Calculation Method and Analysis for the Annual Power Generation of PV Faades in China

The application of PV faades emerges greatly in recent years and however its calculation methods and analysis remains insufficient under the weather conditions of China. In such demand,this paper investigates PV faade in terms of PV electricity generation in different arrangements and weather conditions of four major cities in China. The calculation models for PV faade are developed and validated by comparing the results with the measured data from the field experiments. A parametric study is carried out to provide a reference for the optimal design of the PV faades. The results show that with various cities,building orientations,building forms,materials and arrangements of PV modules,there is a distinct difference in the electrical output energy of PV faades. Weather conditions play a very important role in terms of PV generation performance of PV faades.

Beyond the Façades in Tehran:When Tradition Meets Innovation

Over time,the traditional house in central Iran,which Tehran geographically belongs to,has undergone deep physical and morphological changes as a result of technological,social and economic transformations,passing from the characteristics of an introverted house enclosed by walls overlooking an inner courtyard to the multi-storey condominium with an extroverted outlook.Here the façade becomes a key element:it is a threshold between urban and private,outdoor and indoor.The article shows a mosaic of patterns and materials of the new mid-rise residential building façades via photographs and diagrams to emphasize the strict connection between contemporary design and local tradition.

The Development of a Smart Mobile App for Building Façade Defects Inspections

The manual visual inspections of façade building defects are posing a high and increasing cost for building asset managers,particularly when inspections delay projects or require asset outages,visits to decommissioned sites or work within hazardous environments.This paper reports on the development,testing and delivery of a working mobile app prototype to facilitate the inspections and documentation of building facade condition monitoring.The work presented builds upon the development of an online platform for remote building inspection based on the integration of methodologies and tools,including VR(virtual reality),and digital photogrammetry to collect real-time data that support automated decision making.The mobile app:(i)allows the user to import 3D models and 2D building plans;(ii)provides the means of first-person exploration of models via a VR headset;and(iii)captures,records and catalogues images of façade defect types,and the date and time.An inspection case study was used to demonstrate and evaluate the mobile app prototype.The Building Inspector app allows building professionals to manage inspections and to track past and ongoing monitoring of the condition of building façades.

Solutions for the Rehabilitation of Historical Building Facades with Local Materials

The present research aims to identify the possibilities of rehabilitation of building facades in the centre of Chisinau, through the use of high-performance materials, use of high-performance technologies in execution, reduction of facade renovation costs, etc. In the process of organising the rehabilitation works of historical buildings of architectural value, we are dealing with the following: the value of the rehabilitation works of a historical building is very high, the duration of the rehabilitation is important, the attitude of the society is insufficient, the lack of strategies for the rehabilitation of buildings at the municipality level. In order to achieve this objective, we propose to research the following tasks: definition of the concept of rehabilitation of buildings in the Historic Centre of Chisinau;legislative, normative assurance of rehabilitation of historical heritage in the Republic of Moldova;analysis of the situation in Chisinau on the example of historical buildings with limestone finishes and examination by non-destructive methods of facades;solutions for rehabilitation of facades of historical buildings by comparing two types of technologies. In conclusion, emphasis will be placed on the choice of the most efficient method in terms of material, technology and cost.

Applying Double Skin Facade with ETFE Membrane Assembly for Energy Saving and Acoustic Protection for the Building of the Czech Institute of Informatics,Robotics and Cybernetics in Prague

Multidisciplinary, integrated planning approach by architects, engineers, scientists and manufacturers to reduce energy consumption of buildings. The CIIRC Complex, located on the main campus of Czech Technical University in Prague consists of two buildings, newly constructed building and adaptive reuse of existing building. CIIRC—Czech Institute of Informatics, Robotics and Cybernetics is a contemporary teaching facility of new generation and use for scientific research teams. New building has ten above-ground floors, on the bottom 4 floors of laboratories, scientist modules, classrooms, above are offices, meeting rooms, teaching and research modules for professors and students. Offices of the rector are on the last two floors of the building. On the top floor is congress type auditorium, in the basement is fully automatic car park. Double skin pneumatic cushions facade. In the project are introduced series of architectural and technical features and innovations. Probably the most visible is the double skin facade facing south-transparent double layer membrane ETFE (Ethylen-TetraFluorEthylen) cushions with triple glazed modular system assembly. Acting as solar collector, recuperating of hot air on the top floors, saving up to 30% of an energy consumption.

