate and humidity were evaluated. The XRD and FTIR results show that Coco nucifera L. fibers contains type I cellulose. Mechanical characterizations were also carried out. These results show that by varying the different solvents used, the physico-chemical, mechanical and morphological properties of the fibers change, which implies that the solvent has an influence on the properties of these fibers. The fibers extracted by the sodium hydroxide-acetone mixture have a linear density of 1.636, the percentage of water absorption is 62.428%, the percentage of moisture absorption 9.605% compared to other values in the literature shows that this solvent mixture improves the properties of coconut fibers which contain type I cellulose. The tensile stress is 0.013 GPa, the percentage strain is 49.836% and the Young’s modulus is 0.114 GPa as well as the percentage elongation show that these fibers are elasto-plastic. The values obtained mean that these fibers are suitable for use in textiles.

Optimization of Polysaccharides Extraction from Physalis alkekengi L.Peel and Its Effect on the Expression of Inflammation-Related Proteins in SW620 Cells

Objective:To establish an optimized aqueous extraction process for polysaccharides from Physalis alkekengi L.peel and to preliminarily explore its in vitro anti-inflammatory activity against colorectal cancer SW620 cells.Methods:A single-factor test combined with orthogonal test analysis was used to evaluate the effects of the material-to-liquid ratio,extraction temperature,and extraction time on the yield of polysaccharides from Physalis alkekengi L.peel.The antioxidant activity of the polysaccharides was assessed by analyzing their free radical scavenging ability in vitro,and the anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using SW620 cells.Results:The optimal extraction conditions were a material-to-liquid ratio of m(g):V(mL)=1:30,an extraction temperature of 100℃,and an extraction time of 40 minutes,with a predicted polysaccharide yield of 25.7%.The polysaccharides from Physalis peruviana peel effectively scavenged DPPH,superoxide anion,and hydroxyl radicals.After treatment with Physalis peruviana polysaccharides,the levels of IL-1β,IL-18,and TNF-αin the cell culture medium were significantly reduced,and the phosphorylation level of P65 protein in SW620 cells was decreased.Conclusion:This extraction method is stable and reliable,and the prepared Physalis alkekengi L.polysaccharides exhibit significant in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.This study provides a theoretical basis for developing drugs for the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer.

Anti-insect Bioactivity of the Extracts from Cichorium intybus L. Leaves

In order to develop a new plant-source insecticide,some active components from Cichorium intybus L.were extracted with mineral ether,ethyl ether,ethyl acetate,respectively.It were testified the effects of the components on the development of Mythimna separate Walker and anti-feeding by feeding and weighting method.The results showed that the body weight of the larvae fed by the extracts with organic solvents was significantly lower than the control;the body weight of the larvae fed by the extracts with organic solvents was significantly different in different solvents in 3-5 days.The corrected mortality of the ethyl acetate treatment was the highest（52.05%）,and the development period of the larvae treated by ethyl acetate was about 4-10 days longer than the control and the corresponding pupating rate was the lowest（43.30%）.Therefore,the effect of ethyl acetate extract was most significant.Moreover,the pupa weight of the treatments was little more than the control.The extracts from Cichorium intybus L.leaves had highest bioactivity mainly in anti-feeding activity on Mythimna separate Walker.

基于L-DeepLabv3+的轻量化光学遥感图像道路提取

针对DeepLabv3+在进行光学遥感图像道路提取任务时,存在模型参数量大、细节提取效果差等问题,提出一种改进DeepLabv3+的轻量化道路提取模型L-DeepLabv3+。首先通过将主干网络替换为MobileNetv2来减少模型参数量;其次,在编码层中设计一个改进的空洞空间卷积池化金字塔模块。该模块通过嵌入一个通道空间并联注意力模块和YOLOF模块来增强模型特征表达能力,并且将普通卷积替换为深度可分离卷积进一步减少模型参数量;最后组合采用Dice_loss和Focal_loss作为损失函数来解决正负样本不均衡问题。实验结果表明:L-DeepLabv3+在DeepGlobe Road数据集上进行道路提取的交并比达到68.40%,像素准确率达到82.67%,且模型参数量仅为5.63 MB,FPS达到72.3,与其他模型相比具有明显提升,实现了模型精度与轻量化之间更好的平衡。

Study on the Insecticidal and Antifeedant Activity of Extracts from Portulaca oleracea L. on Aphis sp.

