Delayed sowing can increase lodging resistance while maintaining grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat

Lodging resistance of winter wheat(Trnticum aestivum L.) can be increased by late sowing.However, whether grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) can be maintained with delayed sowing remains unknown. During the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 growing seasons, two winter wheat cultivars were sown on three dates(early sowing on October 1, normal so,wing on October8, and late sowing on October 15) to investigate the responses of lodging resistance, grain yield,and NUE to sowing date. No significant differences in lodging resistance, grain yield, or NUE between early and normal sowing were observed. Averaging over the two cultivars and years,postponing the sowing date significantly increased lodging resistance by 53.6% and 49.6%compared with that following early and normal sowing, respectively. Lodging resistance was improved mainly through a reduction in the culm height at the center of gravity and an increase in the tensile strength of the base internode. Late sowing resulted in similar grain yield as well as kernel weight and number of kernels per square meter, compared to early and normal sowing.Averaging over the two cultivars and years, delayed sowing resulted in a reduction in nitrogen uptake efficiency(UPE) by 11.0% and 9.9% compared to early and normal sowing, respectively,owing to reduced root length density and dry matter accumulation before anthesis. An average increase in nitrogen utilization efficiency(UTE) of 12.9% and 11.2% compared to early and normal sowing, respectively, was observed with late sowing owing to a reduction in the grain nitrogen concentration. The increase in UTE offset the reduction in UPE, resulting in equal NUEs among all sowing dates. Thus, sowing later than normal could increase lodging resistance while maintaining grain yield and NUE.

Optimization of sowing date and seeding rate for high winter wheat yield based on pre-winter plant development and soil water usage in the Loess Plateau,China

Sowing date and seeding rate are critical for productivity of winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).A three-year field experiment was conducted with three sowing dates(20 September(SD1),1 October(SD2),and 10 October(SD3)) and three seeding rates(SR67.5,SR90,and SR112.5) to determine suitable sowing date and seeding rate for high wheat yield.A large seasonal variation in accumulated temperature from sowing to winter dormancy was observed among three growing seasons.Suitable sowing dates for strong seedlings before winter varied with the seasons,that was SD2 in 2012–2013,SD3 in 2013–2014,and SD2 as well as SD1 in 2014–2015.Seasonal variation in precipitation during summer fallow also had substantial effects on soil water storage,and consequently influenced grain yield through soil water consumption from winter dormancy to maturity stages.Lower consumption of soil water from winter dormancy to booting stages could make more water available for productive growth from anthesis to maturity stages,leading to higher grain yield.SD2 combined with SR90 had the lowest soil water consumption from winter dormancy to booting stages in 2012–2013 and 2014–2015; while in 2013–2014,it was close to that with SR67.5 or SR112.5.For productive growth from anthesis to maturity stages,SD2 with SR90 had the highest soil water consumption in all three seasons.The highest water consumption in the productive growth period resulted in the best grain yield in both low and high rainfall years.Ear number largely contributed to the seasonal variation in grain yield,while grain number per ear and 1 000-grain weight also contributed to grain yield,especially when soil water storage was high.Our results indicate that sowing date and seeding rate affect grain yield through seedling development before winter and also affect soil water consumption in different growth periods.By selecting the suitable sowing date(1 October) in combination with the proper seeding rate of 90 kg ha–1,the best yield was achieved.Based on these results,we recommend that the current sowing date be delayed from 22 or 23 September to 1 October.

Effects of tridimensional uniform sowing on water consumption, nitrogen use, and yield in winter wheat

Wheat is a staple crop worldwide, but yields may diminish as climate change causes increasingly unpredictable patterns of precipitation and soil nutrient availability. Farmers are thus challenged to maximize planting efficiency to increase yield, while also improving their resource use efficiency. In this study the effectiveness of tridimensional uniform sowing was tested across a range of planting densities for winter wheat crops on the North China Plain. Tridimensional uniform sowing was tested against conventional drilling at three planting densities (180 × 104, 270 × 104, and 360 × 104 plants ha 1) and assessed for water consumption, biomass, nitrogen uptake and allocation, and aspects of yield. The tridimensional uniform sowing treatment outperformed the conventional drilling treatment in most metrics and at most planting densities, while performing markedly better at higher planting densities. Water consumption decreased and nitrogen efficiency increased. Tiller number and percentage of productive tillers, leaf area index, dry weight, and yield increased without a significant decline in grain protein. Nitrogen allocation was more efficient under tridimensional uniform sowing than with conventional drilling, and also varied according to annual precipitation and planting density. Both yield and grain protein contents were significantly correlated with the amount of pre-anthesis accumu- lated nitrogen translocated from vegetative organs to kernels after anthesis. Overall, a density of 270 × 104 plants ha 1 provided the highest water use efficiency and grain yield. Tridimensional uniform sowing will benefit farmers by forming stronger overall crops, promoting the coordinated improvement of yield, nitrogen uptake and efficiency, and increasing grain protein content at higher planting densities.

