Construction of SNP genetic maps based on targeted next-generation sequencing and QTL mapping of vital agronomic traits in faba bean(Vicia faba L.)

Owing to the limitation of a large genome size(~13 Gb),the genetic and gene mapping studies on faba bean(Vicia faba L.)are lagging far behind those for other legumes.In this study,we selected three purified faba bean lines(Yundou 8137,H0003712,and H000572)as parents and constructed two F2 populations.These two F2 populations,namely 167 F2 plants in Pop1(Yundou 8137×H0003712)and 204 F2 plants in Pop2(H000572×Yundou 8137),were genotyped using a targeted next-generation sequencing(TNGS)genotyping platform,and two high-density single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNP)genetic linkage maps of faba bean were constructed.The map constructed from Pop1 contained 5103 SNPs with a length of 1333.31 cM and an average marker density of 0.26 cM.The map constructed from Pop2 contained 1904 SNPs with a greater length of 1610.61 cM.In these two F2 populations,QTL mapping identified 98 QTLs for 14 agronomic traits related to the flowers,pods,plant types and grains.The two maps were then merged into an integrated genetic linkage map containing 6895 SNPs,with a length of 3324.48 cM.These results not only lay the foundation for fine mapping and map-based cloning of related genes,but can also accelerate the molecular marker-assisted breeding of faba bean.

Effect of Varieties and Fungicide Rate on Chocolate Spot (Botrytis fabae) Disease of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) at Tach Gayint District in South Gondar Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Faba bean is suffered with many biotic and abiotic factors. Chocolate spot disease, caused by Botrytis fabae is one of the biotic factors limiting yields of this crop resulting in yield losses up to 68% in Ethiopia. The experiment was conducted during 2020/2021 cropping season at Tach Gayint district, Ethiopia to determine the integration of faba bean varieties and fungicide rates on reducing chocolate spot disease. The experiment consisted of 12 treatments, viz. three faba bean varieties and four rate of Mancozeb fungicide in factorial arrangement. The experiment was laid out as randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Data was collected and analyzed. Results indicated that, disease incidence was reached at maximum percentage in all treatments on the last dates of assessment. But treatments were significantly difference in severity level. The least disease severity was recorded from varieties treated by 3.5 kg/ha of Mancozeb 80% WP with mean values Walki (12.7%), and (18.1% and 20.8%) on Gora and local variety respectively at the final dates of disease assessment. Similarly, the reduced AUDPC was also recorded from varieties treated by 3.5 kg/ha of Mancozeb 80% WP with mean values Walki (371.8% unit/day) and (539% and 686.4% days) on varieties Gora, and Local respectively. Whereas the maximum disease severity and AUDPC were obtained from unsprayed plots. Based on the results obtained, variety Walki treated with Mancozeb 80% WP at rate of 2.5 kg/ha and 3.5 kg/ha were effective to reduce the effect of chocolate spot disease for the study area.

Quantitative Analysis of Pathway Enrichment within Faba Bean Seeds RNA-Seq (<i>Vicia faba</i>L)

Faba bean (Vicia faba L) seeds are an important source of plant protein for humans and animals. A total of 15,697 Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) with pathway annotation were discovered in RNA-Seq of the faba bean seeds. A total of 75 significant KEGG pathways abundance were discovered and 9 pathways were conserved within all genotypes. 41 significant pathways were found to be partially conserved within comparisons of 2 to 6 pairs of genotypes and 25 significant pathways were unique to single pairs of genotypes. There were 8 specific significant pathways discovered related to the faba bean seed Hydration Capacity trait and 9 specific significant pathways discovered related to the PSbMV seeds staining trait. The DEGs demonstrated the genetic distance between these varieties was confirmed by the breeding pedigree selection information and a PCA graph clearly illustrated the genetic distance within these genotypes.