[Objective] The experiment studied on insecticidal and antifeedant action of on Portulaca oleracea L.to provide theoretical basis for developing a new botanical insecticide by taking Portulaca oleracea L.as a raw material.[Method] The insecticidal activities of the ethanol extracts and 5 kinds of extracts with petroleum ether,chloroform,ethyl acetate,n-butanol,water from Portulaca oleracea L..against Aphis sp.was studied;Leaves are using drug treatments of 5 extracts anti-feedant activity of Aphis sp.[Result] The results showed that 95% ethanol extract displayed high contact activity to Aphis sp.The corrected mortality after 48 h reached 95.4 % under the concentration of 50.00 mg·ml-1 and the insecticidal activities of 5 extracts against Aphis sp.was in the order that petroleum ether > chloroform > n-butanol > ethyl acetate >water.Five kinds of anti-feeding activity in the extract of the order for the water> ethyl acetate> n-butanol > chloroform >petroleum ether.[Conclusion] The extract from Portulaca oleracea L.has a strong contact toxicity of pesticide active on Aphis sp.substances and for a small polar compounds,the strong anti-feeding activity is a kind of larger polar compounds.

融合时序Sentinel数据多特征优选的南方丘陵区油茶种植区提取

油茶作为江西省经济林树种之一,也是江西省特色优势产业,准确获取其空间分布在产量估算、生产管理和政策制定等方面具有重要意义。本研究针对南方多云多雨气候导致光学影像不足,以及丘陵山区地形破碎问题,以江西省宜春市袁州区为研究区,采用时序Sentinel系列影像数据和SRTM DEM数据为数据源,构建和优选了光谱特征、植被-水体指数、红边指数、雷达特征、地形特征和纹理特征共125个特征变量,其中,纹理特征采用累计差法(Δf)对比15种不同尺度窗口,计算Sentinel-1和Sentinel-2影像最佳纹理特征。基于ReliefF特征优选算法和随机森林分类算法,设计了8种特征组合方案开展实验,探讨不同特征类型对油茶提取精度的影响。结果表明:利用累计差法计算出的Sentinel-1和Sentinel-2的最佳纹理特征窗口尺寸均为35×35,最佳纹理特征组合为均值(Mean)、方差(Variance)和对比度(Contrast);在光谱特征、植被-水体指数的基础上加入不同特征对油茶进行分类,不同类型特征对油茶提取的有利程度由大到小依次为S2纹理特征、S1纹理特征、地形特征、雷达特征、红边指数,相比于单一光谱和指数特征,纹理特征的加入可大幅度提高分类精度。多特征协同分类结果优于单特征分类结果,基于特征优选的油茶提取精度最高;基于ReliefF算法特征优选后的方案精度最高,总体精度为88.29%,Kappa系数为0.81。本研究利用时序Sentinel系列遥感影像和DEM地形数据,构建了针对多云雨南方丘陵山区的大范围油茶遥感提取方法,可为中国南方丘陵区域油茶资源调查与监测提供参考。

An experimental study exploring the influencing factors for ultrasonic-assisted extraction of flavonoid compounds from leaves of Amorpha fruticosa L.

In this paper,the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process of flavonoid compounds from leaves of Amorpha fruticosa is optimized.In single factor experiments,solid/liquid ratios,ultrasonic power,ethanol concentrations and extraction cycles were experimental factors.Box–Behnken central composite design and RSM analyzed the effects of the four factors on the yield of total flavonoids.The optimal extraction parameters were solid/liquid ratio 1:50 g/mL,ultrasonic power 316 W,ethanol concentration 50%,4 extraction cycles.In the optimized condition,the estimated value of the regression model was 66.6456 mg/g while the measured value was 66.4329 mg/g.

Allelopathic effects of extracts from Solidago canadensis L. against seed germination and seedling growth of some plants

To investigate the potential role of allelopathy in plant interference and in the successful invasion of alien species Solidago canadensis, aqueous and ethanolic extracts from rhizomes, stems and leaves of S. canadensis were prepared and used as treatment solutions to assess their effects on seed germination and seedling growth in four target species, mulberry （Morus alba）; morning glory （Pharbitis nil）, wheat （Triticum aestivum） and rape （Brassiea campestris）. Reduction and/or growth in germination and growth of the target plant species in the presence of both aqueous and ethanolic extracts at different concentrations indicated that the responses were species-specific and concentration-dependent. Generally, ethanolic extracts （especially from leaves） imposed stronger effects on both seed germination and seedling growth. Extracts with lower concentration at 0.001 g/ml dw could stimulate the seedling growth of rape and morning glory, whereas extracts at any given concentrations have inhibitory effects on wheat and mulberry. It is suggested that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of all the three parts of S. canadensis have significant allelopathic effects. Although both inhibition and stimulation occurred in the germination and growth of the target species, extracts with higher concentrations definitely inhibit seed germination and seedling growth of all target plants. We suggest that allelopathy plays a more important role than other mechanisms do in the out-competition ofS. canadensis over other plants, and make it invasive in new habitats.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of different organic crude extracts from the local medicinal plant of Thymus vulgaris L

