Responses of some landscape trees to the drought and high temperature events during 2006 and 2007 in Yamaguchi,Japan

Extreme weather events were analyzed based on the meteorological data from the year of 1967 to 2007 for Yamaguchi, Japan. The responses from landscape trees were also investigated mainly by the analysis of image pixel and spectral reflectance. Results show that after the dry, hot and windy summer in 2007, many landscape trees in Yamaguchi City tended to respond the extreme weather events by reducing their leaf surface area and receiving less radiation energy. Premature leaf discoloration or defoliation appeared on some landscape tree species and leaf necrosis occurred on tip and margin of many Kousa dogwood (Cornus kousa) trees at unfavorable sites. Described by image pixel analysis method, the leaf necrotic area percentage (LNAP) of sampled dogwood trees averaged 41.6% and the sampled Sasanqua camellia (Camelia sasanqua) tree also showed fewer flowers in flower season of 2007 than that in 2006. By differential analysis of partial discolored crown, it presented a logistic differential equation of crown color for sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua) trees. It suggested that the persistent higher temperature and lower precipitation could be injurious to the sensitive landscape trees at poor sites, even in relative humid area like Yamaguchi.

Comparative Analysis of Extreme High Temperature Weather in the Summers of 2013 and 2003

The characteristics of regional high temperature(HT) weather in 2013 and 2003 and their causes were studied using daily maximum temperature data, National Center for Environmental Prediction(NCEP) reanalysis data, and outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) data. For these two years of HT weather, there were many similar characteristics, such as their long duration, wide range, high intensity, and severe influence. However, there were also three obvious differences: firstly, in 2013, the major area where HT weather occurred was farther north than in 2003; secondly, the HT weather in South China and the southeast area of Jiangnan in 2013 lasted fewer days than in 2003, but in other areas it lasted for more days than in 2003; thirdly, the intensity of the HT weather in 2013 was also stronger in the north and weaker in the south, similar to that of the duration. A strong and stable western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH), a continental warm high, and the distribution of the warm center in the lower troposphere played important roles in the HT weather formation. Several probable causes for the differences are that the cold air was weaker, the WPSH was farther north, and the tropical convective systems were stronger in 2013 than in 2003. Finally, a preliminary cause analysis of the WPSH anomaly was presented.

Responses of some landscape trees to the drought and high temperature events during 2006 and 2007 in Yamaguchi, Japan

Extreme weather events were analyzed based on the meteorological data from the year of 1967 to 2007 for Yamaguchi, Japan. The responses from landscape trees were also investigated mainly by the analysis of image pixel and spectral reflectance, Results show that after the dry, hot and windy summer in 2007, many landscape trees in Yamaguchi City tended to respond the extreme weather events by re- ducing their leaf surface area and receiving less radiation energy. Premature leaf discoloration or defoliation appeared on some landscape tree species and leaf necrosis occurred on tip and margin of many Kousa dogwood （Comus kousa） trees at unfavorable sites. Described by image pixel analysis method, the leaf necrotic area percentage （LNAP） of sampled dogwood trees averaged 41.6% and the sampled Sasanqua camellia （Camelia sasanqua） tree also showed fewer flowers in flower season of 2007 than that in 2006. By differential analysis of partial discolored crown, it presented a logistic differential equation of crown color for sweet gum （Liquidambar styraciflua） trees. It suggested that the persistent higher temperature and lower precipitation could be injurious to the sensitive landscape trees at poor sites, even in relative humid area like Yamaguchi.

