Extraction of reflected waves from acoustic logging data using variation mode decomposition and curvelet transform

Remote reflection waves, essential for acquiring high-resolution images of geological structures beyond boreholes, often suffer contamination from strong direct mode waves propagating along the borehole.Consequently, the extraction of weak reflected waves becomes pivotal for optimizing migration image quality. This paper introduces a novel approach to extracting reflected waves by sequentially operating in the spatial frequency and curvelet domains. Using variation mode decomposition(VMD), single-channel spatial domain signals within the common offset gather are iteratively decomposed into high-wavenumber and low-wavenumber intrinsic mode functions(IMFs). The low-wavenumber IMF is then subtracted from the overall waveform to attenuate direct mode waves. Subsequently, the curvelet transform is employed to segregate upgoing and downgoing reflected waves within the filtered curvelet domain. As a result, direct mode waves are substantially suppressed, while the integrity of reflected waves is fully preserved. The efficacy of this approach is validated through processing synthetic and field data, underscoring its potential as a robust extraction technique.

Crustal wide-angle reflection imaging along Lianxian-Gangkou profile in Guangdong province,China

A 400 km-long wide-angle seismic experiment along Lianxian-Gangkou profile in South China was carried out to study contact relationship between southeast continental margin of Yangtze block and northwest continental margin of Cathaysia block. We reconstructed crustal wide-angle reflection structure by the depth-domain pre-stack migration and the crustal velocity model constructed from the traveltime fitting. The wide-angle reflection section shows different reflection （from crystalline basement and Moho） pattern beneath the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks, and suggests the Wuchuan-Sihui fault is the boundary between them. A cluster of well-developed reflections on Moho and in its underlying topmost mantle probably comes from alternative thin layers, which may be seismic signature of strong interaction between crust and mantle in the tectonic environment of lithosphere extension.

Crustal structure of the eastern Dabie orogenic belt from the seismic tomography and wide-angle reflection studies

The studies of seismic tomography and wide-angle reflection have been carried out to reveal the velocity structUrebeneath the eastern Dabie orogenic belt. The result from the seismic tomography shows the high velocity bodiesmight be positioned to a depth of only about 1 .5 km below sea level within the Dabie ultra-high pressure metamorphic (UHPM) belt; the fan-profile shows the Shuihou-Wuhe fault, the demarcation between the South Dabieand the North Dabie, slopes to the south-west at a dip angle of about 45° in the bottom of upper crust. The wideangle reflection shows the middle crustal boundaries and the complex features from the lower crust.

Characteristics of crustal variation and extensional break-up in the Western Pacific back-arc region based on a wide-angle seismic profile

The marginal sea and back-arc basins in the Western Pacific Ocean have become the focus of tectonics due to their unique tectonic location.To understand the deep crustal structure in the back-arc region,we present a 545-kmlong active-source ocean bottom seismometer(OBS)wide-angle reflection/refraction profile in the East China Sea.The P wave velocity model shows that the Moho depth rises significantly,from approximately 30 km in the East China Sea shelf to approximately 16 km in the axis of the Okinawa Trough.The lower crustal high-velocity zone(HVZ)in the southern Okinawa Trough,with V_(p) of 6.8-7.3 km/s,is a remarkable manifestation of the mantle material upwelling and accretion to the lower crust.This confirms that the lower crustal high-velocity mantle accretion is developed in the southern Okinawa Trough.During the process of back-arc extension,the crustal structure of the southern Okinawa Trough is completely invaded and penetrated by the upper mantle material in the axis region.In some areas of the southern central graben,the crust may has broken up and entered the initial stage of seafloor spreading.The discontinuous HVZs in the lower crust in the back-arc region also indicate the migration of spreading centers in the back-arc region since the Cenozoic.The asthenosphere material upwelling in the continent-ocean transition zone is constantly driving the lithosphere eastward for episodic extension,and is causing evident tectonic migration in the Western Pacific back-arc region.

Wide-angle incidence and P-wave transmission

Polarity reversals may occur to transmitted P waves if the incidence angle is greater than the critical incidence angle. We analyze the characteristics of reflection and transmission coefficients under the condition of wide incidence angle based on Zoeppritz equations. We find that for specific conditions, as the incidence angle increases, the characteristic curve of the transmitted P-wave coefficient enters the third quadrant from the first quadrant through the origin, which produces a transition in the transmitted P wave and the corresponding coefficient experiences polarity reversal. We derive the incidence angle when the transmitted P-wave coefficient is zero and verify that it equals zero by using finite-difference forward modeling for a single-interface model. We replace the water in the model reservoir by gas and see that the reservoir P-wave velocity and density decrease dramatically. By analyzing the synthetic seismogram of the transmitted P wave in the single-interface model, we show that the gas-saturated reservoir is responsible for polarity reversal.

