Development of miniaturized SAF-LIBS with high repetition rate acousto-optic gating for quantitative analysis

The self-absorption effect in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS)reduces the accuracy of quantitative measurement results.The self-absorption-free LIBS(SAF-LIBS)has been proved to directly capture the optically thin plasma spectra by setting an appropriate exposure time.In this work,a novel SAF-LIBS technique with high repetition rate acousto-optic gating is developed,in which an acousto-optic modulator is used as the shutter to diffract the optically thin fluorescence,and a high repetition rate laser is used to produce quasi-continuous plasmas to enhance the integral spectral intensity,so that the CCD spectrometer can replace an intensified CCD(ICCD)and echelle spectrometer in SAF-LIBS.Experimental results show that the average absolute prediction error of aluminum is reduced to 0.18%,which is equivalent to that of traditional SAF-LIBS.This technique not only effectively shields continuous background radiation and broadened spectral lines in optically thick plasma,but also has advantages of miniaturization,low cost,convenience and reliability.

Erbium-Doped Zirconia-Alumina Silica Glass-Based Fiber as a Saturable Absorber for High Repetition Rate Q-Switched All-Fiber Laser Generation

We propose and demonstrate a Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser （EDFL） using an erbium-doped zirconia-alumina silica glass-based fiber （Zr-EDF） as a saturable absorber. As a 16-cm-long Zr-EDF is incorporated into a ring EDFL cavity, a stable Q-switching pulse train operating at 1565？nm wavelength is successfully obtained. The repetition rate is tunable from 33.97？kHz to 71.23？kHz by increasing the pump power from the threshold of 26？mW to the maximum of 74？mW. The highest pulse energy of 26.67？nJ is obtained at the maximum pump power.

Science Letters:Controllable high repetition rate gain-switchedNd:YVO_4 microchip laser

We demonstrated a monolithic, compact, diode-pumped gain-switched Nd:YVO4 laser at 1.064 μm wavelength with controllable repetition rate of 1 Hz to 25 kHz. Stable gain-switched pulse train with maximum repetition rate of 25 kHz and pulse width of 16 ns was obtained.

Elemental analysis of copper alloy by high repetition rate LA-SIBS using compact fiber spectrometer

High repetition rate laser-ablation spark-induced breakdown spectroscopy(HRR LA-SIBS) was first used to analyze trace elements in copper alloy samples. The 1064 nm output of an acoustooptically Q-switched Nd:YAG laser operated at a pulse repetition rate of 1 kHz was utilized to ablate copper alloy and to form original plasma, spark-discharge was applied to further breakdown the ablated samples and enhance the emission of the laser-induced plasma. A compact multichannel fiber spectrometer was used to analyze the plasma emission under nongated operation mode. Under the assistance of high repetition rate spark discharge, the plasma emission was able to be improved significantly. The determined limits of the detection of lead and aluminum were 15.5 ppm and 1.9 ppm by HRR LA-SIBS, respectively, which were 11 and 6 folds better than that determined by HRR LIBS under the same laser-ablation condition. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using fiber spectrometer to analyze plasma emission under non-gated operation mode and the possibility of building a portable HRR LA-SIBS system for rapid elemental analysis of copper alloys and other solid samples.

Development of a high-repetition-rate lumped-inductance kicker magnet prototype for the beam switchyard of SHINE

The Shanghai high-repetition-rate X-ray free-electron laser and extreme light facility(SHINE)operates at a maximum repetition rate of 1 MHz.Kicker magnets are key components that distribute electron bunches into three different undulator lines in a bunch-by-bunch mode.The kicker field width must be less than the time interval between bunches.A lumpedinductance kicker prototype was developed using a vacuum chamber with a single-turn coil.The full magnetic field strength was 0.005 T.This paper presents the requirements,design considerations,design parameters,magnetic field calculations,and measurements of the kicker magnets.The relevant experimental results are also presented.The pulse width of the magnetic field was approximately 600 ns,and the maximum operation repetition rate was 1 MHz.The developed kicker satisfies the requirements for the SHINE project.Finally,numerous recommendations for the future optimization of kicker magnets are provided.

