Preparation and Characterization of Thermoplastic Starch from Sugar Palm (Arenga pinnata) by Extrusion Method

Sugar palm(Arenga pinnata)starch is considered an important renewable,biodegradable,and eco-friendly polymer,which is derived from agricultural by-products and residues,with great potential for the development of biocomposite materials.This research was aimed at investigating the development of TPS biocomposites from A.pinnata palm starch using an extrusion process.Palm starch,glycerol,and stearic acid were extruded in a twin-screw extruder.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)analysis of TPS showed that the starch granules were damaged and gelatinized in the extrusion process.The density of TPS was 1.3695 g/mL,lower than that of palm starch,and the addition of stearic acid resulted in increased TPS density.X-ray diffraction(XRD)results showed that palm starch had a C-type pattern crystalline structure.The tensile strength,elongation at break,and modulus of elasticity of TPS were 7.19 MPa,33.95%,and 0.56 GPa,respectively.The addition of stearic acid reduced the tensile strength,elongation at break and modulus of elasticity of TPS.The rheological properties,i.e.,melt flow rate(MFR)and viscosity of TPS,were 7.13 g/10 min and 2482.19 Pa.s,respectively.The presence of stearic acid in TPS resulted in increased MFR and decreased viscosity values.The peak gelatinization temperature of A.pinnata palm starch was 70°C,while Tg of TPS was 65°C.The addition of stearic acid reduced the Tg of TPS.The thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)analysis showed that the addition of glycerol and stearic acid decreased the thermal stability,but extended the temperature range of thermal degradation.TPS derived from A.pinnata palm starch by extrusion method has the potential to be applied in industrial practice as a promising raw material for manufacturing bio-based packaging as a sustainable and green alternative to petroleum-based plastics.

Numerical Simulation of Twin-Screw Extrusion with Wall Slip

Wall slip boundary condition is first introduced into twin-screw extrusion with the Navier slip law. Three-dimensional isothermal flow in the twin-screw extruder is simulated by using the finite element package POLYFLOW. Profiles of velocity contours in the screw channel and shear rate distributions in the intermeshing region are presented for different slip coefficients. Curves of axial pressure difference, average shear rate and dispersive mixing index vs. the slip coefficient are plotted and discussed. Comparisons are also made between the wall slip conditions and the non-slip condition. The simulation results indicate that, as the level of wall slip decreases, the axial pressure difference rises, the shear effect is intensified and the axial mixing is also enhanced. All these flow characteristics seem to level off with the increase of the slip coefficient. However, because of the inherent limitation of the Navier slip law, use of an overestimated slip coefficient would predict an over-sticky state between the screw surface and the polymer melt.

Study on Hardware-in-loop Simulation of Twin-screw Extruder Experiment System

In order to facilitate the teaching of industrial processes and experiments on the twin-screw extruder control debugging,and be closer to the actual testing,to reduce the debugging costs and the risk of debugging process,the paper designs a hardware-in-loop simulation of twin-screw extruder experiment system which is closer to scene,low cost and high safety.The system through the establishment of twin-screw extruder’s mathematical model on computer to simulate the realistic system and there is hardware practicality in the computer simulation loop.The hardware based on C8051F020 can operate in the simulation loop in real time.In computer software design, we desigh man-machine interface that is intuitive and easy to operate,can reflect twin-screw extruder main operation information vividly.Finally,twin-screw extruder’s 3 heater temperature mathematical model and PID incremental control algorithm are presented.

HA/UHMWPE Nanocomposite Produced by Twin-screw Extrusion

The HA/UHMWPE nanocomposite is compounded by twin-screw extrusion of the HA and UHMWPE powder mixture in paraffin oil and then compression molded to a sheet form. TGA measurement shows the HA weight loss after processing is about 1%-2% . FTIR spectra indicate the paraaffin oil residue is trivial and UHMWPE is not oxidized. SEM reveals the HA nano particles are homogeneously dispersed by twin-screw extrusion and the inter-particle spaces are penetrated with UHMWPE fibrils by swelling treatment. HRTEM image indicates the HA particles and UHMWPE are intimately contacted by mechanical interlocking. Compared with the unfilled UHMWPE, stiffness of the composite with the HA volume fraction 0. 23 was significantly enhanced to 9 times without detriment of the yield strength and the ductility.