Challenges in developing polymer flocculants to improve bitumen quality in non.aqueous extraction processes:an experimental study

Western Canada’s oil sands hold the third-largest hydrocarbon deposits in the world.Bitumen,a very heavy petroleum,is currently recovered by surface mining with warm water or in situ.Recovery processes that use organic solvents are being developed to reduce water usage and tailings production.While solvent-based methods can effectively extract bitumen,removal of residual fine solids from diluted bitumen product(DBP)to meet the pipeline transport requirement of<0.5 wt%solids and water in DBP remains a major challenge.We propose a novel area of application of polymer flocculants for fine solids removal from DBP.In principle,polymer flocculants can be applied to help remove these residual solids in conjunction with physical separation processes to increase process effectiveness and energy efficiency.Several polymers are selected and screened for flocculation behavior using kaolinite suspended in DBP and toluene,as a model system.Focused beam reflectance measurements and force tensiometer techniques are used to determine flocculation and sedimentation in DBP.The observed flocculation and sedimentation rate enhancements indicate that the polymers tested have only minor effects,providing opportunities for advanced polymer development.These findings exemplify the challenges in identifying polymers that may be effective as flocculants in heavy petroleum media.

Joint exploration of crustal structure in Fuzhou basin and its vicinities by deep seismic reflection and high-resolution refraction as well as wide-angle reflection/refraction

The Fuzhou basin and its vicinities are located at the northern end of the southeastern coastal seismic zone of the mainland of China. By the joint explorations of high-resolution seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection/refraction as well as deep seismic reflection in the region, which is the first synthetic profile in China, its fine velocity structure and geometric structure from the ground to Moho discontinuity is obtained. The result shows that the crust is obviously layered with a thickness of about 32 km. Basically, it consists of two parts: upper crust and lower crust. The velocity of the upper crust is 5.9-6.2 km/s in which there is a 3-4-km-thick weak low-velocity layer between the depths of 10-15 km, while the velocity of the lower crust in the range of 6.3-7.2 km/s. There exists a strong velocity gradient layer about 3 km thick above the Moho discontinuity whose velocity increases from 6.5 to 7.27 km/s. There exist high-angle normal faults that are small in size and extend only in the shallow crust. These faults are the secondary developed on the hanging wall of westward dipping low-angle normal faults. Thus, their seismogenic ability is limited, however, there exists a high-angle deep fault in the crust from Changle-Zaoan fault zone to seashore fault zone. This deep fault has cut the interface between the upper and lower crusts and Moho discontinuity, and may be the deep structure to trigger destructive earthquake source in future to affect Fuzhou City. These results have advanced the detecting precision of the deep structure in the southeastern coastal seismic zone of the mainland of China. In the aspect of the combined feature of the deep and shallow extensional structures that consist of the westward dipping low-angle normal faults and secondary normal faults on their hanging walls in the upper crust, it is firstly obtained that a united structural interpretation has deepened the knowledge about the deep dynamic process in the southeastern coastal seismic zone. At the same time, in synthetic application of deep seismic detecting methods for deep tectonic background, it possesses a wide referenced meaning to the other regions.

The deep background of large-scale,Mesozoic Cu-Au-W metallogenesis in northeastern South China:Constraints from Yingshan-Changshan wide-angle seismic reflection/refraction data

