Extraction Behavior and Wastewater Treatment of Amino Sulfonic Acid with Alamine 336

p-Amino benzene sulfonic acid (PABSA) is selected as the solute with amphoteric functional group, Lewis acid and Lewis base, to be separated from its dilute solutions. An aliphatic, straight chain amine, Alamine 336 , is used as the extractant, and kerosene, 1-octanol, chloroform, butyl acetate and benzene as the diluent. The effects of pH value of solution, extractant concentration, salt and types of diluent on the distribution coefficient, D, are studied. There is a peak of D value with pH value of solution, the polar diluents are favorable for extracting PABSA, and the salt in aqueous phase reduces values of D apparently. The extraction equilibrium is described using the mass action law, and the calculated data according to the proposed model agree with the experimental data well. Further, the extraction behavior for other amino benzene sulfonic acids, l-amino-8-naphtol-3,6-disulfonic acid (H acid) and 4,4'-diaminostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DSD acid), is investigated in a wide pH value region. Finally, H acid and DSD acid are successfully removed from wastewater by the extraction with Alamine 336.

An Experimental Method to Quantify Extractable Amino Acids in Soils from Southeast China

The extraction and comparison of soil amino acids using different extractants （deionized water, K2SO4, Na2SO4, NaC1, KCI） were reported. Results showed that 0.5 tool L-1 K2SOa with a 5 times extraction was a better method to assess the concentration of extractable amino acids in soils. The total amino acids extracted from soil planted for tea were similar to the total inorganic nitrogen. While they extracted from vegetable soil and paddy soil were much lower than the total inorganic nitrogen.

An optimization of ultra-sonication-assisted extraction from flowers of Apocynum venetum in targeting to amount of free amino acids determined by UPLC-MS/MS

Amino acids are naturally occurring compounds in many edible or medicinal plants,which possess a variety of nutraceutical effects in human.Here,a method of ultrasound-assisted extraction was optimized using Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology in maximizing the yield of free amino acids deriving from flowers of Apocynum venetum L.Under the optimal condition of ultrasound-assisted extraction,i.e.187.5 W of ultrasonic power,31.93 min of extraction time,and 0.47 mg/ml of solid-liquid ratio,the experimental yield of extractive was 287.17±0.205 mg/g,which was in close agreement with the value,as predicted by the established model.In addition,a hydrophilic interaction ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with QqQ-MS/MS method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of 20 types of amino acids without derivatization contained in A.venetum flowers.The analytical method was validated by matrix effect,linearity,limit of detection,limit of quantification,precision,repeatability,stability,and recovery.The analysis results showed that A.venetum flower was rich in free amino acids of~3%of total dried weight,and which contained leucine(13.7 g/mg),isoleucine(7.9 g/mg),and lysine(2.2 g/mg)as the most abundant amino acids.Thus,A.venetum flower could provide beneficial nutrient values for human health,e.g.adult weight maintenance or glucose homeostasis.

Effects of different amino acid levels and a carvacrol-thymol blend on growth performance and intestinal health of weaned pigs

Background:Over the past years,antibiotic growth promoter had been restricted in animal husbandry production in many countries because of antimicrobial resistance and foodborne antibiotic residues.However,the problems of poor intestinal health and low growth efficiency of piglets have not been solved completely in an antibiotic-free diet,and it is urgent to explore alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters.Methods:Here,a total of 532 weaned pigs were assigned to one of 4 treatments,the low amino acid(AA)level diet(d 1 to d 14 is 1.35%,d 15 to d 42 is 1.25%)(Low AA),the low AA level diet supplementation with a carvacrol-thymol blend(50 mg carvacrol and 50 mg thymol/kg of diet)(CB)(Low AA+CB),the high AA level diet(d 1 to d 14 is 1.50%,d 15 to d 42 is 1.40%)(High AA),and the high AA level diet supplementation with a CB(High AA+CB),respectively.Then we measured growth performance and intestinal health indicators of weaned pigs.Results:Results showed that high AA level significantly reduced plasma urea nitrogen,plasma Interleukin-6(IL-6)and fecal lipocalin-2 contents(P<0.05),significantly increased the relative abundance of fecal Lactobacillus and Enterococcus,and had a trend to increase the fecal secretory immunoglobulin A(sIgA)and mucin 2(MUC 2)contents(P<0.05)in piglets,thereby alleviating the diarrhea of piglets and reducing the feed conversion ratio(FCR)of piglets during d 1~14 after weaning.Dietary supplementation with CB significantly increased the activity of plasma antioxidant enzymes T-SOD and GSH-px(P<0.05),while significantly reduced plasma malondialdehyde(MDA),plasma interleukin-1β(IL-1β),plasma endotoxin and D-lactic acid contents(P<0.05).Meanwhile,CB significantly decreased fecal lipocalin-2 contents and the abundance of fecal Escherichia coli(P<0.05).Thus,we hypothesis that dietary supplementation with CB significantly increased the average daily gain(ADG)of piglets(P<0.05)during d 1~14 after weaning through promoting intestinal health.Conclusion:These results suggest that high AA level and dietary supplementation with CB improved the growth performance of weaned pigs in an antibiotic-free diet by improving AA metabolism and intestinal antioxidant capacity.