ANALYSIS OF SURFACE CRACK ON FORWARD EXTRUDING BAR DURING AXISYMMETRIC CUP-BAR COMBINED EXTRUSION PROCESS

In this paper, the kinematically admissible velocity field with surface crack on forward extruding bar is put forward during the axisymmetric cup-bar combined extrusion process, in accordance with the results of model experiments.On the basis of velocity field, the necessary condition for surface crack formation on the forward extruding bar is derived, with the help of upper bound theorem and the minimum energy principle. Meanwhile, the relationships between surface crack formation and combination of reduction in area for the part of forward and backward extursions relative residual thickness of billet (T/R0),frictional factor (m) or relative land length of ram and chamber are calculated during the extrusion process. Therefore, whether the surface crack on forward exturding bar occurs can be predicted before extruding the lower-plasticity metals for axisymmetric cup-bar combined extrusion process.The analytical results agree very well with experimental results of aluminium alloy LY12 (ASTM 2024) and LC4 (ASTM 7075).

Extrusion limit diagram of AZ91–0.9Ca–0.6Y–0.5MM alloy and effects of extrusion parameters on its microstructure and mechanical properties

An AZ91–0.9Ca–0.6Y–0.5MM(AZXWMM91100) alloy, which has higher corrosion resistance, ignition resistance, and extrudability than a commercial AZ91 alloy, has been developed recently. In this study, the AZXWMM91100 alloy is extruded at various temperatures(300–400 ℃) and ram speeds(1–14.5 mm/s), and the cracking behaviors, microstructure, and tensile properties of the extruded materials are systematically analyzed. On the basis of the pressure limit and surface and internal cracking limit, the extrusion limit diagram providing a safe extrusion processing zone is established. All of the materials extruded at temperatures and speeds within the safe extrusion processing zone have high surface quality and moderate tensile ductility with an elongation higher than 10%. Moreover, they have a fully recrystallized grain structure and contain undissolved particle stringers arranged parallel to the extrusion direction. The grain size of the extruded material does not show any relationship with the Zener–Hollomon parameter(Z). However, the yield strength(YS) of the extruded material is inversely proportional to the logarithm of the Z value, and their relationship is expressed as YS =-31.2·log(Z) + 536. These findings may broaden the understanding of the AZXWMM91100 alloy with excellent chemical and physical properties and provide valuable information for the development of high-performance extruded Mg products using this alloy.

Engineering Review Food Extrusion Technology and Its Applications

An extensive technical review of studies on food extrusion processes which involves forcing mixed food ingredients through a die to produce food snacks has been carried out in this paper. This technical review includes some historical development, food extruder types, extrusion principles and applications, flow simulation and heat transfer modeling in extruders, process parameters and product quality, extruder die and extrudate expansion among others. The research and application of extrusion in food industry was mainly based on the adaptation of plastic extrusion technology which has been in existence for over hundred years. Studies show that twin-screw extruder are more efficient than single-screw extruders because of better mixing and better handling of different combinations of food ingredients. A thorough knowledge of the flow and heat behavior inside an extruder provide an insight into the mechanism of mixing and facilitates estimation of RTD, flow rate, pressure drop, heat transfer mechanism and power consumption. Until recently, very little work has been published on the mechanism of material flow and energy transfer in intermeshing co-rotating extruder mainly due to the complexity of the geometry and the flow behavior. A more recent approach to research in modeling of food extrusion is the 2D or 3D flow modeling using finite element computer package. This research area is gaining recognition in modeling different sections of food extruder. This work also points out some of the achievements and shortcomings of the reviewed works and where necessary, possible solutions are suggested. Areas needing further research have been highlighted. This study will reveal that understanding and application of extrusion technology in developing countries of Asia and Africa are still far from being satisfactory and this work would serve as a good reference material for researchers and operators in food extrusion technology.