High power diode-pumped passively mode-locked Nd:YVO_4 laser at repetition rate of 3.2 GHz

A compact high power diode-pumped passively mode-locked Nd:YVO_4 laser with high repetition rate is realized.Using an Nd:YVO_4 crystal and a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror(SESAM) in the oscillator, the picosecond pulse output with an average power of 1.38 W, a repetition rate of 3.24 GHz, and a pulse duration of 11.4 ps is achieved. After one stage of amplification, the final output power reaches 11.34 W, corresponding to a total optical-to-optical efficiency of about 32%. The root mean square(RMS) value of power fluctuation is demonstrated to be less than 0.6% in 24 hours,showing a superior stability with the compact configuration.

Midinfrared optical frequency comb based on difference frequency generation using high repetition rate Er-doped fiber laser with single wall carbon nanotube film

We demonstrated stable midinfrared(MIR) optical frequency comb at the 3.0 μm region with difference frequency generation pumped by a high power, Er-doped, ultrashort pulse fiber laser system. A soliton mode-locked161 MHz high repetition rate fiber laser using a single wall carbon nanotube was fabricated. The output pulse was amplified in an Er-doped single mode fiber amplifier, and a 1.1–2.2 μm wideband supercontinuum(SC) with an average power of 205 m W was generated in highly nonlinear fiber. The spectrogram of the generated SC was examined both experimentally and numerically. The generated SC was focused into a nonlinear crystal, and stable generation of MIR comb around the 3 μm wavelength region was realized.

Harmonic-enhanced high-gain harmonic generation for a high repetition rate free-electron laser

High-gain harmonic generation(HGHG) is effective to produce fully coherent free-electron laser(FEL) pulses for various scientific applications. Due to the limitation of seed lasers, HGHG typically operates at a low repetition rate.In this paper, a harmonic-enhanced HGHG scheme is proposed to relax the peak power requirement for the seed laser,which can therefore operate at megahertz and a higher repetition rate. Moreover, the setup of the scheme is compact and can be adopted in an existing single-stage HGHG facility to extend the shortest achievable wavelength. Simulations show that FEL emission at 13.5 nm(20th harmonic) can be obtained with a 270 nm, 1 MW(peak power) seed laser.

High repetition rate passively mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser

We report a passively mode-locked high repetition rate erbium-doped femtosecond fiber laser via nonlinear polarization rotation, with a fundamental repetition rate of 101.94 MHz. The output power is 34 mW when pumped by a single mode fiber coupled laser diode at 370 mW. The spectral width is 25 nm, corresponding to a transform limited pulse width of 105 fs.

Generation of high-energy dual-wavelength domain wall pulse with low repetition rate in an HNLF-based fiber ring laser

The generation of high-energy dual-wavelength domain wall pulse with a low repetition rate is demonstrated in a highly nonlinear fiber （HNLF）-based fiber ring laser. By introducing the intracavity birefringence-induced spectral filtering effect, the dual-wavelength lasing operation can be achieved. In order to enhance the cross coupling effect between the two lasing beams for domain wall pulse formation, a 215-m HNLF is incorporated into the laser cavity. Experimentally, it is found that the dual-wavelength domain wall pulse with a repetition rate of 77.67 kHz could be efficiently obtained through simply rotating the polarization controller （PC）. At a maximum pump power of 322 mW, the 655-nJ single pulse energy in cavity is obtained. The proposed configuration provides a simpler and more efficient way to generate high energy pulse with a low repetition rate.

A 2D scintillator-based proton detector for high repetition rate experiments

We present a scintillator-based detector able to measure the proton energy and the spatial distribution with a relatively simple design.It has been designed and built at the Spanish Center for Pulsed Lasers(CLPU)in Salamanca and tested in the proton accelerator at the Centro de Micro-Análisis de Materiales(CMAM)in Madrid.The detector is capable of being set in the high repetition rate(HRR)mode and reproduces the performance of the radiochromic film detector.It represents a new class of online detectors for laser-plasma physics experiments in the newly emerging high power laser laboratories working at HRR.