Comparison of Protein and Amino Acids in the Extracts of Two Edible Mushroom, <i>Pleurotus sajor-caju</i>and <i>Schizophyllum commune</i>

This study was undertaken to determine total protein (%) and profiles of amino acid and made comparison between the aqueous and organic solvent extracted mushroom. Extraction was made from two edible, Pleurotus sajor-caju (commercial) and Schizophyllum commune (wild) types of mushrooms. Four types of solvents were used for the extraction include 100% aqueous, 50% ethanol, 50% methanol and 50% acetone. True protein of mushroom extract was analyzed with colorimetric Lowry method and amino acids were determined by using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). The range of 1.06% to 3.43% and 1.30% to 2.17% total protein value were obtained in the extracts of P. sajor-caju and S. commune respectively, while the highest total protein of 3.43% was determined in aqueous extracted P. sajor-caju mushroom. The amount of total amino acids of S. commune and P. sajor-caju were in the range of 308.65 mg/g to 443.84 mg/g and 172.52 mg/g to 400.76 mg/g, respectively. The highest content of 443.84 mg/g total amino acids and 77.08 mg/g of essential amino acids were obtained in the aqueous extracted Schizophyllum commune. On the other hand the total content of essential amino acids (EAA). Essential amino acid of both mushrooms was dominated by leucine along with threonine and alanine, but the highest contents were determined from the extract of Schizophyllum commune. Aqueous extraction was effective in both types of mushroom for the protein components as well essential amino acids compared to other organic solvents that were used in extraction process in this study.

The ion balance of Shotokuseki extract promotes filaggrin fragmentation and increases amino acid production and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid content in three-dimensional cultured human epidermis

Natural moisturizing factor(NMF)in the stratum corneum contributes to the retention of moisture there.The purpose of this study was to determine the penetration of ions in Shotokuseki extract(SE)into the three-dimensional cultured epidermis and the effect of NMF on the biosynthesis of amino acids and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid formation.Vari-ous ions,amino acids and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrom-etry,fully automatic amino acid analyzer or high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)in three-dimensional cultured epidermis after application of SE.Gene expression levels of profilaggrin,calpain1,caspase14,and bleomycin hydrolase,which are involved in NMF production,were determined by reverse-transcription qPCR and bleomycin hydrolase activity was determined by aminopeptidase assay.The application of SE increased Na,K,Mg,Ca,Al,and Fe levels in three-dimensional cultured epidermis.The mRNA levels of the starting material of amino acid synthesis profilaggrin,and calpain1 and bleomycin hydrolase,which are involved in its fragmentation,increased.The activity of bleomycin hydrolase also increased.Furthermore,the levels of amino acids and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid increased in the three-dimensional cultured epidermis.This suggests that the ionic composition of SE may be involved in its moisturizing effect on the stratum corneum.

Deep eutectic solvents and alkaline extraction of protein from seabuckthorn seed meal: a comparison study

Seabuckthorn seed meal(SSM) is a waste of oil extraction industry that rich in protein. In order to seek suitable protein extraction method, three different deep eutectic solvents(DESs)(including choline chlorideglycerol, choline chloride-oxalic acid and choline chloride-urea) were developed for extracting protein from SSM and compared with alkaline. Result indicated that alkaline could effectively extract 56.9% protein from SSM and its protein content was 73.1%, higher than DES at 31.0%-41.4% and 64.3%-67.5%, respectively. However, compared to alkali, DES led to a product with less β-sheet, more β-turn, more essential amino acids, higher total amino acid content, especially choline chloride-urea which extracted protein showing an integrated and similar protein weight distribution compared to SSM. Also, this protein extracted chloride-urea showed a highest digestibility in vitro(by pepsin)(54.2%). These results indicated that choline chloride-urea extraction is better than alkaline extraction for SSM.