Response of yield increase for dryland winter wheat to tillage practice during summer fallow and sowing method in the Loess Plateau of China

Soil moisture is the most critical limiting factor impacting yields of dryland winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) and it is strongly affected by tillage practice and sowing methods. This study was to assess the link between sowing method and tillage practice during summer fallow and their subsequent effect on soil moisture and grain yield. Furthermore, we sought to identify a more appropriate farming management practice for winter wheat production in Loess Plateau region of China. The experiment was conducted from 2011 to 2013, using a two-factor split plot design, including subsoiling(SS) or no tillage(NT) during summer fallow for main plots, and conventional drill sowing(DS) or plastic film drill sowing(FM) for subplots. Results showed that the maximum soil water storage(SWS) was under SS×FM treatment with values of 649.1 mm(2011–2012) and 499.4 mm(2012–2013). The SWS during the 2011–2012 growing season were 149.7 mm higher than that in the 2012–2013 growing season. And adoption of SS×FM significantly increased precipitation use efficiency(PUE) and water use efficiency(WUE) compared to other treatments for both seasons. Moreover, adoption of SS×FM significantly increased yield by 13.1, 14.4, 47.3% and 25.9, 39.1, 35.7% than other three treatments during the two growing seasons, respectively. In summary, combining subsoiling during summer fallow with plastic film drill sowing(SS×FM) increased SWS at sowing and effectively improved WUE, thus representing a feasible technology to improve grain yield of dryland winter wheat in the Loess Plateau of China.

A Dynamic Knowledge Model for Design of Suitable Sowing Date and Sowing Rate in Winter Wheat

Based on research concerning dynamic relationships of winter wheat growth to environments and production conditions, a winter wheat model for selecting suitable sowing date, population density and sowing rate under different varieties, spatial and temporal environments was developed. Case studies on sowing date with the data sets of five different eco-sites, three climatic years and soil fertility levels, and on population density and sowing rate with the data sets of two different variety types, three different soil types, soil fertility levels, sowing dates and grain yield levels indicate a good model performance for decision-making.

基于WMAIP集成模型的华北冬小麦适宜播期与冬前积温下限研究

为明确气候变暖和“双晚技术”背景下华北地区冬小麦的适宜播期,基于WMAIP集成模型,对华北地区冬小麦适宜播期、冬前积温下限及最迟播期进行了分析。研究结果表明,华北地区晚播减产幅度由南向北增大,南部晚播减产幅度最小(<19.5%),中部晚播减产幅度在26.4%以内,北部晚播减产幅度最大,最高可达32.0%。华北地区北部、中部和南部的适宜播期分别在9月25日—10月5日之间、9月30日—10月20日之间和10月10日—11月5日之间。华北地区冬小麦基于高产和高水分利用效率的适宜冬前积温下限分别在497~629℃·d和344~581℃·d之间,并由南部向北部递增。在高产和高水分利用效率条件下,河北、山东、河南大部分地区的最迟播期分别为10月1—13日、10月10—16日、10月22—28日和10月7—19日、10月16—22日、10月31日—11月12日。研究结果可为气候变暖背景下华北地区“双晚技术”的推广和应用提供参考。