P3: An installation for high-energy density plasma physics and ultra-high intensity laserematter interaction at ELI-Beamlines

ELI-Beamlines(ELI-BL),one of the three pillars of the Extreme Light Infrastructure endeavour,will be in a unique position to perform research in high-energy-density-physics(HEDP),plasma physics and ultra-high intensity(UHI)ð>10^(22) W=cm^(2)) lasereplasma interaction.Recently the need for HED laboratory physics was identified and the P3(plasma physics platform)installation under construction in ELI-BL will be an answer.The ELI-BL 10 PW laser makes possible fundamental research topics from high-field physics to new extreme states of matter such as radiation-dominated ones,high-pressure quantum ones,warm dense matter(WDM)and ultra-relativistic plasmas.HEDP is of fundamental importance for research in the field of laboratory astrophysics and inertial confinement fusion(ICF).Reaching such extreme states of matter now and in the future will depend on the use of plasma optics for amplifying and focusing laser pulses.This article will present the relevant technological infrastructure being built in ELI-BL for HEDP and UHI,and gives a brief overview of some research under way in the field of UHI,laboratory astrophysics,ICF,WDM,and plasma optics.

Spectral manipulation in a high-power ultrafast fiber laser system generating ultrashort pulses with GHz repetition rate

In this work,we demonstrate the spectral manipulation in an ultrafast fiber laser system that generates ultrashort pulses with a repetition rate of 1.2 GHz and two switchable modes—a 1064-nm fundamental laser mode with a maximum output power of 66.6 W,and a 1125-nm Raman laser mode with a maximum output power of 17.23 W.The pulse width,beam quality,and power stability are carefully characterized.We also investigate a method to switch between the two modes by manipulating the duty cycle of the modulation signal.It is anticipated that this bi-mode ultrafast fiber laser system can be a promising ultrafast laser source for frontier applications,such as micromachining,bioimaging,and spectroscopy.

高重频激光对测距机干扰试验研究

高重频激光干扰是对脉冲式激光测距机的一种有效干扰手段,为探究高重频激光对测距机干扰效能的影响因素及规律,开展相关的理论分析与试验研究。试验研究了干扰激光的功率、重复频率及干扰距离对测距机干扰效能的影响。结果表明:存在一个与干扰激光频率相关的最小干扰距离,干扰激光的重复频率越高,最小干扰距离越小,有效干扰距离范围越大。当实际干扰距离大于最小干扰距离时,若干扰激光的功率不足,则无干扰效果;干扰成功后继续增大干扰激光功率,则被干扰后测距结果会趋于正态分布,且干扰激光功率越高,测距结果正态分布中心越趋近于最小干扰距离,但受干扰的测距结果最小值会始终分布于测距机盲区附近。

高重频声光门控自吸收免疫激光诱导击穿光谱技术分析研究

为了消除激光诱导击穿光谱技术(laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,LIBS)中的自吸收效应,提高元素定量分析的精确度,同时满足工业中便捷分析元素的要求,需将自吸收免疫激光诱导击穿光谱技术(self-absorption free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,SAF-LIBS)的装置小型化。本文提出了一项新型的高重频声光门控SAF-LIBS定量分析技术,使用高重频激光器产生准连续的等离子体以增强光谱强度,并将声光调制器(acousto-optic modulator,AOM)作为门控开关,从而使微型CCD光谱仪和AOM能够代替传统大型SAF-LIBS装置中的像增强探测器(intensified charge coupled device,ICCD)和中阶梯型光栅光谱仪,实现自吸收免疫的同时缩小了装置的体积,降低了装置的成本。将该系统参数进行优化选择后,对样品中的Al元素进行了定量分析和预测。实验结果表明,等离子体的特性受激光重复频率的影响进而会影响光谱信号的强度。在1~50 kHz激光重复频率范围内,Al I 394.4 nm和Al I 396.15 nm的双线强度先增强后减弱,确定最佳的激光重复频率为10 kHz。在不同的光纤采集角度下,Al的双线强度比随延迟时间的增加而减小,在45°处信噪比最高,且在一定的积分时间下,最佳光学薄时间t_(ot)为426 ns。在激光重复频率为10 kHz、光纤采集角为45°、延迟时间为400 ns的条件下,对Al元素进行定量分析和预测结果表明,Al元素定标曲线的线性度R2为0.982,平均绝对测量误差相对于单一LIBS的0.8%可以降低至0.18%。定量分析结果与传统大型SAF-LIBS装置的测量精度相持平。因此本高重频声光门控SAF-LIBS装置不仅有效地屏蔽了光学厚等离子体中的连续背景辐射和谱线加宽,同时具备小型化、低成本、高可靠性的优点,有助于推动SAF-LIBS技术由实验室走向工业应用。