Preparation of protein samples for gel electrophoresis by sequential extraction

Since preparation and solubilization of protein samples are crucial factors in proteome research,the authors established a sequential extraction technique to prepare protein samples from the body wall of the 5th instar larvae of silkworm.Bombyx mori.Two kinds of protein samples were obtained from the body wall using the method.Between the two types of samples only about 15% proteins were identical;the majority were different,indicating that more species of proteins could be obtained with the sequential extraction method;which will be useful for preparation of protein samples for proteome study.

Kinetic study on reactive extraction of phenylalanine enantiomers with BINAP-copper complexes

Enantioselective liquid–liquid extraction has attracted considerable attention for its potential use in largescale production. Kinetic data are needed for the reliable scale-up of the process. This paper reports the kinetic study of reactive extraction of phenylalanine(Phe) enantiomers with BINAP–copper complex(BINAP–Cu) as a chiral selector. The theory of extraction accompanied by a chemical reaction was applied.The effects of agitation speed, interfacial area, p H value of aqueous phase, initial concentration of Phe enantiomers and initial concentration of BINAP–Cu on the specific rate of extraction were investigated. The forward rate constants of the reactions in the reactive extraction process are 7.93 × 10-5m5/2·mol-1/2·s-1for D-Phe and 1.29 × 10-4m5/2·mol-1/2·s-1for L-Phe.

Calix[4]arene Polyaza Derivatives: Novel Effective Neutral Receptors for Cations and α-Amino Acids

Introduction Calixarenes are one of the most important supra- molecular building blocks, which can be modified by introducing different functional and/or structural groups to create a specific interaction between the host and the target molecules, such as metal cations and small organic molecules. In particular, the recognition of amino acids is an interesting theme in biomimetic chemistry.

Effect of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract on cerebral cortex amino acid levels in cerebral ischemia model rats

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract on amino acid levels in the cerebral cortex of cerebral ischemia model rats induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO).METHODS: A rat model of cerebral ischemia was established by MCAO. Male rats were divided into a negative control group(Control), a sham-operated group(Sham), an ischemic group(MCAO), and an ischemic group treated with Ginkgo biloba leaf extract(MCAO_D). All groups were divided into two subgroups with occlusion times of 12 and 24 h, respectively. The levels of 18 endogenous amino acids in the cerebral cortex were quantified by triple quadrupole-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.RESULTS: Compared with the MCAO group, behavioral performance, neurological deficit score, and cerebral infarct volume were significantly improved in the MCAO_D group(P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Compared with the sham group, the levels of 17 amino acids in the cerebral cortex were markedly changed in the MCAO group. The levels of Alanine(Ala), Isoleucine(Ile), Glutamic acid(Glu), Serine(Ser), Valine(Val), Phenylalanine(Phe), Proline(Pro),Threonine(Thr), Lysine(Lys), Tyrosine(Tyr), Hydroxyproline(Hyp), Arginine(Arg), Leucine(Leu),Tryptophan(Trp), and Glycine(Gly) were increased(P < 0.001, P < 0.05), while levels of Gln and Tau were decreased(P < 0.001, P < 0.05). Compared with the MCAO group, Ginkgo biloba extract treatment in the MCAO_D group significantly down-regulated the levels of 11 amino acids, especially those of Arg, Thr, and Ser in 12 or 24 h.CONCLUSION: Injection of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract has a therapeutic effect on model rats with MCAO-induced cerebral ischemia by acting on amino acids in the cerebral cortex. This effect might be associated with the regulation of amino acid metabolism in the cerebral cortex.

饮料用酵母抽提物风味特性分析及应用效果初探

为了研究饮料用酵母抽提物(yeast extract,YE)的特性,以FA37、FA39作为研究对象,分析了其主要呈味物质和风味物质,并结合感官评价初步探讨其对4种饮料常用甜味剂的影响。首先,应用原子吸收分光光度计分析与呈味密切相关的金属离子,依据游离氨基酸的组成计算总游离氨基酸(total free amino acid,TFAA)占比和滋味活度值(taste activity value,TAV)来判断各呈味氨基酸的风味对酵母抽提物滋味的贡献程度。结果表明,FA37和FA39中Na^(+)、K^(+)的质量分数明显降低,而Zn^(2+)的质量分数明显增加;同时,其呈鲜味的游离氨基酸质量分数减少,而呈甜味的丙氨酸质量分数最高,帮助减轻了其咸、鲜的滋味;在FA37和FA39中,肽相对分子质量多在1000以下,有利于增强产品风味,提升味道的厚重感。然后,利用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用(HS-SPME/GC-MS)及电子鼻分析了其风味物质,发现醛类物质相对含量最高,主要风味物质均为3-甲基丁醛和苯甲醛。最后,通过感官评价发现,FA37和FA39可以提升甜味剂的甜味强度及甜味速度,减轻不良风味,改善了口感。总之,饮料用酵母抽提物的效果是理想的,它不仅可以减弱甜味剂不良风味,还可以凭借自身独特的风味提升产品品质,对饮料新品开发及酵母抽提物的利用具有参考价值。