播种模式对新疆小麦干物质积累和产量及水分利用效率的影响

为确定北疆小麦适宜的播种模式,以北疆主栽冬小麦品种新冬18号和新冬41号及春小麦品种新春44号和新春48号为材料,设置晚播冬小麦(10月8日播种,用B1表示)、极晚播冬小麦和冬播春小麦(10月28日播种,用B2表示)以及春播春小麦(4月4日播种,用B3表示)三种播种模式,比较分析了播种模式间小麦的生育进程、总茎数、叶面积指数、光合势、干物质积累量、经济系数、产量及水分利用效率的差异.结果表明,B2处理的冬小麦较B1处理晚熟约7d,生育期缩短162d,出苗率、最高总茎数、LAI、总光合势、干物质积累量及总耗水量分别降低27.6个百分点、17.1%、11.5%、9.6%、3.7%和15.9%,而水分利用效率提高15.7%,平均经济系数和产量与B1处理无显著差异;B2处理的春小麦较B3处理早熟7d,生育期延长约4 d,出苗率、最高总茎数、LAI和总耗水量分别降低28.1个百分点、7.6%、5.2%和12.3%,总光合势、成熟期干物质积累量、经济系数、水分利用效率和产量分别提高6.3%、4.0%、4.5%、24.0%和8.7%;B2处理下冬小麦较春小麦晚熟约4d,生育期延长约3d,出苗率和最高总茎数的平均值分别降低7.9个百分点和7.6%,产量和水分利用效率均无显著差异.极晚播冬小麦和冬播春小麦的平均产量和水分利用效率均较高,其中产量与晚播冬小麦差异均不显著,熟期接近.综合考虑高产和节水及早熟的需求.本试验条件下,冬小麦极晚播和春小麦冬播是北疆地区小麦的适宜播种模式.

气候变化对定州市冬小麦生育期的影响分析

为研究定州市冬小麦生育期对气候变化的响应,利用1981—2022年气象观测资料及1982—2022年冬小麦生育期资料,分析了定州市近40年来冬小麦全生育期气候变化情况、极端天气发生情况以及冬小麦生育期的变化趋势,并对冬小麦生育期与气象要素进行了相关性分析。结果表明:定州市冬小麦生育期气温呈变暖的趋势,降水量呈增多的趋势,日照时数呈减少的趋势;极端高温事件呈增多的趋势,极端低温事件呈减少的趋势,整体呈现变暖的趋势;极端降水指数呈增多的趋势;播种—越冬期整体呈推迟的趋势,越冬—成熟期整体呈现提前的趋势,冬小麦全生育期呈现显著缩短的趋势;定州市冬小麦适播期为9月26日—10月7日,最佳播种期为9月28日—10月2日,同时应在适播期范围内延迟播种;1982—2022年定州市冬小麦全生育期历期呈缩短趋势的主要原因是气候变暖和日照时数减少。

不同播种方式对冬小麦产量构成和旗叶光合特性的影响

探究不同播种方式对冬小麦光合特性以及籽粒产量的影响,为进一步提高冬小麦产量提供理论依据。以‘济麦44’为试验材料,于2018—2019年和2019—2020年在潍坊市农业科学院昌邑试验农场和山东省泰安市岱岳区岳洋专业合作社进行,在大田条件下设置了4种播种方式:冬小麦精播半精播(PS)、冬小麦宽幅精播(WPS)、冬小麦苗带少耕播种(LTS)和冬小麦耙压一体单粒匀播(SUS)。分别于小麦苗期、返青期、拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期测定不同播种方式下冬小麦分蘖成穗率、叶片SPAD值、叶面积指数、净光合速率、有效光强辐射以及产量,并分析不同播种方式下,冬小麦种群结构和生理特性之间的差异。试验表明,2年2点SUS平均分蘖成穗率相较于PS、WPS和LTS分别提高了14.94%、29.37%和15.03%;旗叶叶绿素含量于扬花期和灌浆中期分别提高了7.54%、7.06%、5.79%和8.30%、8.15%、5.50%;叶面积指数于扬花期分别提高了13.8%、8.88%和6.32%;旗叶净光合速率于扬花期分别提高了13.15%、11.50%和12.23%;冠层光合有效辐射量于扬花期分别提高了17.10%、18.96%和10.73%;产量方面,SUS相较于其他3种播种方式,2年2点穗数、千粒重和产量分别增加了5.17%~8.93%、5.33%~9.52%和6.11%~14.86%。综合来看,SUS相较于PS、WPS和LTS可显著提升小麦的分蘖成穗率和旗叶光合特性,并最终通过穗数和千粒重的增加,实现了籽粒产量的增加。冬小麦耙压一体单粒匀播方式(SUS)可显著改善冬小麦的光合能力,增加冠层截获的有效光辐射量,是实现冬小麦高产较合理的播种模式。