Objective:To isolate and analyze the chemical composition in different crude extracts of from the leaves of locally grown of Thymus vulgaris L(T.vulgaris)by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Methods:The shade dried leaves powder was extracted with methanol by using Soxhlet extractor.Methanol crude extracts of T.vulgaris and the derived fractions of hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate and butanol were obtained.Results:Qualitative analyses of various organic crude extracts of T.vulgaris by using GC-MS showed that there were different types of high and low molecular weight compounds.Most of the isolated and identified compounds by GC-MS in the crude extracts are basically biologically important.Further,the T.vulgaris leaf possessed certain characteristics that can be ascribed to cultivation on a domestic plantation.The crude extracts were prepared from the powder leaves of T.vulgaris for respective compounds can be chosen on the basis of above GC-MS analysis.Conclusions:All the major compounds were identified and characterized by spectroscopic method in different organic crude extracts of T.vulgaris are biologically active molecules.Thus the identification of a good number of compounds in various crude extracts of T.vulgaris might have some ecological role.

Extraction and purification of the polysaccharides in Hippohaere rhamnoides L.

The different extraction technology and purification technology ofHippohpae rhamoides polysaccharides were researched in the paper. The best method of papain extraction were obtained, the ratio of papain 2%, pH at 5.5, temperature at 45℃ and extraction time of 20 min were suitable for papain extraction. The highest content of Hippohpae rhamoides polysaccharides was 44.28 mg·g^-1. The optimum process of ultrasonic extraction were obtained, namely extracted for 55 min at 480 W with the material ratio of 1：20. The highest content of Hippohpae rhamoides polysaccharides was 48.63 mg·g^-1. The results showed that the ultrasonic and papain extraction together was the best method, the content was 54.30 mg·g^-1. After the removing protein, pigment and dialysis. Two fraction were separated from the purified Hippohpae rhamoides by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, the main fraction was collected finally. The fraction was identified by Sepharose CL-4B gel filtration. Ultraviolet spectrometry, freeze-thawing analysis showed that fraction was purified. Its molecular weight was probably 109.4 ku.

Study of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of various leaves crude extracts of locally grown Thymus vulgaris

Objective:To prepare various crude extracts using different polarities of solvent and to quantitatively evaluate their total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of Thymus vulgaris collected from Al Jabal Al Akhdar,Nizwa.Sultanate of Oman.Methods:The leave sample was extracted with methanol and evaporated.Then it was defatted with water and extracted with different polarities organic solvents with increasing polarities.The prepare hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,hutanol and methanol crude extracts were used for their evaluation of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening study.The established conventional metliods were used for quantitative determination of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening.Results:Phytochemical screening for various crude extracts were tested and shown positive result for flavonoids,saponins and steroids compounds.The result for total phenol content was the highest in hutanol and the lowest in methanol crude extract whereas the total flavonoids contents was the highest in methanol and the lowest hexane crude extract.Conclusions:The crude extracts from locally grown Thymus vulgaris showed high concentration of flavonoids and it could be used as antibiotics for different curable and uncurable diseases.

Impact of Extraction Method on Physicochemical Characteristics and Antioxidant Potential of <i>Adansonia digitata</i>Oil

In this study, the effect of extraction processes on the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant potential of baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) seed oil was evaluated. The oils were extracted, on the one hand, by cold pressing, and on the other hand, with three types of organic solvents (acetone, chloroform, n-hexane). The recorded results indicated that the extraction yield of baobab oil was significantly impacted by both the extraction method and the polarity of the solvent used. In addition, chloroform provides the best extraction yield (40.12 ± 0.607). However, extraction by cold pressure preserves at best the physicochemical and bioactive properties of the extracted oils. Indeed, the pressing oil contains a content of phenolic compounds (0.047 ± 0.0024 mgEAG/g of oil) and a very high radical scavenging activity (DPPH) (31.71% ± 0.61%). For the various oils extracted, the minimum and maximum values were 0.50 and 3.17 mEq?kg-1;56.26 and 99.113 mgI2?100 g-1;1.457 and 1.465;205.37 and 233.587 mgKOH/g respectively for the peroxide, iodine, refractive and saponification values. The color parameters (L*, a* and b*) of the oils also differ depending on the nature of the organic solvent used. Principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis were performed on the physicochemical properties and the antioxidant potential of the extracted oils. Therefore, the results suggest the mixed use of acetone and hexane to obtain oil comparable to that extracted by cold pressing.

