On 20 July 2021,northern Henan Province in China experienced catastrophic flooding as a result of an extremely intense rainstorm,with a record-breaking hourly rainfall of 201.9 mm during 0800–0900 UTC and daily accum...On 20 July 2021,northern Henan Province in China experienced catastrophic flooding as a result of an extremely intense rainstorm,with a record-breaking hourly rainfall of 201.9 mm during 0800–0900 UTC and daily accumulated rainfall in Zhengzhou City exceeding 600 mm(“Zhengzhou 7.20 rainstorm”for short).The multi-scale dynamical and thermodynamical mechanisms for this rainstorm are investigated based on station-observed and ERA-5 reanalysis datasets.The backward trajectory tracking shows that the warm,moist air from the northwestern Pacific was mainly transported toward Henan Province by confluent southeasterlies on the northern side of a strong typhoon In-Fa(2021),with the convergent southerlies associated with a weaker typhoon Cempaka(2021)concurrently transporting moisture northward from South China Sea,supporting the rainstorm.In the upper troposphere,two equatorward-intruding potential vorticity(PV)streamers within the planetary-scale wave train were located over northern Henan Province,forming significant divergent flow aloft to induce stronger ascending motion locally.Moreover,the converged moist air was also blocked by the mountains in western Henan Province and forced to rise so that a deep meso-β-scale convective vortex(MβCV)was induced over the west of Zhengzhou City.The PV budget analyses demonstrate that the MβCV development was attributed to the positive feedback between the rainfall-related diabatic heating and high-PV under the strong upward PV advection during the Zhengzhou 7.20 rainstorm.Importantly,the MβCV was forced by upper-level larger-scale westerlies becoming eastward-sloping,which allowed the mixtures of abundant raindrops and hydrometeors to ascend slantwise and accumulate just over Zhengzhou City,resulting in the record-breaking hourly rainfall locally.展开更多
Using NCEP reanalysis data,high-altitude and ground observation data,numerical model data,satellite and radar data,formation cause and forecast deviation of an extreme rainstorm process in Changsha urban area at night...Using NCEP reanalysis data,high-altitude and ground observation data,numerical model data,satellite and radar data,formation cause and forecast deviation of an extreme rainstorm process in Changsha urban area at night on June 9,2020 were analyzed.The results showed that(1)the extreme rainstorm process developed near the surface convergence line,with strong localization,short duration and large hourly rainfall intensity.(2)Under the high temperature and high humidity environment,the low-level cold advection and the hot low-pressure system interacted,and the potential con-vective unstable energy was released,and a strong convective weather was formed.(3)The convergence of water vapor in the lower layer and the strong upward movement provided sufficient water vapor for the rainstorm.The low-centroid thunderstorm was the main reason for the extreme rainstorm.(4)The forecast deviation of the numerical model to the low-level shear line and the mesoscale convergence line was an important reason for the forecast deviation of the heavy rainfall area.展开更多
Rainfall can cause serious soil loss in the Loess Plateau hilly and gully region, but little focus has been placed on the extreme rainstorm effects on unpaved loess road soil erosion. A field survey method was used to...Rainfall can cause serious soil loss in the Loess Plateau hilly and gully region, but little focus has been placed on the extreme rainstorm effects on unpaved loess road soil erosion. A field survey method was used to investigate the erosional effects of the '7·26' heavy rainfall event on unpaved loess roads in the Jiuyuangou watershed of the Loess Plateau, China. The results showed that the average and maximum widths of the eroded gullies that formed on the unpaved roads were 0.65-1.48 m and 1.00-3.60 m, respectively. The average and maximum depths of theeroded gullies were 0.42-1.13 m and 0.75-4.30 m, respectively. The average width-to-depth ratio was 1.31, indicating that the widening effect was greater than the downcutting effect in the eroded gullies. In addition, the gully density ranged from 0.07 to 0.29 m m-2, and the road surface dissection degree ranged from 0.03 to 0.41 km2 km-2. Eroded gullies generally developed at the slope toe of the cut bank side. The average eroded gully width and depth at turns in the road were 1.47-2.64 times and 1.30-3.47 times greater, respectively, than those in other road sections. The road erosion modulus increased from the upper section to the lower section of the roads. The average road erosion modulus of the study catchment was 235,000 t km-2. Turns in the road were associated with collapses, sinkholes and other gravitational erosion phenomena. The amount of road erosion under extreme rainfall conditions is mainly related to the interactions among road length, width, slope and soil bulk density. Our results provide a useful reference for developing further measures for preventing road erosion on the Loess Plateau.展开更多