重金属对蚕豆(vicia faba)根尖的核酸含量及核酸酶活性影响的研究

Pb^(2+)、Cd^(2+)、Zn^(2+)在低浓度作用下,随处理浓度的升高,刺激蚕豆(Vicia faba)DNA含量(处理浓度分别低于10.0、0.50、50.0ppm)和RNA含量(处理浓度分别低于10.0、50.0、50.0ppm),DNase活性(处理浓度均低于10.0ppm)和RNase活性(处理浓度分别低于20.0、10.0、50.0ppm)相应地升高;当处理浓度超过相应浓度时,DNA和RNA含量以及DNase与RNase活性随浓度升高而降低。Hg^(2+)在小于0.05ppm时使RNase活性升高,高于该浓度使其降低,其它各指标无上述规律性变化。重金属对核酸代谢的影响结果取决于植物组织的适应性反应与金属离子的毒性反应的强度。文章还讨论了金属离子特征和可能存在的不同代谢活动的抗性诱导体系对植物毒性的影响,以及蛋白质的代谢活动对植物适应性水平的影响。

Cd^(2+)、Al^(3+)对蚕豆(Vicia faba)DNA合成及修复的影响

利用３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ 掺入方法，研究了不同浓度单金属离子Ｃｄ２＋ 、Ａｌ３＋ 对蚕豆ＤＮＡ 合成、ＤＮＡ 修复（以ＵＤＳ为指标）的影响。结果表明：在低浓度Ｃｄ２＋ 、Ａｌ３＋ （Ｃｄ２＋ 浓度＜ ２０ｍ ｇ／ｌ，Ａｌ３＋ 浓度＜ １００ｍ ｇ／ｌ）处理后，蚕豆ＤＮＡ 合成加快，并且不同程度地诱导了ＵＤＳ的发生；但在高于此浓度的Ｃｄ２＋ 、Ａｌ３＋ 作用下，蚕豆ＤＮＡ合成受抑制，浓度越高，抑制作用越强；并且几乎不表现出ＵＤＳ效应。这一结果说明Ｃｄ２＋ 、Ａｌ３＋ 对蚕豆的遗传物质ＤＮＡ有损伤作用。在一定受损范围内，蚕豆自身有ＤＮＡ损伤修复能力，超过这个限度，ＤＮＡ损伤不能被修复。Ｃｄ２＋ 、Ａｌ３＋ 对ＤＮＡ 合成和修复的影响是高等植物金属中毒的机制之一。

蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)对不同水分胁迫的光合适应性研究

以重庆市的蚕豆当家品种之一的大白豆为材料 ,通过人工水分胁迫处理 ,发现随干旱程度的增加 ,蚕豆叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量和叶绿素总量降低 ,Hill反应活力下降 ,净光合速率下降 ,同化产物的积累减少 ,最终表现为植株生物量的降低 .水分胁迫下植株净光合速率下降 ,光饱和点降低 ,光补偿点提高 ,CO2 补偿点提高 ,光呼吸增大 ,生长减弱 ,这是导致生物量积累减少的主要原因 .

SO_2水合物诱发蚕豆(Vicia faba)根尖细胞染色体畸变效应

以蚕豆为材料,研究SO2水合物-亚硫酸钠与亚硫酸氢钠混合液(3∶1,mmol·L-1/mmol·L-1)对根尖细胞的遗传毒效应。结果表明:SO2水合物处理可诱发蚕豆根尖细胞遗传不稳定,出现染色体数目和结构变异,使非整倍体和染色体结构异常明显增加。中期染色体出现了缺失、断片、环(染色体和染色单体环)、易位、双着丝粒等异常;在细胞分裂后期出现了滞后染色体、桥和断片等异常。研究结果表明,SO2是DNA分子断裂剂、非整倍体诱变剂,能够破坏生物细胞的基因组稳定性,是一种具有遗传毒性的环境诱变剂。

Hydrogen Sulfide May Function Downstream of Nitric Oxide in Ethylene-Induced Stomatal Closure in Vicia faba L.

Pharmacological, laser scanning confocal microscopic （LSCM）, and spectrophotographic approaches were used to study the roles of hydrogen sulfide （H2S） and nitric oxide （NO） in signaling transduction of stomatal movement in response to ethylene in Viciafaba L. Ethylene treatment resulted in the dose-dependent stomatal closure under light, and this effect was blocked by the inhibitors of H2S biosynthesis in V. faba L. Additionally, ethylene induces H2S generation and increases L-/D-cysteine desulfhydrase （pyridoxalphosphate-dependent enzyme） activity in leaves of V. faba L. Inhibitors of H2S biosynthesis have no effect on the ethylene-induced stomatal closure, NO accumulation, and nitrate reductase （NR） activity in guard cells or leaves of II. faba L. Moreover, the ethylene-induced increase of H2S levels and L-/D- cysteine desulfhydrase activity declined when NO generation was inhibited. Therefore, we conclude that H2S and NO probably are involved in the signal transduction pathway of ethylene-induced stomatal closure. H2S may represent a novel component downstream of NO in the ethylene-induced stomatal movement in V. faba L.