Extraction Process and Content Determination of Total Flavonoids in Ginkgo( Ginkgo biloba L. ) Leaves

[Objectives]This study was conducted to study the extraction process and the content determination of flavonoids in ginkgo( Ginkgo biloba L.) leaves.[Methods]Ethanol extraction and methanol extraction of total flavonoids in ginkgo leaves were studied,and the optimal extraction conditions for flavonoids were determined by orthogonal test; and with quercetin as reference substance,total flavonoid content in ginkgo leaves was determined by UV spectrophotometry.[Results]The optimal extraction process was 4 h of Soxhlet extraction with methanol; and the total flavonoid contents had a good linear relation in the range of 0. 006 5-0. 039 mg/ml( R^2= 0. 999 9),the average content was stabilized at 1. 135%,and the average recovery of the method was 102. 0%. [Conclusions]This study selected the optimal extraction process for total flavonoids in ginkgo leaves. The test method is simple with high accuracy and precision,and is suitable for the extraction and determination of total flavonoids in ginkgo leaves.

Effects of Aqueous Extract of Plumbago zeylanica L. in the Reversal of DMN-induced Hepatic Fibrosis in Rat

[ Objectives ] This study was conducted to evaluate the action of the aqueous extract of a medicinal plant Plumbago zeylanica L. in the reversal of dime- thylnitrosamine （DMN） -induced hepatic fibrosis in rats, and to provide a scientific basis for the utilization of P. zeylanica in treatment of hepatic fibrosis. [Meth- ods ] Hepatic fibrosis in rats was induced by intraperitoneal injection of DMN. The rats were then given the aqueous extract of P. zeylanica at high, medium or low concentration by garage for five weeks. Serum level of alanine aminotransferase （ALT） was determined by lactate dehydrogenase （LDH）-release assay, and serum level of aspartate transaminase （AST） was measured by UV-malate dehydrogenase （MDH） assay. Serum levels of total bilirubin （TBIL）, direct bilirubin （DBIL） and indirect bilirubin （1BIL） were measured by vanadate oxidation assay. Four indices of hepatic fibrosis （hyaluronic acid, laminin, procollagen type III and colla- gen type IV） were determined by radioimmunoassay （RIA） assay. Morphological damage of liver tissue was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining （H＆E stai- ning）. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to determine the location and area of deposited collagen type I, collagen type III and ct-smeoth muscle actin （a-SMA） in liver tissue. [ Results] Compared with the negative control （rats with diseased fiver and untreated with P. zeylanica aqueous extract）, the serum lev- els of ALT, AST, TBIL, DBIL and IBIL were significantly decreased by P. zeylanica aqueous extract; the levels of the four serum indices of hepatic fibrosis were also obviously reduced. H＆E staining showed that hepatic fibrosis in rats was obviously inhibited or even reversed by P. zeylanica aqueous extract. Immunohisto- chemical staining proved that the aqueous extract of P. zeylanica significantly reduced the area and coloration of collagen type I, collagen type III and ct-SMA in rat liver. [ Conclusions] The aqueous extract of P. zeylanica has a definite effect in reversal of DMN-indueed hepatic fibrosis in rat by promoting the recovery of liver function, reversal of histopathological changes and reducing fibrotic collagen.

Underlying mechanism of protection from hypoxic injury seen with n-butanol extract of Potentilla anserine L. in hippocampal neurons

The alcohol and n-butanol extract of Potentilla anserine L. significantly protects myocardium from acute ischemic injury. However, its effects on rat hippocampal neurons and the mechanism of protection remain unclear. In this study, primary cultured hippocampal neurons from neonatal rats were incubated in 95% N2 and 5% CO2 for 4 hours. Results indicated that hypoxic injury decreased the viability of neurons, increased the expression levels of caspase-9 and caspase-3 mRNA, as well as cytochrome c, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3 protein. Pretreatment with 0.25, 0.062 5, 0.015 6 mg/mL n-butanol extract of Potentilla anserine L. led to a significant increase in cell viability. Expression levels of caspase-9 and caspase-3 mRNA, as well as cytochrome c, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3 protein, were attenuated. The neuroprotective effect of n-butanol extract of Potentilla anserine L. was equivalent to tanshinone IIA. Our data suggest that the n-butanol extract of Potentilla anserine L. could protect primary hippocampal neurons from hypoxic injury by deactivating mitochondrial cell death.