花椒籽蛋白的制备工艺优化及组成分析

以花椒籽蛋白提取率为评价指标,采用单因素试验和响应面试验研究4个因素(料液比、pH值、提取温度和提取时间)对花椒籽蛋白提取率的影响。通过SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳和氨基酸分析,探究花椒籽蛋白的组成。结果表明,花椒籽蛋白的最佳提取工艺条件为料液比1∶35(g/mL)、pH值9.0、提取温度45℃、提取时间3.5 h,在该条件下花椒籽蛋白提取率可达46.54%。花椒籽蛋白由6个主要亚基组成:54,31,25,18,10,9 kDa,其中31 kDa的蛋白质含量最丰富。花椒籽蛋白氨基酸种类齐全,其中Glu含量最高,达到16.37 g/100 g。此外,花椒籽蛋白中必需氨基酸、疏水性氨基酸和酸性氨基酸含量较高,分别为36.88,34.75,24.65 g/100 g。由此可知,花椒籽蛋白是一种营养价值较高的优质蛋白质资源,同时可能具备抗氧化功能。

富硒荷叶离褶伞菌丝体中蛋白质提取工艺优化及氨基酸组成分析

以20 L生物发酵罐培养的富硒荷叶离褶伞菌丝体为原料,对菌丝体中蛋白提取工艺进行优化,并分析硒的富集对荷叶离褶伞菌丝体中氨基酸种类和含量的影响。利用单因素实验和Box-Benhnken中心组合响应面试验法,优化了荷叶离褶伞菌丝体中硒蛋白提取工艺,采用3,3'-二氨基联苯胺分光光度法测定蛋白质中硒的含量,并通过氨基酸测定仪分析测定富硒前后的菌丝体蛋白中氨基酸量的变化。结果表明,荷叶离褶伞菌丝体中硒蛋白的最适提取条件为:提取温度64℃、提取时间60 min、液料比200:1 mL/g、提取次数2次,经过验证性试验,测得蛋白提取率为75.13%,菌丝体中富硒量达到63.87μg/g。采用氨基酸测定仪分析氨基酸的组成,并通过氨基酸评分(AAS)、化学评分(CS)指标对富硒荷叶离褶伞菌丝体蛋白质进行初步营养价值评价。富硒荷叶离褶伞菌丝体中蛋白质中氨基酸种类齐全,人体必需氨基酸含量为17.20 g/100 g,较未富硒的高出19.75%,必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸(EAA/NEAA)为0.51,接近WHO提出的推荐值,AAS和CS的值接近于模式蛋白。说明经过工艺优化可以提高蛋白质提取率,在富硒菌丝体蛋白质中含有硒,硒促进了氨基酸含量的增加,富硒菌丝体中蛋白质的营养价值较未富硒菌丝更高,富硒菌丝体具有潜在的食用和应用价值。

食叶草蛋白的提取工艺优化及其氨基酸分析

食叶草是一种蛋白含量较高的新食品原料,为探究食叶草蛋白的应用价值,对食叶草基本成分进行测定,采用碱提酸沉法提取食叶草蛋白,运用Box-Behnken响应面试验优化其提取工艺,并进行十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)及氨基酸组成分析。结果表明:食叶草中蛋白含量可达30.00%左右,在料液比1∶25 g/mL、提取液pH 10.0、提取温度40.0℃的条件下,食叶草蛋白提取量为101.33 mg/g;凝胶成像仪显示食叶草蛋白有3条清晰的条带,分子质量分布在55.2、40.8、15.6 kDa附近,主要集中在55.2 kDa附近;食叶草蛋白的氨基酸组成分析显示,谷氨酸、天冬氨酸含量较高,胱氨酸、蛋氨酸含量较低,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸含量的44.42%。食叶草蛋白氨基酸种类齐全且模式优良,营养价值较高,可作为人类膳食蛋白质的补充。

