Purpose: Professional high speed sea navigational procedures are based on turn points, courses, dangers and steering cues in the environment. Since navigational aids have become less expensive and due to the fact that...Purpose: Professional high speed sea navigational procedures are based on turn points, courses, dangers and steering cues in the environment. Since navigational aids have become less expensive and due to the fact that electronic sea charts can be integrated with both radar and transponder information, it may be assumed that traditional navigation by using paper based charts and radar will play a less significant role in the future, especially among less experienced navigators. Possible navigational differences between experienced and non-experienced boat drivers is thus of interest with regards to their use of navigational aids. It may be assumed that less experienced navigators rely too much on the information given by the electronic sea chart, despite the fact that it is based on GPS information that can be questioned, especially in littoral waters close to land. Method: This eye tracking study investigates gaze behaviour from 16 ex perienced and novice boat drivers during high speed navigation at sea. Results: The results show that the novice drivers look at objects that are close to themselves, like instrumentation, while the experienced look more at objects far away from the boat. This is in accordance with previous research on car drivers. Further, novice boat drivers used the electronic navigational aids to a larger extent than the experienced, especially during high speed conditions. The experienced drivers focused much of their attention on objects outside the boat. Conclusions: The findings verify that novice boat drivers tend to rely on electronic navigational aids. Experienced drivers presumably use the navigational aids to verify what they have observed in the surrounding environment and further use the paper based sea chart to a larger extent than the novice drivers.展开更多
The objective of this exploratory study is to discover the relations between visual attention to an architectural work and the subjective experiences produced during its observation.A subjective experience with a buil...The objective of this exploratory study is to discover the relations between visual attention to an architectural work and the subjective experiences produced during its observation.A subjective experience with a building is the specific manner in which an architectural element or the building as a whole are presented to a person.The qualities of the element as how they are perceived and the inner world of the observer are both considered in this subjective experience.The aims of this study are to describe the experience that a building generates in people,pinpoint what has attracted the participant's attention during each view of the building in an itinerary;and understand which aspects of this selected case study have made it an object of attend on.An eye-tracking study was carried out using a portable eye tracker.This tool allowed the participants to walk freely around the exterior of a historic train station in the city of Monterrey,Mexico.Two groups of participants,with routes starting from opposite sides of the building,contemplated it while using the eye tracker.Eye tracking allowed for the identification of the architectural elements that were objects of attention,the lengths of observation,and the points of view from which the elements were observed.Other data collection techniques,such as the think-aloud protocol and a special type of survey,were used to deeply understand the experiences that accompanied the visual exploration of the historic building.Results suggest that the participants observed the different architectural elements for a time that was neither influenced by the route used to explore the building nor the point where that route was initiated.The architectural elements identified as examples of high-quality architecture and perceived as aesthetically pleasing by the participants during the itinerary were observed for longer times.展开更多
W形弹条在疲劳检验过程中发生断裂,以断裂弹条为研究对象,采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)、洛氏硬度计、布氏硬度计等,对断裂弹条及同批次60Si2Mn原材料进行力学性能、金相组织、脱碳层、断口扫描...W形弹条在疲劳检验过程中发生断裂,以断裂弹条为研究对象,采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)、洛氏硬度计、布氏硬度计等,对断裂弹条及同批次60Si2Mn原材料进行力学性能、金相组织、脱碳层、断口扫描、硬度等试验,分析弹条断裂原因,并提出改进措施。结果表明:该60Si2Mn原材料的力学性能、脱碳层、布氏硬度均满足标准要求;距断裂表面约100μm处存在夹杂物,夹杂物中有Ca、Si、P、O、K等元素,为疲劳断裂裂纹源;弹条断裂的根本原因是,弹簧钢浇注过程中结晶器液面发生波动,导致保护渣卷入钢液。原材料进厂增加DS夹杂物级别和非金属夹杂物位置判定后,生产弹条疲劳试验过程未出现断裂。建议TB/T 3395.5—2015《高速铁路扣件第5部分WJ-8型扣件》增加DS夹杂物级别和非金属夹杂物位置指标。展开更多
文摘Purpose: Professional high speed sea navigational procedures are based on turn points, courses, dangers and steering cues in the environment. Since navigational aids have become less expensive and due to the fact that electronic sea charts can be integrated with both radar and transponder information, it may be assumed that traditional navigation by using paper based charts and radar will play a less significant role in the future, especially among less experienced navigators. Possible navigational differences between experienced and non-experienced boat drivers is thus of interest with regards to their use of navigational aids. It may be assumed that less experienced navigators rely too much on the information given by the electronic sea chart, despite the fact that it is based on GPS information that can be questioned, especially in littoral waters close to land. Method: This eye tracking study investigates gaze behaviour from 16 ex perienced and novice boat drivers during high speed navigation at sea. Results: The results show that the novice drivers look at objects that are close to themselves, like instrumentation, while the experienced look more at objects far away from the boat. This is in accordance with previous research on car drivers. Further, novice boat drivers used the electronic navigational aids to a larger extent than the experienced, especially during high speed conditions. The experienced drivers focused much of their attention on objects outside the boat. Conclusions: The findings verify that novice boat drivers tend to rely on electronic navigational aids. Experienced drivers presumably use the navigational aids to verify what they have observed in the surrounding environment and further use the paper based sea chart to a larger extent than the novice drivers.
文摘The objective of this exploratory study is to discover the relations between visual attention to an architectural work and the subjective experiences produced during its observation.A subjective experience with a building is the specific manner in which an architectural element or the building as a whole are presented to a person.The qualities of the element as how they are perceived and the inner world of the observer are both considered in this subjective experience.The aims of this study are to describe the experience that a building generates in people,pinpoint what has attracted the participant's attention during each view of the building in an itinerary;and understand which aspects of this selected case study have made it an object of attend on.An eye-tracking study was carried out using a portable eye tracker.This tool allowed the participants to walk freely around the exterior of a historic train station in the city of Monterrey,Mexico.Two groups of participants,with routes starting from opposite sides of the building,contemplated it while using the eye tracker.Eye tracking allowed for the identification of the architectural elements that were objects of attention,the lengths of observation,and the points of view from which the elements were observed.Other data collection techniques,such as the think-aloud protocol and a special type of survey,were used to deeply understand the experiences that accompanied the visual exploration of the historic building.Results suggest that the participants observed the different architectural elements for a time that was neither influenced by the route used to explore the building nor the point where that route was initiated.The architectural elements identified as examples of high-quality architecture and perceived as aesthetically pleasing by the participants during the itinerary were observed for longer times.
文摘W形弹条在疲劳检验过程中发生断裂,以断裂弹条为研究对象,采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)、洛氏硬度计、布氏硬度计等,对断裂弹条及同批次60Si2Mn原材料进行力学性能、金相组织、脱碳层、断口扫描、硬度等试验,分析弹条断裂原因,并提出改进措施。结果表明:该60Si2Mn原材料的力学性能、脱碳层、布氏硬度均满足标准要求;距断裂表面约100μm处存在夹杂物,夹杂物中有Ca、Si、P、O、K等元素,为疲劳断裂裂纹源;弹条断裂的根本原因是,弹簧钢浇注过程中结晶器液面发生波动,导致保护渣卷入钢液。原材料进厂增加DS夹杂物级别和非金属夹杂物位置判定后,生产弹条疲劳试验过程未出现断裂。建议TB/T 3395.5—2015《高速铁路扣件第5部分WJ-8型扣件》增加DS夹杂物级别和非金属夹杂物位置指标。
