Environmental effects of mariculture in China:An overall study of nitrogen and phosphorus loads

Eutrophication in coastal area has become more and more serious and mariculture potential is a main cause.Although there are some quantitative research on nutrient loads in national and global perspective,the calculation method problems make the results controversial.In this paper,the farming activities are divided into fed culture types(include cage culture and pond culture)and extractive culture types(e.g.seaweed,filter-feeding shellfish culture).Based on the annual yield of China in 2019 and feed coefficient of fed culture types and carbon(C),nitrogen(N),and phosphorus(P)content of extractive culture types,the annual nutrient loads was estimated.The results showed that to coastal region of China(1)annual nutrient released by fed culture types were about58451 t of N,9081 t of P,and annual nutrient removed by harvest of extractive culture types were 109245 t of N,11980 t of P and 1.86×10^(6)t of C.Overall,the net amount of nutrient removed annually by mariculture industry were 50794 t of N and 2901 t of P.(2)The nutrient released from mariculture industry influenced nutrient stoichiometry.Pond farming and seaweed farming had the potential of increasing the molar concentration ratio of N and P(N:P),while cage farming and bivalve farming decreased the N:P.(3)Due to different mariculture types and layouts in the coastal regions in China,N and P loading were regional different.Among the coastal regions in China,net release of nutrient from mariculture occurred only in Hainan and Guangxi regions,while in the other regions,N and P were completely removed by harvest.We suggest decrease the amount of fed culture types and increase the amount of integrated culture with extractive culture types.This study will help to adjust mariculture structure and layout at the national level to reduce the environmental impact.

Taraxacum officinale Leaves and Roots Suppress Glioma Cell Viability

Background: In spite of the progress that has been made towards development of many drugs, the accompanying toxicities and side effects sustain that further studies are required to reduce the incidence of tumor-related deaths. Taraxacum officinale (TO) known else as Dandelion, exerts many promising activities, like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor etc. It demonstrated its effectiveness in case of many types of tumors, through different mechanisms of cytotoxicity. The aim of the present study was to determine the TO leaves and roots extracts influence on tumor glioblastoma cells line U-138 viability. Material and Methods: TO dry leaves and roots were extracted by DMSO, ethanol, and water. U-138 MG (Cell Lines Service) glioblastoma cells viability was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dipheny-ltetrazolium bromide test. TO’s influence was compared with Doxorubicin activity. Results: All TO extracts suppressed the tumor cells viability. The greatest inhibitory influence on glial cells viability was shown by TO roots extracts made in 80% ethanol (50,000 μg/L - 8.49 ± 1.04) and Doxorubicin (54350 μg/L - 8.64 ± 1.65). The lowest influence on astrocytes was determined in case of Doxorubicin at concentration of 1.28 μg/L (96.6 ± 2.76). Conclusions: Taraxacum officinale is a promising source of many substances with multiple benefits for humans. The exercised actions depend on type of extractant and plants’ part. The greatest influence on glial tumors had the extract of roots made in ethanol of 80%. Further investigations are needed to explore the precise composition of the TO extracts, the importance of individual components and of their combination in neoplasms treatment and/or prevention.

Effect of extraction method on Mycochemicals and Proximate composition of Pyrrhoderma noxium(Corner)L.W.Zhou&Y.C.Dai,(Hymenochaetales,Basidiomycota)

Several medicines obtained from Pyrrhoderma mushrooms are widely used against several diseases throughout the world.So,in preparation of crude drugs/folk medicines of mushroom i.e.Pyrrhoderma noxium collected from Krishna district,Andhra Pradesh,India was studied and identified phenotypically.The present work aims to test the presence of Mycochemicals and proximate composition for standardization of powder of P.noxium.The solvents used for extraction and method of extraction played a vital role on mycochemical and proximate composition of P.noxium sporophore.The maceration water bath assisted extraction method is the best extraction method compared to maceration and Reflux extraction methods for all parameters studied in this work.The present study shows the extraction method and type of solvent influencing the presence of mycochemical composition like alkaloids,carbohydrates,phenols,flavonoids,tannins,terpenoids,diterpenoids,and anthocyanin in hymenochaetales fungi.The proximate composition evaluation is very much useful for standardisation of P.noxium in powder form.That will help to identify the genuine species and check for adulteration of powder available commercially.