The effects of cool materials,façade orientation,and morphological parameters on energy consumption at the residential neighborhood scale

Building surface cool materials are novel materials that can reduce urban heat island intensity and decrease building energy consumption.This study investigated the impact of radiative properties of materials,façade orientation,and morphological parameters on energy consumption in six typical residential neighborhoods in Nanjing,China.The neighborhood energy consumption of 16 application schemes considering the façade orientation factor is compared to determine the best energy-saving scheme.Seasonal and annual energy-saving rates,savings in electricity costs,and the price ceiling for materials per unit area are analyzed.The results show that for low-rise buildings,using cool materials only on the roof can reduce the annual energy consumption by 1%.When cool or super cool materials are also used on the building façade,the annual energy saving rate can be up to 3.4%and 4.3%,respectively.Using cool materials on the south façade of buildings is not recommended due to significant heat loss in winter.Considering savings in electricity costs and the price ceiling for materials per unit area,the price of cool and super cool materials should be less than 3.0 and 3.7 RMB/m2,respectively,assuming a lifespan of eight years in Nanjing.

Experiment and simulation to determine the optimum orientation of building-integrated photovoltaic on tropical building façades considering annual daylight performance and energy yield

Building-Integrated Photovoltaic(BIPV)on vertical façades is a potential PV application in today’s buildings.The performance of BIPV on façades is significantly influenced by the façade orientation.For tropical cities,the optimum façade orientation,in terms of maximum energy yield and daylight performance,cannot be simply determined,due to relatively symmetrical sun path throughout the day.This study therefore aims to determine the optimum orientation for BIPV on tropical building façades.To achieve the objective,experiment,modelling,and computational simulation are conducted to evaluate the BIPV energy yield and to predict the indoor daylight performance in a scale-model building with a 105Wp monocrystalline silicon PV,facing each cardinal orienta-tion in Bandung,Indonesia.The South orientation yields practically zero ASE_(1000,250),providing the best annual daylight performance,and yielding the most desirable value in four out of five daylight metrics.The greatest annual energy yield is at the North orientation,providing 179-186 kWh(95%prediction interval)per year,but with larger uncertainty compared to that at the South,due to direct sunlight occurrence.Based on three different objective functions,the South orientation is considered optimum for placing the BIPV panel on the prototype façade in the location.

双层外立面对竖直向下火蔓延影响的实验研究

通过实验研究了层间效应对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯向下火蔓延特性的影响。在6组不同立面间距的条件下,对火焰高度、温度、质量损失速率和火蔓延速率等参数进行研究,建立了传热物理模型并进行理论分析,得到了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯在预热区和热解区的辐射、对流热反馈的函数表达式。实验结果表明:随着外立面之间间距的增大,火焰厚度减小,火焰形状发生不规则变化;质量损失速率的对数与火焰高度的对数呈线性关系;在间距不同的情况下,火焰的最高温度保持不变;随着间距的增加,火蔓延速率分3个阶段逐渐下降。理论分析表明:间距变化时,对流和辐射热反馈所占主导地位不同,当间距大于6 cm时,辐射热反馈几乎可以忽略不计,且理论分析与实验结果一致。

A general purpose exact Rayleigh scattering look-up table for ocean color remote sensing

The current exact Rayleigh scattering calculation of ocean color remote sensing uses the look-up table （LUT）, which is usually created for a special remote sensor and cannot be applied to other sensors. For practical application, a general purpose Rayleigh scattering LUT which can be applied to all ocean color remote sensors is generated. An adding-doubling method to solve the vector radiative transfer equation in the plane-parallel atmosphere is deduced in detail. Compared with the exact Rayleigh scattering radiance derived from the MODIS exact Rayleigh scattering LUT, it is proved that the relative error of Rayleigh scattering calculation with the adding-doubling method is less than 0.25%, which meets the required accuracy of the atmospheric correction of ocean color remote sensing. Therefore, the adding-doubling method can be used to generate the exact Rayleigh scattering LUT for the ocean color remote sensors. Finally, the general purpose exact Rayleigh scattering LUT is generated using the adding-doubling method. On the basis of the general purpose LUT, the calculated Rayleigh scattering radiance is tested by comparing with the LUTs ofMODIS, SeaWiFS and the other ocean color sensors, showing that the relative errors are all less than 0.5%, and this general purpose LUT can be applied to all ocean color remote sensors.