Foliar spraying of aqueous garlic bulb extract stimulates growth and antioxidant enzyme activity in eggplant(Solanum melongena L.)

Recently,botanical extracts are gaining popularity as biostimulants in vegetable production.In present study,the effect of aqueous garlic bulb extract(AGE)was studied on the growth and physiology of eggplant grown in plastic tunnel.AGE was foliage sprayed with various frequencies,i.e.,0,S1(once),S2(twice)and S3(three times)at two independent growth stages,pre-and post-transplant.The results showed that the treated plants exhibited stimulatory responses in growth and physiology in accord with the repetition of AGE spray and growth stages of the plants,respectively.A single foliage sprayed pre-transplant resulted in improved growth,i.e.,plant morphology and biomass,and enhanced antioxidants enzymes(superoxide dismutase,SOD;peroxidase,POD),photosynthesis and chlorophyll abundance observed at vegetative,first flowering and fruit setting stages,respectively.However,thrice application inhibited the plant growth and development and resulted in lipid peroxidation,i.e.,increased malondialdehyde(MDA)content.In addition,the post-transplant application also showed growth stimulation and interestingly,an overall positive influence was observed with respect to the AGE application and no significant increase in the MDA content indicated the post-transplant seedlings responded well.Our findings demonstrate that AGE can act as a biostimulant to enhance the eggplant growth in plastic tunnel production.

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea L.) Extracts Obtained by Classical and Ultrasound Extraction

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Echinacea purpurea L. (Asteraceae) extracts obtained by classical and ultrasound solvent extraction were compared. The dry aerial part of plant was extracted by 70% etha-nol at a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1︰10 (m/v) and 25°C. The extract obtained by classical solvent extraction contained 29% larger amounts of phenolic compounds and 20% higher content of flavonoids. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picril hydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging reached 93.6% and the values of EC50 were (34.16±0.65) μg·ml-1 and (65.48±1.12) μg·ml-1 for the extracts obtained by the classical and ultrasound extractions, respectively. The extracts, independent of the extraction technique applied, showed a considerable growth inhibition on Candida albicans and Saccharo-myces cerevisiae, while no growth inhibition zones were observed for Aspergillus niger. The diameters of inhibition zone observed for all the microorganisms were larger for extracts obtained by classical extraction than those by ul-trasound extraction.

Sedative effects of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) leaf aqueous extracts on brain ATP, AMP, Adenosine and Glutamate/GABA of rats

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) leaf aqueous extracts (PLAE) has been reputed to be a type of sleep-aid in China. To investigate the sedative effects and effect pathways of PLAE, rats (n = 31) were employed in two experiments and intragastrically administrated of (1) distilled water, PLAE (500 mg/kg body weight (BW)) and peanut stem aqueous extracts (PSAE, 500 mg/kg BW);(2) 0, 100 or 500 mg/kg BW of PLAE, respectively for at least 14 days. Six relevant neurotransmitters were measured finally. Experiment-1 (n = 16) results showed that the brain Lactate were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in rat cerebrums after PLAE administrations, compared with Control and PSAE groups. In respect of brain energy system, significant degradations of the brain adenosine triphos- phate (ATP) (p < 0.05) were observed in the brainstems and even the whole brains of rats though PLAE treatments. Moreover, we found that the brain Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) were clearly decreased (p < 0.05) in rat cerebrum and brainstem regions, while the brain Adenosine revealed an increasing propensity (p = 0.076) in the cerebrums of freely behaving rats. After experiment-2 (n = 15), the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations were statistically (p < 0.05) enhanced and the ratios of Glutamate/GABA were simultaneously reduced (p < 0.05) in rat brainstems, no matter which one dose (100 or 500 mg/kg BW) of PLAE were used. Results indicated that PLAE could influence the target neurotransmitters that related to rat circadian rhythms in the specific brain regions, possessing the potentialities as a sedative or sleep-aid for hypnic therapy purposes.

Aqueous and organic extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum L.inhibit the mycelia growth of fungi

Aqueous extracts from various plant parts of fenugreek(3%)(aerial parts:leaves and stems(LS),roots(R),ground seeds(GS)and not ground seeds(NGS))and petroleum ether,ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions of the aerial parts were assayed to determine their antifungal potential against Botrytis cinerea,Fusarium graminearum,Alternaria sp.,Pythium aphanidermatum,and Rhizoctinia solani.All fenugreek plant parts showed antifungal potential and the magnitude of their inhibitory effects was species and plant parts d...