郯麦98对播种期变化的响应

播种期调整被广泛用于作物适应气候变化,但播种期调整对作物生长发育过程的影响仍需探讨。基于2017—2022年华北平原北部冬小麦郯麦98的播种期调整大田试验资料,分析播种期变化对郯麦98的生长发育、产量形成和品质影响。结果表明:播种期推迟使郯麦98的生长季缩短、有效穗数和籽粒产量减少,9月30日—10月30日播种期的籽粒产量减少率达569.71 kg·hm^(-2)·(10 d)^(-1),但对穗粒数、穗粒重无显著影响。播种期推迟还影响郯麦98成熟期地上干物质分配,茎秆随播种期推迟呈减少趋势,为2.44%·(10 d)^(-1);而穗部呈增加趋势,为2.44%·(10 d)^(-1)。播种期变化对郯麦98的叶片光合特性和籽粒品质影响不显著。研究结果可为华北平原北部冬小麦播种期调整提供依据。

不同播期和密度对小麦新品种航宇19产量及其构成要素的影响

为确定航天诱变小麦新品种航宇19高产高效栽培措施,采用二因素互作裂区试验设计,研究不同播期和密度对其产量及构成要素的影响,以明确该品种在豫中北部生态条件下的最优栽培措施。结果表明,播期、密度和播期×密度互作对航宇19产量及其构成要素均具有显著影响,且播期效应大于密度效应。播期对航宇19穗粒数的影响不明显,播期延迟后,单位面积成穗数和千粒重显著降低。密度增加后,成穗数相应增加,但穗粒数和千粒重降低。本试验条件下,航宇19的适宜播期为10月20日前后,且150~195 kg/hm2的播种密度可使航宇19达到更高的产量水平。说明通过调整播期与密度,可使该品种的单位面积成穗数和穗粒数显著响应,进而达到提高产量的目的。

晚播及过晚播对冬小麦生长发育及产量的影响

2021年为北京市冬小麦历年播种持续时间最长年份,晚播比例达87.1%。为探明晚播及过晚播对冬小麦生长发育及产量的影响,分别调查了多穗型品种‘航麦247’和大穗型品种‘济麦22’在5个自然播期下的表现。结果表明:晚播及过晚播小麦生育期缩短,单株干质量降低、株高降低、基部节间变短、穗子变短、不孕小穗数增多、穗粒数、千粒质量及产量下降;与适期早播相比,‘航麦247’推迟播种4、11、20、28 d,减产7.9%、21.3%、28.1%、34.1%;‘济麦22’推迟播种7、17、20、21 d,减产6.42%、23.9%、28.9%、40.2%。正常年份北京地区播种冬小麦不宜晚于10月10日,如无法避免晚播或过晚播,选择‘航麦247’更易获得较高产量。

播期对小麦子粒品质和产量性状的影响

研究播期对冬小麦子粒品质和产量性状的影响,可以明确气候条件变化下产量与品质协同提高的适宜播期。2017~2019年于不同的气候年型下连续2 a在河北藁城进行大田试验,播期设9月25日、10月5日、10月15日、10月25日和11月4日5个处理,分析不同气候年型下各播期处理的小麦子粒品质和产量性状变化。结果表明:播期对子粒品质影响较大,不同气候年型规律不一致,其中,在重度干热风年型,10月5日前播种子粒灌浆充足,品质较高;而在普通的干旱年型,10月15日播种子粒品质较高,包括较高的子粒粗蛋白含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀指数、稳定时间、容重和硬度。小麦10月5~15日播种,后期旗叶叶绿素含量保持较高水平,产量和收获指数均较高。冬前≥0℃积温为410~549℃时,小麦单位面积穗数较多,穗粒数适中;积温为733℃时,小麦单位面积穗数降低;积温为279℃时,穗数和穗粒数均降低。10月15日适期晚播对小麦穗部性状影响不大;但播期继续推迟,穗部性状变差,表现为穗长明显缩短,10粒以下小穗数、不孕小穗数和不孕小穗比例增加。本试验条件下,小麦10月5~15日播种可获得较高的产量和子粒品质,该研究为气候变暖背景下冬小麦适期晚播技术提供了依据。