Pb^(+2)、Cd^(+2)、Hg^(+2)对蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)乳酸脱氢酶的影响

Ｐｂ＋２、Ｃｄ＋２、Ｈｇ＋２浓度分别小于５．００ｍｇ／ｋｇ、２．００ｍｇ／ｋｇ、０．５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ时，蚕豆（ＶｉｃｉａｆａｂａＬ．）乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）的活性高于对照组；当处理剂量分别升高超过上述剂量时，ＬＤＨ活性显著地降低。分析不同污染处理条件下的ＬＤＨ同工酶，发现其５种同工酶在不同金属以及同一金属的不同剂量处理条件下，有差异表达的特性。其中ＬＤＨ２在小剂量重金属作用下被诱导表达；ＬＤＨ４对金属离子反应比较敏感，ＬＤＨ３和ＬＤＨ５对金属具有较好的抗逆性。由于各同工酶生理功能的差异性，从而认为重金属作用下ＬＤＨ的适应性变化，只是一种生理功能的补偿，降低了植物对物质和能量的利用效率，显示出“适应代价”。本文还讨论了重金属对植物生理过程的影响方式和机理。

基于FABA-SISO的时变频率选择性衰落信道CPM信号盲均衡

该文针对时变频率选择性衰落信道下高阶连续相位调制(CPM)信号盲均衡中存在的均衡性能较差、复杂度较高以及收敛速度慢等问题,从双向自适应信道均衡的角度出发,将线性调制信号均衡中使用的前后向自适应软输入软输出(FABA-SISO)算法推广,建立一种新的基于FABA-SISO的信道盲均衡方法,并结合逐幸存处理(PSP)思想和Kalman滤波,提出一种适用于高阶CPM信号的自适应盲均衡算法。该算法通过使用FABA-SISO算法,同时利用过去、现在和将来的观察数据进行Kalman滤波信道估计,有效改善了信道估计的精度,同时使用PSP算法来降低系统的复杂度,使得算法具有较好的工程应用性。仿真结果表明所提算法具有良好的盲均衡性能以及收敛性。

Yield stability and relationships among stability parameters in faba bean(Vicia faba L.) genotypes

Sixteen faba bean genotypes were evaluated in 13 environments in Ethiopia during the main cropping season for three years(2009–2011). The objectives of the study were to evaluate the yield stability of the genotypes and the relative importance of different stability parameters for improving selection in faba bean. The study was conducted using a randomized complete block design with four replications. G × E interaction and yield stability were estimated using 17 different stability parameters. Pooled analysis of variance for grain yield showed that the main effects of both genotypes and environments, and the interaction effect, were highly significant(P ≤ 0.001) and(P ≤ 0.01), respectively. The environment main effect accounted for 89.27% of the total yield variation, whereas genotype and G × E interaction effects accounted for 2.12% and 3.31%, respectively.Genotypic superiority index(Pi) and FT3 were found to be very informative for selecting both high-yielding and stable faba bean genotypes. Twelve of the 17 stability parameters,including CVi, RS, α, λ, S2 di, bi, S(2)i, Wi, σ2i, EV, P59, and ASV, were influenced simultaneously by both yield and stability. They should accordingly be used as complementary criteria to select genotypes with high yield and stability. Although none of the varieties showed consistently superior performance across all environments, the genotype EK 01024-1-2ranked in the top third of the test entries in 61.5% of the test environments and was identified as the most stable genotype, with type I stability. EK 01024-1-2 also showed a17.0% seed size advantage over the standard varieties and was released as a new variety in2013 for wide production and named "Gora". Different stability parameters explained genotypic performance differently, irrespective of yield performance. It was accordingly concluded that assessment of G × E interaction and yield stability should not be based on a single or a few stability parameters but rather on a combination of stability parameters.