Intra-seasonal Features of an Extreme High Temperature Event in 2011 in Eastern China and Its Atmospheric Circulation

Based on the daily maximum air temperature(T_(max))data from the China Meteorological Data Network and the NCEP/DOE reanalysis data,the intra-seasonal circulation and evolution of an extreme high temperature event(EHTE)in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River(MYR)from August 9-21,2011 were explored,as well as the influence of diabatic heating on the position variation of the Western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH).Results show that the daily T_(max) in the MYR exhibits a vigorous intraseasonal oscillation(ISO)of 10-25 days in the extended summer of 1980-2018.The main factors affecting the EHTE in the summer of 2011 are the low-frequency wave train propagating southeastward in the mid-latitude of the upper troposphere and the low-frequency anticyclone moving northwestward in the lowlatitude of the mid-lower troposphere.The diagnosis of 925hPa thermodynamic equation indicates that the ISO features of the T_(max) in the core region is determined by the intra-seasonal variation of the adiabatic variation.In addition,the variations of the WPSH correspond well to the distribution of apparent heat source.In the early stage of the high temperature process,the apparent heat source in the north of the Bay of Bengal is a certain indicator for the westward extension of the WPSH.

INVESTIGATION OF THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF EXTREME HIGH TEMPERATURE IN CHINA WITH DETRENDED FLUCTUATION AND PERMUTATION ENTROPY

With temperatures increasing as a result of global warming,extreme high temperatures are becoming more intense and more frequent on larger scale during summer in China.In recent years,a variety of researches have examined the high temperature distribution in China.However,it hardly considers the variation of temperature data and systems when defining the threshold of extreme high temperature.In order to discern the spatio-temporal distribution of extreme heat in China,we examined the daily maximum temperature data of 83 observation stations in China from 1950 to 2008.The objective of this study was to understand the distribution characteristics of extreme high temperature events defined by Detrended Fluctuation Analysis(DFA).The statistical methods of Permutation Entropy(PE)were also used in this study to analyze the temporal distribution.The results showed that the frequency of extreme high temperature events in China presented 3 periods of 7,10—13 and 16—20 years,respectively.The abrupt changes generally happened in the 1960s,the end of 1970s and early 1980s.It was also found that the maximum frequency occurred in the early 1950s,and the frequency decreased sharply until the late 1980s when an evidently increasing trend emerged.Furthermore,the annual averaged frequency of extreme high temperature events reveals a decreasing-increasing-decreasing trend from southwest to northeast China,but an increasing-decreasing trend from southeast to northwest China.And the frequency was higher in southern region than that in northern region.Besides,the maximum and minimum of frequencies were relatively concentrated spatially.Our results also shed light on the reasons for the periods and abrupt changes of the frequency of extreme high temperature events in China.

Evaluation and Projection of Extreme High Temperature Indices in Southwestern China Using NEX-GDDP-CMIP6

Based on the recently released NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections(NEX-GDDP)Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6) dataset and the gridded observational daily dataset CN05.1, this study evaluates the performance of 26 CMIP6 models in simulating extreme high temperature(EHT) indices in southwestern China and estimates future changes in the EHT indices under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways(SSPs) SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5 using 11 optimal CMIP6 models. Five EHT indices are employed:annual maximum value of daily maximum temperature(TXX), high temperature days(T35), warm days(TX90P),heat wave frequency(HWF), and heat wave days(HWD). The main results are as follows.(1) NEX-GDDP-CMIP6 is highly capable of simulating the spatial patterns of TXX and T35 in southwestern China but it presents a weaker ability to simulate the spatial patterns of TX90P, HWF, and HWD.(2) The simulated time series of T35, TX90P, HWF,and HWD in southwestern China exhibit consistent upward trends with the observations. The linear trends of increase in TX90P and HWD are much greater than those of increase in TXX, T35, and HWF.(3) The estimated increases in TXX and T35 in southwestern China are significantly greater in Chongqing and the adjacent areas of Sichuan than in the other regions. Spatial distributions of the increases in TX90P, HWF, and HWD generally show higher values in the west and lower values in the east.(4) In the three different scenarios, the projected future TXX,T35, TX90P, and HWD in southwestern China all display a continuous increase with time and radiative forcing levels, whereas HWF initially increases but then decreases under the SSP5-8.5 scenario. By the end of the 21st century, under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, TXX and T35 are projected to increase by 6.0℃ and 45.0 days, respectively. The duration of individual heat waves is also expected to increase.