播期对南疆冬小麦产量和品质的影响

为探究全球气候变暖背景下推迟播期对新疆冬小麦产量和品质的影响规律,在南疆一年两熟地区大田条件下,于2020年10月5日(S_(1))、10月10日(S_(2))、10月15日(S_(3))、10月20日(S_(4))、10月25日(S_(5))5个播期下种植新冬60和新冬20,比较分析了不同播期下冬小麦产量、营养品质及加工品质的差异。结果表明,随着播期推迟,冬小麦的有效穗数、千粒重和产量均逐渐降低,且新冬20的降幅高于新冬60;播期对两品种的穗粒数影响不显著。蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量及沉降值随着播期推迟呈先降后升的变化趋势,播期对新冬60的湿面筋含量及新冬20的沉降值影响不显著;面团弱化度随播期推迟逐渐降低,拉伸面积、延伸度、最大拉伸阻力、拉伸比的变化规律与其相反,表现为S_(1)>S_(2)>S_(3)>S_(4)>S_(5)。千粒重与沉降值、延伸度呈显著负相关,与淀粉含量呈显著正相关。综合考虑,播期对南疆冬小麦产量和品质的效应存在不同步性,早播(10月5日)可获得高产的同时得到较佳的品质;晚播(10月25日)会减产,但可增加形成时间和稳定时间,降低弱化度。

播期和播量对冬小麦生长发育和产量的影响

为解决鲁西南地区因播期推迟影响小麦产量的实际问题。采用双因素裂区试验设计,以播期为主区,播量为副区,2018—2019年播期设10月18日(S_(1))、10月23日(S_(2))、10月28日(S_(3))3个水平;播量设2.70×10^(6)株/hm^(2)(D1)、3.75×10^(6)株/hm^(2)(D_(2))2个水平;2019—2020播期设10月22日(S_(4))、10月27(S_(5))、11月1日(S_(6))、11月6日(S_(7))、11月11日(S_(8))5个水平;播量设2.25×10^(6)株/hm^(2)(D_(3))、3.375×10^(6)株/hm^(2)(D_(4))、4.50×10^(6)株/hm^(2)(D_(5))3个水平,研究播期、播量对小麦冬前分蘖、叶龄、春季分蘖、叶龄、株高、穗长及产量三因素的影响。结果表明,同一播量,随播期推迟,小麦的冬前叶龄、冬前分蘖,春季叶龄及次生根条数逐渐减少,春季分蘖逐渐增加;同一播期,随播量的增加,冬前叶龄、冬前分蘖,春季叶龄及次生根条数、春季分蘖均在减少。播期、播量显著影响了小麦株高、穗长、有效穗数、穗粒数、产量。播期对基部第二节间影响显著,播量对千粒重影响极显著。两者互作对有效穗数和产量影响显著。本试验条件下,鲁西南地区‘山农28’适期晚播时间为10月18日—22日,播量为3.75×10^(6)株/hm^(2)为宜,播期在11月左右,播量在4.50×10^(6)株/hm^(2)以上,可以获得较高的产量。

南方双季稻区冬闲期绿肥对田间养分固持和减排的影响

【目的】探究南方双季稻区冬闲期不同绿肥品种混播对稻田氮磷钾养分固持减排效果,为有效降低冬闲期稻田中养分的流失,改善农业生态环境提供参考依据。【方法】2019—2020年,采用田间小区试验,设计紫云英、油菜、黑麦草和肥田萝卜等常见绿肥单播或混播8个绿肥处理,以自然生草为对照处理,监测双季稻区冬闲期间水体氮磷钾养分流失量,测定绿肥总生物量和植株体中总碳氮磷钾含量以及土壤中养分含量。【结果】冬闲期种植绿肥的处理中稻田氮磷钾养分固持和减排效果明显优于对照处理,种植绿肥处理水体中总氮、总磷和总钾流失量较对照处理降幅分别为27.7%~47.6%、14.3%~65.5%和9.8%~93.6%,其中种植黑麦草的处理中总氮磷钾流失量显著低于其他处理(P<0.05,下同);种植绿肥处理的植株总生物量较对照处理增加46.9%~378.7%,植株体中总碳、总氮、总磷和总钾含量较对照处理分别增加67.9%~377.1%、55.4%~2613.6%、68.0%~557.8%和100.0%~664.5%,其中种植紫云英的处理中总碳氮磷钾含量显著高于其他处理;相比对照处理,冬闲期种植绿肥处理中土壤活性有机质含量、缓效钾含量和阳离子交换量分别增加21.3%~29.8%、1.6%~5.7%和1.3%~8.2%,土壤有效磷和速效钾含量分别降低2.3%~17.0%和3.7%~30.1%。【结论】南方双季稻区冬闲期种植绿肥对田间养分固持减排效果显著,其中紫云英和黑麦草混播(紫云英∶黑麦草=4∶6)处理对降低水体总磷钾流失量、提高植株体中总碳磷钾固持量的效果最佳。