USING COLORED-TIMED PETRI NET FOR THE SOLUTION OF DEADLOCK IN A FLEXIBLE ASSEMBLY SYSTEM

A colored timed Petri net(CTPN)modeling technique is developed for flexible assembly system(FAS) In particular,one section is devoted to the deadlock nodel based on the Petri net The rule of the deadlock error recovery is given Through the analysis of the behavioral properties of the FAS with the deadlock recovery model,the deadlock problem would be solved in the system.

垂直农业建筑表皮降温增湿效益研究

近年来用地紧缺、热岛效应、环境污染、供能紧张等城市问题日益凸显,阻碍了城市的可持续发展。垂直农业作为都市农业的一部分,可利用大量城市立面进行农业生产,不仅可降低城市对周边农业的依赖度,同时对城市微环境和建筑室内舒适度改善起到积极作用。目前垂直农业的研究热点主要侧重于垂直农业在城市中的应用和作物生产方面,建筑领域技术人员在垂直农业与微观建筑环境的研究中,特别是在模拟结合实验的研究方面仍然不足。量化垂直农业建筑表皮在夏季高温条件下的降温增湿效益,对于准确评价垂直农业建筑在夏季时的微观热湿环境和综合节能性能具有现实意义。对垂直农业建筑表皮原型模块进行了实验测试,并使用CFD数值模拟方法对其夏季热湿过程进行了模拟。实验和模拟结果都表明所述垂直农业建筑表皮在夏季有很好的降温增湿效益。白天建筑外墙外表面最高温度降低范围为3.4~11.2℃,局部空气相对湿度最大增加2.38%~4.85%。同时实验和模拟结果显著相关,也证明研究中采用的标准植株建模模拟方法的可行性。

Example-based dynamic façade design using the façade daylighting performance improvement(FDPI)indicator

It remains challenging to conduct an efficient dynamic façade design.In this article authors try to address this issue introducing the façade daylighting performance improvement(FDPI)indicator aimed to evaluate the performance of a dynamic(adaptive)façade from its daylighting performance point of view.To illustrate the FDPI application the authors introduced the preliminary dynamic façade concept for an office building located in Tel Aviv(Hot-summer Mediterranean Climate Csa)with further shape modification based on the daylighting performance analysis compared to the three alternatives representative of different typologies of dynamic façades.Al Bahr,One Ocean and The University of Southern Denmark façade systems were simulated under the same weather and building conditions of the preliminary dynamic façade concept and were considered as a benchmark for the study.The final dynamic façade concept elaborated by the authors in the preliminary comparative workflow showed noticeable daylight performance improvement with respect to the case studies comparative scenarios.The FDPI metric allowed to estimate a daylighting performance improvement of 43%of the final dynamic façade concept over the case study dynamic façade that showed the best performance in the daylighting simulations.

外立面阻隔结构限制下建筑开口外部火溢流温度分布特性的研究

为阻止建筑外立面开口火溢流的纵向蔓延,本文基于高斯分布等有关知识,理论分析阳台、窗口和窗槛墙3个外立面阻隔结构限制下的建筑开口外部火溢流的温度分布规律,并运用数值模拟的方法,数值拟合找出建筑外立面开口火溢流的纵向温度分布与窗口宽度、窗槛墙高度及阳台伸长之间的相关性。结果表明:阳台、窗槛墙和窗口阻隔结构共同影响着建筑外立面开口火溢流的外部温度分布,在对建筑外立面阻隔结构的设计中,必须考虑多阻隔结构对火溢流的阻隔作用,靠单一因素的参数设计,无法保证建筑外立面的防火安全。

基于光气候区的办公楼太阳能幕墙多目标优化研究

人口增长和城市扩张导致对建筑物的需求不断增加。利用集成光伏遮阳(PVSD)优化建筑立面设计可以降低建筑能耗,同时确保舒适的室内光热环境。本研究调查了高密度城市办公楼立面与室内光环境的关联,及其作为生产性立面组件的潜力,借助参数化软件对我国5个不同光气候区的典型办公建筑的室内光环境进行了模拟。研究首先定义了多目标优化的评价指标,基于所有变量指标的可能建立模型库,并从中筛选最佳的立面配置。集成模块有效改善了空间的室内采光和视觉舒适度,平均光舒适度达到66.5%,也满足了写字楼年人均用电需求的7%~13.5%。本研究可指导其他人口密集城市推广太阳能立面的研究和建设,以提高办公空间的视觉舒适度并降低能源消耗。