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Based on EST-SSR Markers

Faba bean （Vicia faba L.）, one of the most important legumes in the world, evolved different types of cultivars due to its partial cross-pollination. The development of simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers from expressed sequence tags （EST） provided a useful tool for investigation of its genetic diversity. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the genetic diversity of faba bean from China and Europe using EST-SSR markers. 5 031 faba bean ESTs from the NCBI database were downloaded and assembled into 1 148 unigenes. A total of 107 microsatellites in 96 unigenes were identified, indicating that merely 8.36% of sequences contained SSRs. The most abundant SSR within faba bean was tri-nucleotide repeat motif, and among all the tri-nucleotide repeats, the motif AAG/CTT was the most abundant type. Based on these results, 11 EST-SSR markers were used to assess the genetic diversity of 29 faba bean cultivars from China and Europe with two to three alleles per locus. The polymorphism information content value ranged from 0.0644 to 0.4278 with an average of 0.2919. Principal coordinate analysis （PCA） and phylogenetic clustering based on these 11 EST-SSR markers distinguished these cultivars into different groups. The results indicated that faba bean in China had a narrow genetic basis, and the additional sources of genetic cultivars/accessions should be introduced to enhance the genetic variability. The results of this study proved that the EST-SSR marker is very effective in evaluation of faba bean germplasm.

Near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS) evaluation and regional analysis of Chinese faba bean(Vicia faba L.)

To analyze the nutritional composition of faba bean(Vicia faba L.) seed, estimation models were developed for protein, starch, oil, and total polyphenol using near infrared spectroscopy(NIRS). Two hundred and forty-four samples from twelve producing regions were measured in both milled powder and intact seed forms. Partial least squares(PLS) regression was applied for model development. The model based on ground seed powder was generally superior to that based on the intact seed. The optimal seed powder-based models for protein, starch, and total polyphenol had coefficients of correlation(r2) of 0.97, 0.93 and 0.89, respectively. The relationship between nutrient contents and twelve producing areas was determined by two-step cluster analysis. Three distinct groupings were obtained with region-constituent features, i.e., Group 1 of high oil, Group 2 of high protein, and Group 3 of high starch as well as total polyphenol. The clustering accuracy was 79.5%. Moreover, the nutrition contents were affected by seeding date, longitude, latitude, and altitude of plant location. Cluster analysis revealed that the differences in the seed were strongly influenced by geographical factors.

Adaptation of faba bean varieties for yield, for yield components and against faba bean gall (Olpidium viciae Kusano) disease in South Gondar, Ethiopia

Faba bean(Vicia faba L.) has an important place in the Ethiopian national diet. It is consumed in various forms and contributes to the improvement of soil fertility. However,its production and productivity are affected by biotic and abiotic constraints. Among the biotic constraints, the emerging faba bean gall disease, caused by Olpidium uiciae, is the major and most destructive disease wherever faba bean is grown. Field experiments were conducted at two locations(Farta and Tach Gayint districts) to evaluate the reaction of faba bean varieties to faba bean gall disease and to assess them for yield and yield components during the 2014 and 2015 main cropping seasons. Thirteen faba bean varieties and one local check were plantecd in three replications Lusing a randomized complete block design. The disease incidence and severity of faba bean gall were recorded(on a 1-9 scale) five tinmes at10-day intervals. A combined analysis of variance showed za significant difference(P < 0.05)among faba bean varieties with respect to the incidence and severity of gall disease at both locations. Disease incidence, severity, and AUDPC were lowest for variety Turmsa at both locatiOons, but this variety showed lhigh yield only at tlhe Farta location. 'The lhighest yields were obtained from varieties Degaga(1157.74 kg ha ') and Nc58(828.97 kg ha ') at Farta and Tach Gayint, respectively and these varieties slhowed low faba bean gall severity and AUDPC. Thus, higher-yielding faba bean varieties such as Degaga and Nc58 are recommended for faba bean production areas in northwestern Ethiopia.

蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)叶片对土壤干旱胁迫的适应机理

蚕豆在不同土壤干旱条件下的盆栽试验结果表明 ,蚕豆对土壤干旱胁迫有一定的适应能力 .这种适应能力主要通过三种调节过程实现 ,即通过叶片水分饱和亏缺的反馈控制实现的气孔运动的调节 ;通过K+、游离脯氨酸和可溶性总糖积累实现的渗透调节 ;