用于重离子单粒子效应测试的高低温实验系统研制

针对宇航器件在空间服役过程中面临的极端温度环境,提出了1套用于真空环境下电子元器件重离子单粒子效应测试过程中控制样品温度的方法,并在HI-13重离子串列加速器的重离子宽束和微束单粒子效应实验终端分别建立了高低温实验系统。长时间的极限温度测试结果表明,该系统的样品温度控制范围为-180℃~150℃,温度控制精度优于±1℃。同时,基于研制的高低温实验系统开展了不同温度下国产锗硅异质结双极晶体管(germanium silicon heterojunction bipolar transistor,SiGe HBT)的单粒子效应测试。实验结果显示,随着样品温度降低,单粒子瞬态(single event transient,SET)脉冲峰值和个数不断增加,SET脉冲宽度随温度升高逐渐增加,这与理论模拟结果一致。本系统的建成将为国内今后研究电子元器件单粒子效应与温度间的协和机制提供参考。

2022年夏季中国高温干旱气候特征及成因探讨

2022年夏季,中国中东部发生了极端高温干旱气候异常,给经济、农业、人民生活造成了严重影响。本文回顾了此次高温干旱气候异常的时空特征,分析了其主要成因。2022年夏季,中国中东部区域平均的极端高温频次、日最高温度平均值、高温日数等指标均达到了1979年以来的最大值,区域平均降水则达到了1979年以来的最低值。此次气候异常主要是由于夏季中国中东部受强大的高压系统控制,与偏强的西太副高、中纬度的西风带扰动以及热带海温的影响有关。此外,本文探讨了全球增暖趋势对极端高温事件增多的影响,以及未来中国地区高温和干旱事件的可能变化。

1961~2022年长江流域高温干旱复合极端事件变化特征

2022年长江流域高温干旱复合特征显著,给水资源、生态系统、经济社会等带来重大影响。基于1961~2022年长江流域逐日气象观测数据和气象干旱综合指数(Meteorological Drought Composite Index,MCI),分析了长江流域极端高温、干旱以及高温干旱复合事件的长期趋势和相互关系,给出了基于频次、强度、持续时间和影响面积的综合危险性指数评估结果。研究表明:(1)四川盆地东部和长江中下游干流沿线及以南地区是2022年高温干旱复合事件相对影响最大的地区,同时上述地区也是高温干旱复合风险增加趋势显著的地区。(2)在局地复合事件持续时间增加以及上游复合事件风险增大的叠加作用影响下,长江中下游干流周边水文干旱风险可能增加。(3)气候变暖背景下,高温、复合极端事件将变得更为极端,特别在四川盆地东部和长江流域东南部最为显著;高温事件增加是复合事件增加的原因,越来越多的干旱事件与高温关联;长江上、中游在20世纪90年代末以后高温事件强度对复合事件强度起主要贡献的年份明显增多。(4)从综合危险性来看,长江全流域强高温事件并发的年份较多,而严重干旱常在上、中、下游中的两个区域内发展演变;21世纪以来,6~10月发生高危险性高温干旱复合事件且影响范围覆盖长江全流域的有2006,2013,2019年和2022年。研究成果可为认识长江流域高温干旱复合极端事件规律提供支撑。

气候变化背景下京津冀极端高温事件变化特征研究

基于京津冀地区174个气象台站1981—2020年逐日最高气温、最低气温数据资料,统计计算了京津冀地区极端高温事件相关指标(极端最高温TXx、高温日数Htd和闷热日数Swd),利用多种统计方法分析了京津冀地区近40年极端高温事件的时空分布特征,并探究了在气候变化背景下两个典型年代Htd和Swd的空间变化情况。结果表明:①近40年年极端最高温(TXx)、高温日数(Htd)和闷热日数(Swd)均呈上升趋势,京津冀地区极端高温事件强度增强、频次增加,并且年代际呈波动变化特征。②京津冀地区极端高温事件主要集中发生在6—8月份,其中TXx和Htd主要发生在6、7月份,Swd集中发生在7月份;冀北山区的高温、闷热日集中发生在7月份。③京津冀地区高温日和闷热日初(终)日呈提前(显著推迟)趋势,高温和闷热日更早发生且持续时间更长、同步性增强。④京津冀地区极端高温事件多发生在南部,TXx和Htd空间分布均呈南高北低的分布特征,Swd呈东南高、西北低的分布特征;极端高温事件显著增加的地区主要集中在经济人口发展较快的北京、天津和石家庄三个大城市。⑤M-K突变分析发现京津冀地区极端高温事件突变发生在1990年代,对比突变前后两个年代(偏冷的1980年代和偏暖的2010年代)发现京津冀邻近渤海区域(天津、唐山以及沧州市)高温闷热天气随年代际发生的概率显著增加。