To investigate the geodynamic processes of Mesozoic large-scale mineralization in South China,we deployed a 350-km-long,wide-angle seismic reflection/refraction sounding profile between Yingshan in Hubei and Changshan in Zhejiang.This profile traverses the Cu-Au metallogenic belt in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River(YMB),the Jiangnan W-polymetal metallogenic belt(JNMB),and the Qinhang Cu-polymetal metallogenic belt(QHMB).Our imaging results reveal various interesting velocity features along the profile.(1)The velocity structure is characterized by vertical layering and horizontal blocking;(2)the YMB is marked by high velocity and high V_(p)/V_(s) ratios in general with a significantly uplifted Moho interface and a thin crust of~31 km,and the lower crust contains high-velocity anomalies and has the characteristics of a crustmantle transition zone;(3)the JNMB is bounded by the Jiangnan fault and Jingdezhen-Huangshan fault and has low-velocity anomalies and low V_(p)/V_(s) ratios;and(4)the QHMB is characterized by high-velocity anomalies and high V_(p)/V_(s) ratios.The highvelocity anomalies in the YMB and QHMB represent relatively Cu-Au-rich mafic juvenile lower crust.The formation of this kind of crust is considered to be related to mantle-derived magma underplating or residues of Neoproterozoic oceanic crustal materials,and it also provided sources for large-scale Cu-Au mineralization in the Mesozoic.The JNMB has features similar to those of ancient crusts enriched in W-Sn,the partial melting of which played a leading role in the formation of the superlarge W deposits in this belt.Considering these results and other regional geological data,we propose that a large-scale oblique upwelling of the asthenosphere along the collisional belt of the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks during the Mesozoic was the deep driving mechanism for the explosive mineralization of Cu,Au,and W in northeastern South China.The boundaries of the blocks or terrains and discontinuities of the lithosphere were the main channels for deep heat and magmas and therefore controlled the spatial distribution of the metallogenic belt.

The Goos-Hnchen shift of wide-angle seismic reflection wave

The partial derivative equations of Zoeppritz equations are established and the derivatives of each matrix entry with respect to wave vectors are derived in this paper.By solving the partial derivative equations we obtained the partial derivatives of seismic wave reflection coefficients with respect to wave vectors,and computed the Goos-Hnchen shift for reflected P-and VS-waves.By plotting the curves of Goos-Hnchen shift,we gained some new insight into the lateral shift of seismic reflection wave.The lateral shifts are very large for glancing wave or the wave of the incidence angle near the critical angle,meaning that the seismic wave propagates a long distance along the reflection interface before returning to the first medium.For the reflection waves of incidence angles away from the critical angle,the lateral shift is in the same order of magnitude as the wavelength.The lateral shift varies significantly with different reflection interfaces.For example,the reflected P-wave has a negative shift at the reflection interface between mudstone and sandstone.The reflected VS-wave has a large lateral shift at or near the critical angle.The lateral shift of the reflected VS-wave tends to be zero when the incidence angle approaches 90°.These observations suggest that Goos-Hnchen effect has a great influence on the reflection wave of wide-angles.The correction for the error caused by Goos-Hnchen effect,therefore,should be made before seismic data processing,such as the depth migration and the normal-moveout correction.With the theoretical foundation established in this paper,we can further study the correction of Goos-Hnchen effect for the reflection wave of large incidence angle.

基于2D-VMD的偶极阵列声波测井反射波提取方法

偶极远探测声波测井是利用偶极子阵列声波测井仪器接收到的反射波进行井旁构造成像的测井技术,广泛应用于井周远探测储层评价领域,该技术数据处理的关键是从接收到的声波全波列中分离出反射波并进行成像。目前的反射波分离算法虽然实现了波场分离,但存在直达波和反射波的模态混叠问题,分离后的反射波信号能量损失较大。针对这些问题,基于引入的二维变分模态分解(2D-VMD)建立反射波提取新算法,将原始信号分解为多个具有特定方向和振动特性的固有模态分量,然后选取特定的分量进行重构,实现反射波的分离。采用2D-VMD、中值滤波、F-K变换对模拟和实测数据进行反射波提取。结果表明,相比中值滤波、F-K变换,基于2D-VMD的方法能够在有效压制模式波和随机噪声的同时,准确地提取出完整的反射波信号,最大限度保留反射波的幅度。证明了该方法在偶极阵列声波测井反射波提取中的有效性和优越性。

低透气性煤层高压脉冲射流割缝-压裂增透技术应用研究

针对盘州平关镇大坪煤矿18采区20号煤层复杂地质条件及瓦斯抽采难题,提出一种高压脉冲射流割缝导向压裂增透技术。为验证该技术效果,分析了其增透技术机理,并设计了4种试验方案进行对比分析。结果表明,采用高压脉冲射流割缝导向压裂方案在瓦斯抽采效果方面显著优于其他方法,与普通抽采、高压脉冲射流割缝、高压水力压裂抽采瓦斯相比,其平均每日抽采瓦斯浓度分别提高了3.01倍、1.41倍和1.67倍;平均每日抽采瓦斯纯流量也相应提升了2.86倍、1.42倍和1.62倍。经过90 d的抽采,该方案的抽采影响半径达到了5.06 m,分别为普通抽采、高压脉冲射流割缝和高压水力压裂抽采方案的2.56倍、1.25倍和1.29倍;在抽采效果相同的条件下,钻孔施工时间分别比普通抽采、高压脉冲射流割缝和高压水力压裂方案缩短了60%、32%和20%,瓦斯抽采达标所需时间分别比普通抽采、高压脉冲射流割缝和高压水力压裂方案缩短了70%、50%和62%。高压脉冲射流割缝导向压裂技术对低透气性煤层瓦斯治理效果较为理想,可供类似矿井借鉴。