播种方式和种植密度对冬小麦根系生长和产量的影响

为探究播种方式和种植密度对冬小麦根系生长和产量的影响,以新冬22号为材料,采用二因素裂区试验设计,主区设条播(DR)和匀播(UN)2种播种方式,副区设150万粒·hm^(-2)(D150)、225万粒·hm^(-2)(D225)、300万粒·hm^(-2)(D300)和375万粒·hm^(-2)(D375)4种种植密度,比较分析了不同播种方式和种植密度下冬小麦根系形态特征、根系伤流量和产量的差异。结果表明,随种植密度的增加,小麦总根干重、总根长呈先增后减趋势,单株次生根数、根系伤流量呈减小趋势。与条播相比,匀播下小麦总根干重、总根长显著增加,差异主要在0~30 cm土层;单株次生根数、根系伤流量增加,差异主要在生育中后期;产量显著提高(增幅9.89%),其中以D225处理最大。综上,匀播能够促进小麦根系的生长,提高根系活性,有利于高产;在本试验条件下匀播小麦以225万粒·hm^(-2)种植密度最佳。

氮肥和播种量互作对冬小麦产量、生长发育和生态场特性的影响

探究施氮量和播种量互作对冬小麦产量、生长发育和生态场特性的影响,利用生态场理论揭示不同小麦群体竞争力差异及其与产量的关系,明确冬小麦适宜的氮肥用量和播种量,为冬小麦高产高效生产提供依据。2020年10月至2022年6月于河南省温县设置冬小麦氮肥用量和播种量双因素交互田间试验,研究了施氮量(0、90、180、270、360 kg N hm^(–2))和播种量(135、180、225、270 kg hm^(–2))对冬小麦籽粒产量、氮积累量等的影响,测定小麦株高、冠幅和单株分蘖等生长发育指标,计算个体生态势和群体生态场并分析其与产量间关系。结果表明,两年取得最高产量的播种量均为225 kg hm^(–2),施氮量分别为270 kg hm^(–2)和180 kg hm^(–2),较其他处理平均增产7.5%和18.1%;施氮后小麦氮积累量提高57.3%,生态势提高72.7%;提高播种量后群体茎蘖数提高34.7%,单株小麦发育水平下降,生态势下降11.4%。施氮量和播种量通过共同影响株高和冠幅影响生态势影响距离,其他处理较135 kg hm^(–2)播种量不施氮处理影响距离提高23.0%。冬小麦群体生态场面积与产量呈一元二次函数关系,施氮和提高播种量,冬小麦群体生态场面积分别提高116.7%和52.5%。本试验条件下,通过氮肥用量和播种量调控冬小麦群体发育质量,控制群体竞争力,构建了理想群体,实现了冬小麦高产与高效生产;冬小麦氮密优化组合施氮量239.8 kg hm^(–2)、播种量228.7 kg hm^(–2),具有适宜的生态场和理想群体,产量较高,可在豫北地区推广应用。

超晚播对冬小麦光合特性、干物质积累及产量的影响

【目的】研究新疆北疆冬小麦生长对超晚播的响应规律,为农业生产中倒茬晚和提高节水效率提供参考。【方法】采用随机区组设计,设5个超晚播期处理(D1、D2、D3、D4、D5),以当地适期播种为对照(CK),分析不同播期对小麦光合特性、干物质积累及产量的影响。【结果】与CK相比,超晚播小麦平均出苗率减少57.22%,开花期晚8.2 d,成熟期晚6 d,灌浆时间短2.2 d,超晚播小麦各处理间出苗率差异不显著,最高为D1,且D1进入开花期和成熟期最早,灌浆时间最长;花后0~14 d旗叶平均SPAD值降低,而花后21~28 d升高,灌浆期平均Pn增加1.92%,超晚播小麦花后0~28 d旗叶SPAD值D3最高D1最低,但灌浆期Pn D1最高,较D3增加11.25%;分蘖期-拔节期单株干物质积累量降低,开花期-成熟期升高,成熟期营养器官干物质分配率减小,籽粒干物质分配率增大,超晚播小麦孕穗期-成熟期单株干物质积累量、籽粒干物质分配率D3最高;平均穗数、产量分别减少19.33%、5.55%,平均穗粒数、千粒重分别增加7.87%、4.64%,超晚播小麦穗数、千粒重及产量D1最高,较D3分别增加19.21%、2.85%、20.88%,穗粒数D3最高,较D1减少4.47%。【结论】新疆北疆超晚播小麦应选择10月下旬至11月上旬田间无积雪无冻土时播种,且播种后近期无明显降雪最佳。