Extremely heavy rainstorm occurred in Beijing on July 21,2012, which was the most serious since 1961. Based on analyzing the precipitation characteristics, formation mechanism of the rainstorm process was analyzed. Re...Extremely heavy rainstorm occurred in Beijing on July 21,2012, which was the most serious since 1961. Based on analyzing the precipitation characteristics, formation mechanism of the rainstorm process was analyzed. Results showed that when the precipitation process occurred, it was stable east-high and west-low situation at 500 hPa, and there was a steady stream of water vapor transportation at middle and low layers and strong vertical ascending motion at 700 hPa. The distribution of physical quantity field （relative humidity, vorticity and divergence） showed that they were all benefited to the formation of rainstorm. Then, falling zone of rainstorm and the movement of rain belt, generation, development and weakening of precipitation were analyzed. Finally, according to circulation situation and the distribution of physical quantity at each layer, vertical distribu- tion of physical quantity and distribution of water vapor and jet stream, ＂7 · 21＂ rainstorm model was summarized.展开更多
研究山西极端暴雨发生规律对开展预报预警、灾害防御具有重要意义。本文利用常规观测资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)第五代大气再分析资料(ERA5),采用标准化距平作为异常度,运...研究山西极端暴雨发生规律对开展预报预警、灾害防御具有重要意义。本文利用常规观测资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)第五代大气再分析资料(ERA5),采用标准化距平作为异常度,运用环流分析和物理量诊断等方法,研究1981—2018年6—9月山西17次极端暴雨的气候特征、环流影响系统和水汽异常特征。结果表明:山西极端暴雨主要出现在7—8月,暴雨区主要位于中南部,2010年以来极端暴雨明显多发;影响系统主要是700 h Pa低涡和台风系统,有偏南和偏东两支水汽通道。极端暴雨过程中,低层水汽含量明显偏高,从暴雨区平均比湿的过程最大值看,大部分过程850 h Pa超过14.2 g·kg^(-1),700 h Pa则可超过9.8 g·kg^(-1)、对应暴雨区平均异常度达1.6以上;水汽的极端性在低层水汽通量辐合中心表现突出,17次极端暴雨700、850 h Pa暴雨区水汽通量辐合中心过程最大值的异常度均值分别达-8、-6,其中台风减弱低压影响下的极端暴雨850 h Pa水汽通量辐合中心最大异常度达-12。根据以上环流和水汽特征建立极端暴雨概念模型,并给出极端暴雨低层水汽含量和水汽通量辐合强度预报参考指标。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42288101,and 42175076)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB40000000)the Open Research Fund Program of Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province(Project PAEKL-2022-K02).
文摘On 20 July 2021,northern Henan Province in China experienced catastrophic flooding as a result of an extremely intense rainstorm,with a record-breaking hourly rainfall of 201.9 mm during 0800–0900 UTC and daily accumulated rainfall in Zhengzhou City exceeding 600 mm(“Zhengzhou 7.20 rainstorm”for short).The multi-scale dynamical and thermodynamical mechanisms for this rainstorm are investigated based on station-observed and ERA-5 reanalysis datasets.The backward trajectory tracking shows that the warm,moist air from the northwestern Pacific was mainly transported toward Henan Province by confluent southeasterlies on the northern side of a strong typhoon In-Fa(2021),with the convergent southerlies associated with a weaker typhoon Cempaka(2021)concurrently transporting moisture northward from South China Sea,supporting the rainstorm.In the upper troposphere,two equatorward-intruding potential vorticity(PV)streamers within the planetary-scale wave train were located over northern Henan Province,forming significant divergent flow aloft to induce stronger ascending motion locally.Moreover,the converged moist air was also blocked by the mountains in western Henan Province and forced to rise so that a deep meso-β-scale convective vortex(MβCV)was induced over the west of Zhengzhou City.The PV budget analyses demonstrate that the MβCV development was attributed to the positive feedback between the rainfall-related diabatic heating and high-PV under the strong upward PV advection during the Zhengzhou 7.20 rainstorm.Importantly,the MβCV was forced by upper-level larger-scale westerlies becoming eastward-sloping,which allowed the mixtures of abundant raindrops and hydrometeors to ascend slantwise and accumulate just over Zhengzhou City,resulting in the record-breaking hourly rainfall locally.
基金Supported by Special Project of Research Business Forecast of Hunan Meteoro-logical Bureau(XQKJ21C001).