基于Copula的2022年长江流域极端干旱重现期研究

2022年夏季,长江流域遭遇了史上罕见的高温干旱事件,给农业、生态和社会经济带来严重影响。利用1961~2022年的气象数据资料,分析了2022年长江流域夏季高温少雨的时空分布特征;在此基础上,采用基于Copula函数的多变量风险评估方法,对此次高温复合型干旱事件的重现期进行了分析。结果表明:长江流域2022年夏季高温日数较常年同期偏多147.5%,为1961年以来历史第一位,且高温发展严重区域与降雨量偏少区域高度重合。基于Copula函数联合重现期的分析显示2022年夏季长江流域干旱超过100a一遇,为有完整气象观测记录以来最极端的干旱;而只考虑降水或者高温的单变量重现期分析将此次干旱事件定义为30a或者60a一遇,难以合理描述此类复合型灾害的发生风险。从空间看,2022年夏季长江流域干旱在上、中、下游的联合重现期分别为100,75,55a一遇。针对日益频发的复合型极端事件,未来风险评估需考虑两个或多个变量极端状况的同期叠加效应,这对于科学把握灾害的极端性及其风险影响、及时制定抗旱减灾措施具有重要的科学指导意义。

2022年夏季长江流域干旱特征及成因分析

2022年夏季,长江流域发生了历史罕见的高温干旱事件。利用实况观测资料以及再分析数据对此次干旱过程进行特征分析,并探索其成因。结果表明:长江流域2022年夏季总面雨量较常年同期偏少33.7%,为1961年以来第二少。进入7~8月高温迅速发展,平均气温及高温日数均为历史同期最多。高温少雨导致长江流域干旱迅速发展,干旱日数普遍达20 d以上,中旱以上站点同样为历史最多。由于6月下旬南亚高压偏强,副热带高压北跳偏早,使得长江中下游梅汛期降水量偏少。7~8月长江流域长期处于强盛的副热带高压控制下,北方冷空气无法南下,也不利于南方水汽在长江流域辐合。高压内部强烈的下沉运动使得流域出现长时间高温少雨。此外,晴热天气使得流域蒸发量显著加大,进一步加剧了长江流域的干旱。

2023年7月大气环流和天气分析

2023年7月北半球大气环流主要特征表现为:极涡分裂为多个中心呈绕极分布,较常年同期偏强;西太平洋副热带高压较常年同期强度偏强,位置偏西、偏北;全国平均降水量为122.0 mm,接近常年同期,有45个站日降水量超建站以来历史极值,吉林西部、河北南部等地累计降水量较常年同期显著偏多1~2倍,而西北中北部、广西中北部、湖南中部以及新疆北部等地偏少5成左右;有8次区域性暴雨天气过程,受台风杜苏芮及其残余环流影响,7月26—29日、7月29日至8月1日,台湾地区、浙江东部、福建东部以及京津冀等地部分地区先后出现极端强降水;月内共有3个台风生成,2个登陆我国,较常年同期略偏少,其中,台风杜苏芮为登陆福建第二强台风;全国平均气温为23.0℃,较历史同期略偏高,山东西部、河北南部、新疆西北部和东北部等地最高气温平均值较常年同期偏高2~4℃;高温过程共有7次,其中,7月5—16日为全国性的高温过程,中东部大部以及内蒙古西部和新疆大部最高气温超过35℃,12个国家站日最高气温超过历史极值。

Spatiotemporal changes in frequency and intensity of high-temperature events in China during 1961-2014