复杂背景下退役圆柱锂电池轮廓精确提取与位姿检测方法

针对退役圆柱动力锂电池自动化拆解过程中存在的成像环境复杂、电池不规则形变和金属表面不均匀漫反射等复杂情形,现有视觉识别方法无法准确提取轮廓与位姿信息问题,提出基于弗雷歇距离相似函数的轮廓精确提取和基于矩形度与边缘形态特征的位姿检测方法。通过建立圆柱锂电池Lambert漫反射模型和运用形态学运算方法得到锂电池粗定位轮廓,并根据弗雷歇距离定义的相似度函数,对粗定位图像内各像素带归类完成轮廓精确提取。随后根据圆柱锂电池正负极端特征,通过自适应阈值分割算法提取正负极端ROI区域特征轮廓,最后对比两端区域矩形度数值计算出锂电池位姿信息。实验结果显示:在自建包含形变、腐蚀锈斑和光照不均情形下的退役圆柱锂电池图像数据集中,所提方法对不同型号和位姿下的锂电池识别均有较高精度,其直径长度检测误差小于3%,位姿检测正确率高于94%,能够满足实际自动化拆解检测需求。

Nitrogen content diagnosis of apple trees canopies using hyperspectral reflectance combined with PLS variable extraction and extreme learning machine

Nitrogen(N)is an important mineral element in apple production.Rapid estimation of apple tree N status is helpful for achieving precise N management.The objective of this work was to explore partial least squares(PLS)regression in dimensional reduction of spectral data and build the diagnostic model.The spectral reflectance data were collected from Fuji apple trees with 4 levels of N fertilizer treatment in the Loess Plateau in 2018 and 2019 using an ASD portable spectroradiometer,and leaf total N content was obtained at the same time.The raw spectra were pretreated using Savitzky-Golay(SG)smoothing and a combination of SG and first-order derivative(SG_FD)or second-order derivative(SG_SD).The samples were divided into a calibration dataset and a prediction dataset using SPXY.Based on 4 factors of PLS regression,including latent variables(LVs),X-loading,variable importance in projection(VIP)and regression coefficients(RC),the 6 methods(LVs,X-loading,VIP_01,VIP_02,RC_01 and RC_02)were derived and used for variable extraction,based on which PLS model and ELM model were established.The results indicated that the spectral data processed by SG_FD had the highest signal-to-noise ratio and was selected for subsequent analysis.The amounts of variables extracted by LVs,X-loading,VIP_01,VIP_02,RC_01 and RC_02 were 6,11,18,305,26 and 88,respectively.The method of extracting variables with an RC threshold based on the minimum RMSEP(RC_02)could effectively avoid the omission of effective information.The RC_02 method was recommended for related research which required accurate wavelength information as a variable.The variable extraction method based on LVs generated an ELM model with a simple structure.The prediction results showed that the ELM model outperformed the PLS model.The PLS(LVs)_ELM model was the best;R2P,RMSEP and RPD were 0.837,2.393 and 2.220,respectively.

基于动态视觉传感器的铝基盘片表面缺陷检测

现有视觉缺陷检测技术通常基于传统电荷耦合器件(Charge-coupled device,CCD)或互补金属氧化物半导体(Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor,CMOS)相机进行缺陷成像和后端检测算法开发.然而,现有技术存在成像速度慢、动态范围小、背景干扰大等问题,难以实现对高反光产品表面弱小瑕疵的快速检测.针对上述挑战,创新性地提出了一套基于动态视觉传感器(Dynamic vision sensor,DVS)的缺陷检测新模式,以实现对具有高反光特性的铝基盘片表面缺陷的高效检测.DVS是一种新型的仿生视觉传感器,具有成像速度快、动态范围大、运动目标捕捉能力强等优势.首先开展了面向铝基盘片高反光表面弱小瑕疵的DVS成像实验,并分析总结了DVS缺陷成像的特性与优势.随后,构建了第一个基于DVS的缺陷检测数据集(Event-based defect detection dataset,EDD-10k),包含划痕、点痕、污渍三类常见缺陷类型.最后,针对缺陷形态多变、纹理稀疏、噪声干扰等问题,提出了一种基于时序不规则特征聚合框架的DVS缺陷检测算法(Temporal irregular feature aggregation framework for event-based defect detection,TIFF-EDD),实现对缺陷目标的有效检测.