A new constitutive theory for extrusion-extensional flow of anisotropic liquid crystalline polymer fluid

A new continuum theory of the constitutive equation of co-rotational derivative type was developed by the author for anisotropic viscoelastic fluid-liquid crystalline (LC) polymers (S.F. Han, 2008, 2010) . This paper is a continuation of the recent publication [1] to study extrusion-extensional flow of the fluid. A new concept of simple anisotropic fluid is introduced. On the basis of anisotropic simple fluid, stress behavior is described by velocity gradient tensor F and spin tensor W instead of the velocity gradient tensor D in the classic Leslie?Ericksen continuum theory. A special form of the constitutive equation of the co-rotational type is established for the fluid. Using the special form of the constitutive equation in components a computational analytical theory of the extrusion-extensional flow is developed for the LC polymer liquids - anisotropic viscoelastic fluid. Application of the constitutive theory to the flow is successful in predicting bifurcation of elongational viscosity and contraction of extrudate for LC polymer liquids–anisotropic viscoelastic fluid. The contraction of extrudate of LC polymer liquids may be associated with the stored elastic energy conversion into that necessary for bifurcation of elongational viscosity in extrusion extensional flow of the fluid.

3D打印用砂浆的可打印性能研究

现有研究和相关技术标准多采用观测法检验3D打印材料的打印性能,缺少对可挤出性和可建造性的量化评价指标。本文基于流动度等常规工作性能指标对可打印性能的影响,提出挤出均匀性、累计形变率两个量化指标,用于评价3D打印材料的可打印性能,并在本试验条件下建立常规工作性能指标与打印质量的联系。结果表明:3D打印砂浆的挤出均匀性随流动度的增加先提高后降低,随动态屈服应力的增加而降低;累计形变率随高度保留率的增加而降低,随静态屈服应力的增加而降低。本试验参数条件下,当挤出均匀性小于3.5%、累计变形率不大于6%、动态屈服应力为200~800 Pa、静态屈服应力为1800~3300 Pa时,砂浆打印层数较高(不小于30层),可打印性能较好。

阴阳转子型双螺杆结构的实验研究

为了设计出更加高效的双螺杆,提升挤出膨化机的工作效率;提出了一种引进阴阳转子的非对称双螺杆模型,基于螺旋式的螺杆模型,设计了阴阳转子型双螺杆,与传统双螺杆进行了仿真对比分析,并对新型双螺杆的准确性进行了实验验证;采用SolidWorks软件建模,利用ANSYS模拟流道数值,求得物料在机筒内的工作状态,分析阴阳转子型双螺杆的宏观压力、速度矢量和速度流线,并研究了不同转速对阴阳转子型双螺杆输送速度和挤出量的影响。研究结果表明:阴阳转子型双螺杆的宏观压力呈递增状态,速度矢量分布不均匀,速度流线混乱,能增加机筒内物料的传输速度,改变物料输送状态,提高物料挤出量。研究结果丰富了双螺杆的研究思路,为高效率挤出膨化机的设计与应用提供了理论依据。

新型变速单螺杆挤出机中熔体流动特性的数值模拟

针对目前传统单螺杆挤出机因输送能力差、不节能等问题而导致的挤出效率不好,设计了一种新型变速单螺杆挤出机,用以提高单螺杆挤出机的挤出效率。文章基于有限元体积法、利用Pro/E三维绘图软件建模、并以ANSYS/CFX流体模块为平台,对新型变速单螺杆挤出机进行数值模拟,参照传统单螺杆挤出机,通过分析了压力场、速度场以及挤出性能指标与其进行对比。分析结果显示,螺杆转速的提高能有效扩大流道压力差,增强建压性能,减少物料的停留时间,从而增加输送率;其普通段与增速段分界处因增速所产生的速度差,以及反转引起的对流效果,使物料的流动由层流变为紊流,大大增强了对物料的分散混合。研究结果表明,新型变速单螺杆挤出机在保证挤出品质的基础上提高了输送能力,并减少了能耗,从而有效改善了挤出效率。