电控可伸缩硬隔离防护技术的设计、应用与实用性分析

通过研究超高层立面交叉施工中传统硬隔离的覆盖难点与问题,采用一种全新的电控可伸缩硬隔离平台,将传统硬隔离防护所覆盖不到的物料提升区域进行灵活覆盖,提升了这一块区域的安全防护等级,并在一定程度上提高了硬隔离防护的工业化水平及重复可利用率。

超大面积曲面反吊LED顶棚施工技术研究

随着新一代高铁站房、体育场馆等公共空间设计理念的创新以及建筑师对建筑美感的追求,结合现代光电技术的发展,超大面积曲面LED顶棚作为一种新型的照明装饰技术具有广泛的应用前景。然而,由于其特殊的结构和施工要求,超大面积曲面反吊LED顶棚的施工技术研究尚处于起步阶段。通过探讨超大面积曲面反吊LED顶棚施工技术的关键问题,提出相应的解决方案,利用折线渐变排版实现LED曲面造型设计,使用三维可调节箱体连接件进行定位,通过树脂调色实现整体装饰效果。

黄瓜果肉颜色遗传分析及SSR分子标记

选用3个绿色果肉品种649、129-1、津研4号和2个白色果肉品种HL-3、D0351为亲本,按照完全双列杂交方法(Ⅱ)配制10个组合,并构建以绿色果肉649和白色果肉D0351为亲本的F2分离群体,采用加性-显性(AD)模型进行遗传分析。结果表明,黄瓜果肉颜色性状是由多基因控制的数量性状,以显性效应为主,存在一定的加性效应,广义遗传力较高,达到84.112%。采用SSR分子标记构建遗传连锁图谱,利用复合区间定位方法进行QTL定位。结果表明,共构建了两个连锁群,连锁群(Ⅰ)包括标记CSWCT13B、CSWCT17,连锁距离是3.5 cM;连锁群(Ⅱ)包括标记CSWCT29、CSWGCA01,连锁距离是14.6 cM,检测出1个与黄瓜果肉颜色有关的QTL,与最近标记的距离为6.01 cM,且贡献率为11.86%。

脑尔康对Alzheimer病小鼠脑细胞凋亡相关基因表达的影响

目的 观察复方中药脑尔康对 Alzheimer病 (AD)模型小鼠 ,学习记忆障碍的改善作用及对凋亡相关基因的调控作用。方法 用跳台法测试各组小鼠学习记忆功能 ,用 SP免疫组化法检测 Fas、Bcl- 2阳性细胞计数。结果 模型组与空白对照组比较 ,触电时间延长 ,潜伏期缩短 ,错误次数增多 ;Fas、Bcl- 2表达升高 (均 P<0 .0 1 )。各用药组与模型组比较触电时间缩短 ,潜伏期延长 (均 P<0 .0 5) ,Fas、Bcl- 2表达下调 (P<0 .0 5或 P<0 .0 1 )。各参数中药中、小剂量组优于西药组。结论 脑尔康能改善 AD小鼠学习记忆障碍具有促智作用 ,可通过调控凋亡相关基因表达 ,抗脑细胞凋亡 ,减少神经元丢失 。

基于多源点云的建筑物立面太阳能潜力估计

提出了一种基于多源点云的建筑物立面太阳能潜力估计方法。该方法首先融合地面激光点云和机载影像数据,然后根据融合数据的特点,设计一种基于射线法的日照时长估计算法,并简化用于建筑物立面的太阳辐射模型,从而实现建筑物立面上的太阳能潜力估计。选取2栋朝向不同、形态不同的建筑物进行试验,结果表明,该方法能有效地估计立面上的太阳能潜力,结合点云立面自动化窗户提取的结果,可将结果细化到单个窗户,用于建筑日照标准检验,窗户太阳能潜力估计等应用。

彩色办公废纸脱墨浆的漂白与脱色

针对彩色办公废纸脱墨浆的特点 ,选用了几种漂剂 (H2 O2 、保险粉、FAS) ,研究了其漂白与脱色效果。结果表明 ,保险粉的脱色效果最好 ,FAS的漂白能力最佳。从漂白和脱色两方面分析 ,FAS是处理彩色办公废纸脱墨浆的首选药剂。在此基础上 ,对影响FAS漂白与脱色效果的诸多因素进行了研究 ,并优选出最佳适用条件。