盐胁迫对蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)叶绿素a和b含量的影响

用不同的盐浓度对蚕豆 (ViciafabaL .)处理的实验表明 :叶绿素含量随盐浓度的增大而有所降低 ,而叶绿素a/b则无明显变化。当NaCl浓度升至 1%时 ,叶绿素的含量在处理后的第三天呈现“增 -降”现象 ,在 1 5 %NaCl浓度下 ,“增 -降”尤为显著。这种叶绿素含量的变化势必影响到以叶片叶绿素含量比来判断植物抗盐性大小。

Yield performance and optimal nitrogen and phosphorus application rates in wheat and faba bean intercropping

Yield performance in cereal and legume intercropping is related to nutrient management,however,the yield response of companion crops to nitrogen(N)input is inconclusive and only limited efforts have focused on rationed phosphorous(P)fertilization.In this study,two multi-year field experiments were implemented from 2014-2019 under identical conditions.Two factors in a randomized complete block design were adopted in both experiments.In field experiment 1,the two factors included three planting patterns(mono-cropped wheat(MW),mono-cropped faba bean(MF),and wheat and faba bean intercropping(W//F))and four N application rates(N0,0 kg N ha^(-1);N1,90 and 45 kg N ha^(-1) for wheat and faba beans,respectively;N2,180 and 90 kg N ha^(-1) for wheat and faba beans,respectively;and N3,270 and 135 kg N ha^(-1) for wheat and faba beans,respectively).In field experiment 2,the two factors included three P application rates(P0,0 kg P_(2)O_(5) ha^(-1);P1,45 kg P_(2)O_(5) ha^(-1);and P2,90 kg P_(2)O_(5) ha^(-1))and the same three planting patterns(MW,MF,and W//F).The yield performances of inter-and mono-cropped wheat and faba beans under different N and P application rates were analyzed and the optimal N and P rates for intercropped wheat(IW)and MW were estimated.The results revealed that intercropping favored wheat yield and was adverse to faba bean yield.Wheat yield increased by 18-26%,but faba bean yield decreased by 5-21% in W//F compared to MW and MF,respectively.The stimulated IW yield drove the yield advantage in W//F with an average land equivalent ratio(LER)of 1.12.N and P fertilization benefited IW yield,but reduced intercropped faba bean(IF)yield.Nevertheless,the partial LER of wheat(pLER_(wheat))decreased with increasing N application rates,and the partial LER of faba bean(pLER_(faba bean))decreased with increasing P application rates.Thus,LER decreased as N input increased and tended to decline as P rates increased.IW maintained a similar yield as MW,even under reduced 40-50% N fertilizer and 30-40% P fertilizer conditions.The estimated optimum N application rates for IW and MW were 150 and 168 kg ha^(-1),respectively,and 63 and 62 kg ha^(-1) for P_(2)O_(5),respectively.In conclusion,W//F exhibited yield advantages due to stimulated IW yield,but the intercropping yield benefit decreased as N and P inputs increased.Thus,it was concluded that modulated N and P rates could maximize the economic and ecological functions of intercropping.Based on the results,rates of 150 kg N ha^(-1) and 60 kg P_(2)O_(5) ha^(-1) are recommended for IW production in southwestern China and places with similar conditions.

水分胁迫对蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)叶片水分状况的影响

两个蚕豆品种经水分胁迫 ,蚕豆叶片的含水量、叶片相对含水量 ( RWC)降低 ,水分饱和亏缺 ( WSD)明显增大 ,主要是自由水含量减少而致 .香珠豆的气孔调节能力强 ,RWC、自由水下降幅度小 ,保水能力强 ,抗旱性强 .

水分胁迫对蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)生长的影响

在轻度水分胁迫下,蚕豆的株高、根长、鲜干重、叶面积、根瘤的数量与重量、开花数、结果数都明显下降,根冠比则上升。水分胁迫严重影响蚕豆的生长。

Effect of Seeds Size on Germination of Faba Bean Plant

The study was conducted in Al-Qassim region in February 2020 and the study aimed to know the effect of seed size on germination and some morphological parameters in Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) plant, by dividing the seeds into three sizes large 2.5 - 2.3 cm, medium 2.0 - 2.2 cm, and small 1.7 - 1.9 cm and planting them. The results showed that the germination percentage in the large seeds was the highest (100%), and the size of the seeds affected the length of the root and shoot as the large seeds gave the highest length for root (8.37 cm) and shoot (14.2 cm) compared to the medium and small seeds. So, for these results, the seed size is closely related to root and shoot length, number of leaves.