超高重频卫星激光测距时序电路实现及应用

高重频卫星激光测距(Satellite Laser Ranging,SLR)具有精度高、捕获快、观测数据量大、可靠性高等优势。但随着重复频率提升至百千赫兹以上,现有测量时序电路无法达到系统运行处理速度和实时后向散射规避等要求。本文提出超高重频卫星激光测距时序电路设计方法,采用FPGA代替控制计算机进行门控距离实时计算,精确产生门控信号控制探测器开启,并使用了收发交替的方式实时调整激光点火信号以规避后向散射干扰。能够自主完成激光测距中距离门控输出时刻的计算、存储和信号输出,最高工作频率大于500 kHz,满足百千赫兹超高频率测距的要求。该系统已成功应用于上海天文台100 kHz重复率SLR,标准点精度突破200μm,验证了基于FPGA的测距时序电路的正确性和潜力。该电路设计简单、分辨率高、上位机交互方便,为百kHz~MHz的超高重频SLR系统时序控制电路设计提供有效解决方案。

高功率纳秒级激光二极管高侧驱动电路

纳秒级高功率的激光发射系统对激光雷达的探测性能产生重要影响。本文对普遍使用的激光二极管低侧栅极驱动电路进行修改得到高侧栅极驱动方式,使之能够适用于共阴极激光发射电路。该高侧驱动方式采用了一个半桥驱动器,两个GaN FET作为核心器件来控制激光二极管的发光。文中分析了该拓扑结构中电压、电容、电阻、电感等因素对流经激光器电流波形的影响。经过实验测试,在高重复频率下该电路能够产生3.1 ns脉冲宽度,约65 W的峰值功率,能够作为激光雷达的发射模块对场景进行扫描成像。

A 23.75-GHz frequency comb with two low-finesse filtering cavities in series for high resolution spectroscopy

A laser frequency comb with several tens GHz level is demonstrated,based on a Yb-doped femtosecond fiber laser and two low-finesse Fabry-Perot cavities（FPCs） in series.The original 250-MHz mode-line-spacing of the source comb is filtered to 4.75 GHz and 23.75 GHz,respectively.According to the multi-beam interferences theory of FPC,the side-mode suppression rate of FPC schemes is in good agreement with our own theoretical results from 27 dB of a single FPC to43 dB of paired FPCs.To maintain long-term stable operation and determine the absolute frequency mode number in the23.75-GHz comb,the Pound-Drever-Hall（PDH） locking technology is utilized.Such stable tens GHz frequency combs have important applications in calibrating astronomical spectrographs with high resolution.

1μm/1.5μm基于非互易性相移器的高重频飞秒光纤激光器

高重频的飞秒脉冲激光器在工业加工、医疗、精密测量等各个领域都有着重要应用。为了分析“9”字腔锁模激光器的自启动性能,利用琼斯矩阵建立了非线性放大环形镜的传输函数,分析了环形镜中不同波片角度对腔内往返传输函数的影响。搭建了基于非线性放大环形镜的光纤激光器,分别使用了掺镱光纤、掺铒光纤作为增益介质,在1μm和1.5μm波段分别实现了重复频率为600 MHz和280 MHz的基频锁模。所设计的激光器具有脉宽窄、光谱宽、稳定性好、自启动成功率高的特点,激光器完成了集成化封装,能够满足微纳加工、激光医疗、光频率梳等领域对飞秒激光的应用需求。

高重频激光诱导击穿光谱结合卷积神经网络的岩石岩性分析研究

地质分析能为地质资源勘探提供重要的信息和依据。激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术是一种快速、准确和原位的岩石分析判别方法。将高重频LIBS技术应用于岩石样品的岩性分析,再结合卷积神经网络(CNN)模型进行分类,不仅解决了传统大能量单脉冲激光器体积大、重量沉等问题,还克服了机器学习需要人为调整参数的不足,同时也顺应LIBS技术逐渐向着便携化、小型化、精确化以及智能化的发展趋势。本研究利用高重频LIBS实验平台对岩石压片样品进行光谱采集,根据岩石的产地和岩性,将岩石样品分为5类和9类,结合1D-CNN和ResNet34卷积神经网络模型对岩石进行分类识别。研究结果表明,针对两种样品分类情况,平均分类识别准确率分别达到99.43%和97.14%,高重频LIBS与CNN模型结合可以实现良好的岩石分类结果。最后基于MATLAB App Designer开发了用于岩石岩性分析的系统软件,实现了对岩石的快速分类,提高了地质勘查效率。