低渗透性煤层气液两相压注复合增透技术研究及应用

针对骆驼山煤矿低透气性煤层水力压裂后期钻孔瓦斯抽采衰减严重的问题,提出气液两相压注协同增透技术,现场试验表明:气液两相压注增透技术流量平均值是原有水力压裂技术的1.24倍,是单一空气压注钻孔的6.17倍,且流量衰减仅为原有水力压裂技术的64%,是单一空气压注钻孔的45%。对比原有水力压裂技术,气液两相压注增透技术协同增透效果明显,酸化压裂与注气增流相互促进,煤体内裂隙网络的连通性和注气增流作用影响范围都得到进一步的增强,保障矿井安全高效生产。

三维地震反射波勘探方法在煤田地质勘查中的应用研究——以内蒙古某煤矿电厂拟建区为例

在煤矿基本建设和生产过程中,开展详细地质勘探以查明矿井地质条件必不可少,而三维地震勘探技术是一种非常有效的手段,能够解决其他方法不能解决的地质问题。本文通过精细化三维反射波法地震勘查技术在内蒙古某煤矿电厂拟建区域的应用研究,查明了矿区目的煤层的底板起伏形态,以及地质构造、采空区、地质异常体等的分布特征,取得了良好的勘查效果,为电厂扩建提供了重要的技术支撑。

复杂机电产品关键质量特性提取模型

把产品质量特性分为产品策划级(VOC级)QCs(Quality Characteristics)、概念设计级(产品级)QCs、详细设计级(零部件级)QCs、产品制造级QCs4个阶段,以用户需求(VOC)技术指标为输入,构成四阶段逐级映射关系,进而利用人工神经网络(ANNs)技术求出VOC技术指标相对重要度和各级映射权重,然后提出基于ANNs技术的复杂机电产品关键质量特性提取模型。避免产品生产各个阶段不该重点控制的质量特性(QCs)以关键控制现象出现,应该重点控制的QCs以非关键控制现象出现。最后,应用实例验证了所提理论与方法的正确性和有效性。

近红外漫反射光谱法测定黄连浸膏粉中生物碱含量

采用近红外漫反射光谱法对黄连浸膏粉中小檗碱、巴马亭、药根碱和总生物碱含量进行快速无损检测。以HPLC分析值作参比 ,采用偏最小二乘回归算法建立二阶导数光谱信息与各组分含量间的定量校正模型 ,并对未知样品中各组分含量进行预测。小檗碱、巴马亭、药根碱和总生物碱的预测均方差 (RMSEP)分别为0 .1 84、0 .1 0 9、0 .0 5 4和 0 .32 5 ;加样回收率分别为 97.6 7%～ 99.5 9%、96 .6 3%～ 1 0 0 .70 %、95 .1 5 %～ 1 0 1 1 5 %和 97.4 1 %～ 99.89% ,重现性实验相对标准偏差 (RSD)分别为 0 .3%、0 .6 %、1 .8%和 0 .3%。该方法结果准确可靠 ,重现性、稳定性均良好 。

基于入射角的AVO近似及属性提取

本文基于佐普里兹方程的Aki和Shuey近似式,利用斯内尔定律,建立了反射系数与上层入射角、岩石物性参数间新的近似表达式。此改进近似式将反射系数表示为上层入射角的函数,其计算结果的误差较现有常规方法小,为下一步准确提取AVO属性奠定了基础。应用本文近似式对模型和实际数据的处理均取得了显著效果。

酸化工艺的煤层增透新技术

为提高低透高瓦斯煤层的瓦斯抽采效果,解决工作面瓦斯超限问题,以平岗煤矿低透高瓦斯煤层为研究对象,提出利用酸化工艺解决低透气性问题的新思路。采用实验并结合FracproPT2007模拟的方法对酸化工艺在煤层增透技术中的应用进行了研究,并分析了酸化致增透机理。实验和模拟结果表明:采用基质酸化煤层时,酸液对煤层透气性的影响范围是以钻孔为圆心、半径为1.87 m的圆;酸化压裂时可产生半径达101.56 m的高导流能力的裂缝。该研究为煤层增透技术创新奠定了基础。