低GI挤压重组米的制备及其品质特性比较

大米是我国居民的日常主食,但其高血糖生成指数(Glycemic Index,GI)使得肥胖及高血糖人群望而却步。为解决该问题,该文采用挤压工艺制备外观品质和食用口感俱佳的低GI重组米,以大米粉为主基料,通过将桑叶提取物与抗性淀粉复配作为重组米中降低GI值的主要功能成分,并通过添加单甘酯、燕麦麸皮以及大豆多糖对重组米的品质特性进行调节。研究发现,添加了桑叶提取物和抗性淀粉的重组米的葡萄糖释放速率(≤0.025 min^(-1))显著低于天然大米(0.060 min-1),预测血糖生成指数(Expected Glycemic Index,eGI)≤46.93。重组米的结构均紧凑致密,颗粒完整性良好。单甘酯和燕麦麸皮的添加可以增强重组米的硬度,降低粘附性;而大豆多糖的添加则使得重组米外观形貌较好,且米饭口感更为软糯。基于感官评定,添加了大豆多糖并以桑叶提取物与抗性淀粉为功能成分的重组米的总体评价较高,其感官特性与天然大米更为相近,因此该制备方案较佳,更适于制备低GI重组米。

熔融沉积成形中扁平椭圆截面挤压宽度模型的分析与实验

目的在熔融沉积成形工艺中,挤压宽度是一个被忽视的核心参数,它不仅直接影响层高、进料速率、扫描速率等工艺参数,还间接影响打印制件的表面粗糙度、力学性能、尺寸精度和构建时间。因此,必须严格控制挤压宽度。方法首先在3D打印挤出原理、黏弹性理论和聚合物流变学理论的基础上,提出了扁平椭圆截面模型。然后将该模型的理论计算结果与实验测量数据进行比较,验证了扁平椭圆模型的准确性,并分析了误差的来源。同时在该模型的基础上,研究了料丝直径公差对挤压宽度的影响、扫描速率与进料速率的匹配范围和最大扫描速率。结果提出了挤压长丝截面的扁平椭圆模型,得到了理论挤压宽度的表达式,并通过实验验证了该截面模型的误差在6%以内,并研究了料丝直径公差对挤压宽度的影响、扫描速率与进料速率的匹配关系,以及PLA材料在不同层高下的最大扫描速率。结论为提高打印制件品质和效率提供了重要参考。

PP共挤薄膜挤出温度对挤出流率的影响

多层共挤薄膜生产通常采用单螺杆-熔体泵串联挤出系统,薄膜厚度的稳定性控制是决定其产品质量的重要技术难题。本文通过分析共挤聚丙烯薄膜纵向厚度波动的相关因素,得到薄膜厚度纵向波动是由挤出流率的波动引起,并研究挤出温度变化对熔体泵出口压力与挤出流率波动的影响,以确定纵向厚度稳定性较高的挤出温度。基于现有多层共挤试验线可调整与监测参数,以挤出温度为变量开展实验,将熔体泵进口压力与转速设为固定值,分析物料黏度变化引发的熔体泵出口压力与挤出流率的波动情况。结果表明,随着挤出温度升高,物料黏度下降,熔体流动性增强,螺杆转速与熔体泵出口压力波动变化趋势基本一致,螺杆转速波动幅度约为熔体泵出口压力波动幅度的2.75倍;同时熔体泵出口压力降低,熔体泵进出口压差减小,容积效率提高,挤出流率小幅增加;对比不同温度下挤出流率波动,可知试验线挤出温度设定为220℃时,波动值最小,薄膜具有较高的纵向厚度稳定性,对薄膜产品生产具有一定的指导意义。

铝合金挤压型材的拉伸失效行为研究

为了研究挤压速度、预热温度、挤压角度等对铝合金性能的影响,通过熔炼、差压铸造、挤压制备出铝合金型材,用万能试验机完成双向拉伸试验,用扫描电子显微镜观察显微组织,分析差压铸造铝合金经挤压后的拉伸失效行为。结果表明:双向拉伸后,铝合金型材出现较严重的变形,挤压角度为90°时,铝合金挤压型材不易拉断;挤压速度为1.5 mm/s时拉伸损伤概率更低;预热温度为250℃时拉伸后韧窝更密集,不易脆性断裂。