石莼类菌孢素氨基酸的提取工艺及对副溶血弧菌的抑菌机理

为探明石莼类菌孢素氨基酸(MAAs)的提取工艺及对副溶血弧菌的抑菌机理,本研究采用单因素实验和响应面优化试验,分析了液固比、提取温度和提取时间对石莼MAAs得率的影响,并对MAAs进行了硅胶柱层析分离以及HPLC和ESI-MS鉴定。通过扫描、荧光显微镜观察胞内核酸、蛋白质的泄露及DNA分解等分析MAAs对副溶血弧菌的抑菌机理。结果表明,石莼MAAs的最佳提取参数为液固比25:1 mL/g、提取温度40℃和提取时间118 min,制备到的MAAs得率为179.34±3.91 mg/g。石莼MAAs明显破坏了副溶血弧菌的细胞膜,导致了胞内核酸和蛋白质泄露,并促使菌体内DNA发生分解。MAAs经硅胶柱层析分离获得2个组分,经鉴定组分H2为shinorine,其在石莼干粉末中含量可达10.32 mg/g。本研究为石莼MAAs的制备和副溶血弧菌的生物防治提供了技术参考。

刺五加籽氨基酸提取工艺及其水果配制酒研究

以刺五加籽为原料,采用超声提取氨基酸,并以氨基酸提取液为基酒制备水果配制酒。在单因素试验的基础上,分别采用正交试验优化氨基酸提取工艺及水果配制酒配方。结果表明:最佳氨基酸提取工艺为刺五加籽粉添加量1.00 g、料液比1∶25(g/mL)、超声时间25 min,在此条件下氨基酸得率为6.36%。水果配制酒的最佳配方为苹果汁15 mL、糖水1.0 mL、柠檬汁2 mL、基酒5.0 mL,在此条件下水果配制酒的感官评分为21.30。

鲤鱼可溶性蛋白增溶回收工艺优化及营养特性分析

为促进鲤(Cyprinus carpio)的高值化应用,本文运用pH值转换增溶法优化鲤鱼蛋白规模化增溶回收工艺,对鲤鱼鱼糜在不同pH值下的可溶性蛋白溶解度、可溶性蛋白分子量分布及氨基酸组成进行了测量分析。结果表明:不同pH值条件下蛋白溶解度呈现明显U型曲线,在pH值为1.0~3.0或11.0~13.0条件下溶解度较高;在pH值为2.0条件下,可溶性蛋白溶解度达到62.72%。通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)测得所有样品的可溶性蛋白分子量主要在10~45 kDa范围内,在pH值2.0条件下,这部分低分子量蛋白占比最高为72.6%,进一步测得此工艺条件下回收的可溶性蛋白中呈味氨基酸含量丰富,其中呈鲜味氨基酸,如:谷氨酸占比达到14.7%、天冬氨酸占比达到11.2%;呈甜味氨基酸,如:丙氨酸占比达到6.38%,甘氨酸占比达到5.8%。本研究结果为以鲤鱼或其它低值鱼为原料,规模化回收可溶性蛋白产品及制备后续的生物活性多肽奠定了前期工艺基础,提高了在食品、饲料等领域开发鱼蛋白相关高附加值产品的潜力。

Preparation and Application of Natural Bactericidal Deodorizer

Jasmine essential oil and lemon essential oil were selected for deodorizing ingredient.Lysine and silver ions were selected as auxiliary raw material.The product was prepared by emulsion dissolution technology.The minimum inhibitory concentration of various bacteria were during 100~2,000 mg/L.In the test,the germicidal efficiency of 2.0%(w/w)deodorant was 99%.The removal efficiency of trimethylamine and methanthiol were more than 95%by 3.0%(w/w).deodorant.The removal efficiency of ammonia and methanthiol were more than 92%by 3.0%(w/w)deodorant.In addition,The removal efficiency of isovaleric acid was 98%by 2.0%(w/w)deodorant.In analysis result,common pathogenic bacteria were effectively suppressed,kitchen and toilet odors were efficiently removed by natural plant deodorant.

提取溶剂和取样时间对辣椒游离氨基酸品质的影响

以白辣椒品种“玉龙椒”和青辣椒品种“衢椒1号”为试材,采用0.1%稀盐酸、75%乙醇、10%三氯乙酸和蒸馏水作提取剂,研究了不同提取溶剂对辣椒果实中游离氨基酸提取的影响,同时研究了不同生长发育时间辣椒果实中游离氨基酸品质的差异,以期为辣椒游离氨基酸品质鉴定提供参考依据。结果表明:不同溶剂提取的辣椒游离氨基酸种类和含量基本相同,除谷氨酸含量差异明显外,最适宜辣椒果实的游离氨基酸提取剂为蒸馏水;不同生长发育时期的辣椒游离氨基酸种类相同,但含量差异明显,不同辣椒品种的游离氨基酸累积模式差异也较大,“衢椒3号”游离氨基酸积累最大值主要出现在第5天和第35天,而“玉龙椒”游离氨基酸积累最大值出现在第5天和第40天,因此“衢椒3号”青辣椒品种的适宜采收时间为花后35 d,而白辣椒“玉龙椒”为花后40 d。