In this study, we explored spatial patterns and the temporal trends in high-temperature events （HTEs） for the mainland of China dudng 1961-2014 based on a dailymaximum surface-air-temperature dataset of 494 stations and nonparametric trend detection methods. With three thresholds of 35℃ （HTE35）, 37℃ （HTE37）, and 40℃ （HTE40）, HTEs occurred in 82%, 71%, and 37% of the surveyed stations and showed an overall increasing trend in both frequency and intensity during 1961-2014. In northern and southeastem China, HTEs showed a significant increasing trend in both frequency and intensity, whilst a decreasing trend for both was observed in central China. Despite such regional heterogeneity, HTEs overwhelmingly presented three-phase characteristics in all three representative regions and throughout China; the phases are 1961-1980, 1980-1990, and 1990-2014. Both frequency and intensity of HTEs have strongly increased during 1990-2014 at 54.86%, 48.38%, and 23.28% of the investigated stations for HTE35, HTE37 and HTE40, respectively. These findings implied that HTEs adaptation should be paid further attention in the future over China because the wide spread distribution of HTEs and their increasing trends in both frequency and intensity during recent decades might pose challenges to the sustainability of human society and the ecosystem.

Record-breaking SST over mid-North Atlantic and extreme high temperature over the Jianghuai–Jiangnan region of China in 2013

In July 2013, the Jianghuai–Jiangnan region of China experienced a persistent extreme high temperature,and the surface air temperature(SAT) over many areas of the region set a new record, which had a profound impact on people's lives. This study explored the possible mechanism for this extreme climate phenomenon. The results show that the sea surface temperature(SST) over the midNorth Atlantic in July 2013 was the warmest observed over the past 160 years. The strong anomaly of the SST connects to the East Asian upper level westerly and western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH) via the teleconnection wave train and further contributes to the SAT variability over the Jianghuai–Jiangnan region; this connection could be one possible mechanism for the formation of the recordbreaking extreme hot event(EHE) over the Jianghuai–Jiangnan region in July 2013. In addition, for the EHE over the Jianghuai–Jiangnan region, the role of the WPSH was generally emphasised. This study found that the variability of the upper level westerly over the Jianghuai–Jiangnan region is also an important climate factor impacting the SAT of the region. In particular, the record-breaking weakness of the upper level westerly corresponded to the record-breaking SAT over the Jianghuai–Jiangnan region in July 2013. These results indicate that the role of the upper level westerly should be emphasised in addition to the WPSH, according to both the variability in the summer air temperature and the EHE over the Jianghuai–Jiangnan region.

2003年云南夏季罕见高温干旱的诊断研究

2003年夏季云南出现了历史上罕见的大范围异常高温干旱天气,是自1961年以来云南最严重的夏季高温干旱天气之一,影响范围、持续时间及危害程度仅次于1983年。是20世纪80年代中期云南进入气温偏暖期后的一次夏季极端气候事件,打破多项历史纪录。利用高度、OLR、TBB等资料对此次气候灾害过程进行了诊断分析。发现西太平洋副热带高压持续稳定且偏强偏西,季风低压偏弱偏西,云南TBB值偏高,降水云系较少,OLR值偏高,对流活动抑制,云南正好处于东、西两个垂直环流圈的下沉气流控制区是形成高温干旱的主要原因。

亚欧中纬度关键区正位势高度距平场配置与中国冬季区域性极端低温事件的联系

基于中国地面台站观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,研究了欧亚中纬度500 hPa高度场关键区正异常配置及其与中国冬季区域性极端低温事件(Regional Extreme Low Temperature Events,RELTE)的联系。结果表明,发生RELTE时乌拉尔山(简称乌山)、贝加尔湖(简称贝湖)和雅库茨克—鄂科斯克海(简称雅鄂)附近的某一区域出现高度场正异常的概率为0.83,即欧亚关键区500 hPa正高度距平场的相互匹配是形成RELTE的直接原因。在此基础上,将三个关键区域高度场异常配置分为7种类型:乌山型、贝湖型、雅鄂型、乌山—贝湖型、乌山—贝湖—雅鄂型、乌山—雅鄂型、贝湖—雅鄂型。不同类型异常模态对应的RELTE在空间分布、持续时间和强度等各有差异,如:乌山型对应RELTE以全国型为主,平均持续天数达14.2天;乌山—雅鄂型对应的RELTE以东北—华北型为主,事件平均持续天数为14.1天。此外,不同类型的异常配置均对应有超前于RELTE的前期特征,平均超前时间为1~8天不等。超前天数的空间分布、高度场异常的时间演化,进一步揭示了乌山以西和雅鄂以东两个方向高度场异常的发展并形成多种环流异常模态的过程,也验证了RELTE存在前期信号的可能性。