文摘Using NCEP reanalysis data,high-altitude and ground observation data,numerical model data,satellite and radar data,formation cause and forecast deviation of an extreme rainstorm process in Changsha urban area at night on June 9,2020 were analyzed.The results showed that(1)the extreme rainstorm process developed near the surface convergence line,with strong localization,short duration and large hourly rainfall intensity.(2)Under the high temperature and high humidity environment,the low-level cold advection and the hot low-pressure system interacted,and the potential con-vective unstable energy was released,and a strong convective weather was formed.(3)The convergence of water vapor in the lower layer and the strong upward movement provided sufficient water vapor for the rainstorm.The low-centroid thunderstorm was the main reason for the extreme rainstorm.(4)The forecast deviation of the numerical model to the low-level shear line and the mesoscale convergence line was an important reason for the forecast deviation of the heavy rainfall area.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC0501604)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40771127)
文摘Rainfall can cause serious soil loss in the Loess Plateau hilly and gully region, but little focus has been placed on the extreme rainstorm effects on unpaved loess road soil erosion. A field survey method was used to investigate the erosional effects of the '7·26' heavy rainfall event on unpaved loess roads in the Jiuyuangou watershed of the Loess Plateau, China. The results showed that the average and maximum widths of the eroded gullies that formed on the unpaved roads were 0.65-1.48 m and 1.00-3.60 m, respectively. The average and maximum depths of theeroded gullies were 0.42-1.13 m and 0.75-4.30 m, respectively. The average width-to-depth ratio was 1.31, indicating that the widening effect was greater than the downcutting effect in the eroded gullies. In addition, the gully density ranged from 0.07 to 0.29 m m-2, and the road surface dissection degree ranged from 0.03 to 0.41 km2 km-2. Eroded gullies generally developed at the slope toe of the cut bank side. The average eroded gully width and depth at turns in the road were 1.47-2.64 times and 1.30-3.47 times greater, respectively, than those in other road sections. The road erosion modulus increased from the upper section to the lower section of the roads. The average road erosion modulus of the study catchment was 235,000 t km-2. Turns in the road were associated with collapses, sinkholes and other gravitational erosion phenomena. The amount of road erosion under extreme rainfall conditions is mainly related to the interactions among road length, width, slope and soil bulk density. Our results provide a useful reference for developing further measures for preventing road erosion on the Loess Plateau.
文摘Extremely heavy rainstorm occurred in Beijing on July 21,2012, which was the most serious since 1961. Based on analyzing the precipitation characteristics, formation mechanism of the rainstorm process was analyzed. Results showed that when the precipitation process occurred, it was stable east-high and west-low situation at 500 hPa, and there was a steady stream of water vapor transportation at middle and low layers and strong vertical ascending motion at 700 hPa. The distribution of physical quantity field （relative humidity, vorticity and divergence） showed that they were all benefited to the formation of rainstorm. Then, falling zone of rainstorm and the movement of rain belt, generation, development and weakening of precipitation were analyzed. Finally, according to circulation situation and the distribution of physical quantity at each layer, vertical distribu- tion of physical quantity and distribution of water vapor and jet stream, ＂7 · 21＂ rainstorm model was summarized.
文摘研究山西极端暴雨发生规律对开展预报预警、灾害防御具有重要意义。本文利用常规观测资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)第五代大气再分析资料(ERA5),采用标准化距平作为异常度,运用环流分析和物理量诊断等方法,研究1981—2018年6—9月山西17次极端暴雨的气候特征、环流影响系统和水汽异常特征。结果表明:山西极端暴雨主要出现在7—8月,暴雨区主要位于中南部,2010年以来极端暴雨明显多发;影响系统主要是700 h Pa低涡和台风系统,有偏南和偏东两支水汽通道。极端暴雨过程中,低层水汽含量明显偏高,从暴雨区平均比湿的过程最大值看,大部分过程850 h Pa超过14.2 g·kg^(-1),700 h Pa则可超过9.8 g·kg^(-1)、对应暴雨区平均异常度达1.6以上;水汽的极端性在低层水汽通量辐合中心表现突出,17次极端暴雨700、850 h Pa暴雨区水汽通量辐合中心过程最大值的异常度均值分别达-8、-6,其中台风减弱低压影响下的极端暴雨850 h Pa水汽通量辐合中心最大异常度达-12。根据以上环流和水汽特征建立极端暴雨概念模型,并给出极端暴雨低层水汽含量和水汽通量辐合强度预报参考指标。