Effect of Gardenia extract ZG on the adsorption quantity of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)

To observe the effect of Gardenia extract ZG on the adsorption quantity of herpes simplex virus type 1 （HSV-1） so as to explore the mechanism of its antiviral activity, fluorescein isothiocyanate （FITC） was used as the fluorescent probe to label viruses and heparin sodium was used as control. Meanwhile, the effect of Gardenia extract ZG on the adsorption quantity on the surface of Hep-2 cells was determined by flow cytometry. It was demonstrated that adsorption of HSV-1 on the surface of Hep-2 cells exhibited the character of saturation and specificity and heparin sodium could prevent attachment of viruses on these ceils. These results are in accord with those reported previously. It was also proved that the manner of drug-use prior to adsorption or simultaneous use of drug and adsorption was better than adsorption prior to drug-use, and the inhibition rates of the former and latter manner were 84.76% and 82.92% respectively. Three manners of drug-use with Gardenia extract ZG were all effective to reduce the adsorption quantity of viruses, especially the manner of simultaneous use of drug and adsorption with an adsorption inhibition rate of 68.46%. From the above observation, it is apparent that the mechanism of anti-viral activity of Gardenia extract ZG may be via several steps involved in the HSV-1 adsorption.

Optimizing soil dissolved organic matter extraction by grey relational analysis

Dissolved organic matter(DOM)in soil plays an important role in the fate and transport o f contaminants.It is typically composed of many compounds,but the effect of different extraction factors on the abundance of different DOM components is unknown.In this study,DOM was extracted from three soils(paddy field,vegetable field and forest soils)with various extraction time,liquid to solid ratios(LSRs).extractant types,and extractant concentrations.The LSR had a significant effect on DOM content,which increased by 0.5-4.0 times among the three soils when LSR increased from 2:1 to 10:1(P<0.05).Dissolved organic matter content increased by 4%-53%when extraction time increased from 10 to 300 min(P<0.05).Extractant concentration had different effects on DOM content depending on the extractant.Higher concentrations of KC1 promoted DOM extraction,while higher concentrations o f KH2PO4 inhibited DOM extraction.Therefore,grey relational analysis was used to further quantitatively evaluate the effect of extraction time,LSR,and extractant concentration on DOM,using KC1 as an extractant.For the paddy field and forest soils,the impact of these three factors on DOM extraction efficiency was in the following order:KC1 concentration>LSR>extraction time.However,the effect was different for the vegetable field soil:LSR>extraction time>KCI concentration.Taking all these factors into account,1.50 mol L^-1 KC1 and an LSR of 10:1 with a shaking time of 300 min was recommended as the most appropriate method for soil DOM extraction.

Effects of organic acids on the leaching process of ion-adsorption type rare earth ore

To examine the activation of organic acids on the leaching process of ion-adsorption type rare earth ore（IRE-ore）, the leaching behavior of rare earth（RE） and zeta potential of IRE-ore were investigated in the absence and presence of carboxylic acids. The results show that all the tested organic acids（acetic acid,malonic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, and malic acid） can promote RE extraction. At relatively high concentrations of organic acids, the activation efficiency of organic acids on RE extraction is generally consistent with their complexation ability; whereas at their low concentrations, the change of zeta potential on the IRE-ore surface with organic acid concentration and p H has a close association with RE extraction, which indicates that organic acids can impact the surface electrical property of IREore via their adsorption/desorption, and thereby increase/decrease the affinity of RE ions to IRE-ore.Therefore the influence of organic acids on the IRE-ore surface electrical property also plays an important role in RE extraction in addition to their complexation with RE ions.