气候变化对重庆高温和旱涝灾害的影响

利用重庆地区1961—2006年逐日气象观测资料,研究了气候变化对重庆高温和旱涝灾害的影响。结果表明:重庆区域显著的增暖开始于20世纪90年代后期,突变检验结果显示气温距平的突变出现在1997年。增暖后,极端高温事件发生频次增加趋势明显,高温热浪风险显著上升,极端降水事件发生频次也呈现出显著增加趋势,洪涝灾害的风险不断上升。进一步分析了区域平均各级别降水日数的变化趋势,结果显示小雨和中雨日数减少趋势明显,使得干旱的风险增大。将区域平均气温距平序列分为全球气候变化对重庆区域平均气温的影响和重庆区域平均气温的自身变率两部分,发现在增暖后,全球气候变化对区域气温变化的贡献较增暖前增大。分别计算2006年全球气候变化和区域自身变率对重庆异常气温的贡献,发现2006年重庆异常高温可能是受全球气候变化和区域自身的变率共同作用的结果,但以区域自身的变率为主。

2022年西南地区极端高温干旱特征及其主要影响

利用1961—2022年夏季(6—8月)西南地区441个国家地面气象站逐日基本气象要素观测资料,对2022年夏季西南地区的基本气候概况、高温干旱灾害的特征及其产生的主要影响进行分析。结果表明:此次极端高温干旱事件的严重程度实属历史罕见。2022年夏季西南地区平均气温历史同期最高,降水量历史同期最少,高温日数历史同期最多,极端最高气温历史同期最高。西南地区东部并发严重的气象干旱,特旱站数高达105站,主要发生在西藏中部、四川大部、重庆大部、贵州北部以及云南中部局部地区。受此极端持续的复合型高温干旱事件影响,西南地区东部部分农作物减产、甚至绝收;江河来水量出现“汛期返枯”的罕见现象;电网负荷创历史新高,加之水电发电量锐减,造成能源供应保障短缺;四川盆地东部、重庆西部发生多起森林火灾。本文力图从科学角度认识这次极端高温干旱事件,助力气象灾害风险评估业务发展,为提升防灾减灾和应对气候变化的能力提供支撑。

湖北省2009年夏季极端高温事件及其影响评价

利用湖北省77个气象站2009年6月1日～9月10日(102 d)逐日气温资料,分析了气温的极端特征及对社会经济的影响.结果表明:1)该年属于高温热夏年,高温过程开始早、结束迟、持续长、范围广,其中6、7、8月全省大部各出现了一段长达半个月以上的高温热浪过程,9月初还出现一段短暂的高温过程;2)高温强盛、极端程度大.日平均气温、最高气温、最低气温的最大值各有5、4、11站创历史同期新高,可见低温更异常;全省有2站极端最高气温创年历史新高,2站平年历史记录.有5站高温日数超过40 d,通山多达47 d,公安的28 d和监利的37 d创历史新高,武汉39d,为1951年以来第5位;3)气温变幅大,高温间歇期间气温多偏低,如盛夏(7月下旬～8月上旬)气温明显偏低,"三伏"不热,8月底出现强降温过程,过程降温12～15℃,多处极端最低气温创8月历史最低记录;4)极端高温对电力、健康、农业影响大.高温期间用电量屡破记录,空调供应断档,武汉市居民中暑及死亡人数同比大幅上升;由于同期降水偏少,8月中下旬出现大范围农业干旱.