钻孔内径向挤扩土压力的岩土勘察原位测试方法

挤扩支盘桩自20世纪80年代末面世以来,在提高桩基承载力、减少沉降、提高桩基安全度、降低工程造价等方面都起到了重要作用。挤扩压力值是确定支盘数量、位置、间距的关键指标,直接决定了挤扩支盘桩基桩承载力。目前,挤扩压力值是在挤扩支盘桩施工时进行实时采集,无法在设计阶段获取。本文提出将挤扩机进行小型化改造,使其能放入钻孔内进行挤扩作业,通过钻孔内侧向挤扩土体获得挤扩压力值,既能用于挤扩支盘桩设计,也能分析研究岩土层的承载力等力学指标。本方法作为一种新型的常规岩土工程勘察原位测试方法,具有重要的研究意义和广阔的应用前景。

Numerical Simulation of Viscoelastic Extrudate Swell Through Elliptical Ring Die

The numerical simulation of extrudate swell is significant in extrusion processing.Precise prediction of extrudate swell is propitious to the control of melt flow and the quality of final products.A mathematical model of three-dimensional（3D）viscoelastic flow through elliptical ring die for polymer extrusion was investigated.The penalty function formulation of viscoelastic incompressible fluid was introduced to the finite element model to analyze 3D extrusion problem.The discrete elastic viscous split stress（DEVSS）and streamline-upwind PetrovGalerkin（SUPG）technology were used to obtain stable simulation results.Free surface was updated by updating the streamlines which needs less memory space.According to numerical simulation results,the effect of zero-shear viscosity and elongation parameter on extrudate swell was slight,but with the increase of volumetric flow rate and relax time the extrudate swell ratio increased markedly.Finally,the numerical simulation of extrudate swell flow for low-density polyethylene（LDPE）melts was investigated and the results agreed well with others’work.These conclusions provided quantitative basis for the forecasting extrudate swell ratio and the controlling of extrusion productivity shape.

Experimental Study of Integration and Polyblends Performance for Improved Mixing-Extruding Machine

One improved mixing-extruding machine was introduced as the second-generation product of the mixing-molding integrated technology. In the extruding system,the conventional single screw extruder was substituted by a special conical twin-screw extruder,resulting in stronger feeding ability,more stable extrusion pressure,and better quality of products. The integrated mathematical model of mixing-extruding process was also established by theoretical derivation and optimization according to the experimental results.Then its accuracy was verified by the influences of the pressure of floating weight and the cooling water temperature of extruder on the mixing-extruding integrated process. The results showed that the changes of both parameters could give rise to the fluctuation of the temperature and apparent viscosity of polyblends, thus further influencing the screw rotation speed.

Formability evaluation of AZ31B extruded tube for hydroforming process

Hydroforming of magnesium and aluminum alloy tube at elevated temperature is becoming a very promising method to manufacture light-weight hollow components.Uniaxial tensile test and hydrobulging test were used to investigate the formability of AZ31B magnesium tube at different temperatures.The tube was manufactured by porthole die extrusion.Results show that as temperature increase,the tension formability along the extrusion direction measured by tensile test increases significantly,whereas the maximum hydrobulging ratio measured by hydrobulging test does not change accordingly.This anisotropy character of the tube,i.e.,different properties in axial direction and hoop direction,is mainly dependant on the extrusion process.In addition,there exists several weld lines along the extrusion direction.These weld lines will become the weakest positions when formed at elevated temperature,and will consequently decrease the formability of the tube during hydroforming process.

基于Inspire Extrude的铝型材稳态模拟及生产验证

针对某汽车用复杂多孔型材挤压的模拟设计及成型过程,利用基于ALE算法的Inspire Extrude进行初始仿真模拟,获得了在稳态下型材各部位的速度分布情况。结合仿真模拟结果,通过添加导流槽、设置阻流块、调整工作带长度等方法解决型材流速不均的问题。经实际生产验证,生产情况与模拟结果基本一致,基于Inspire Extrude的仿真模拟,对挤压模结构优化以减少或避免挤压缺陷具有重要的指导意义。