Ductility demands on buckling-restrained braced frames under earthquake loading

Accurate estimates of ductility demands on buckling-restrained braced frames(BRBFs)are crucial to performance-based design of BRBFs.An analytical study on the seismic behavior of BRBFs has been conducted at the ATLSS Center,Lehigh University to prepare for an upcoming experimental program.The analysis program DRAIN-2DX was used to model a one-bay,four-story prototype BRBF including material and geometric nonlinearities.The buckling- restrained brace(BRB)model incorporates both isotropic and kinematic hardening.Nonlinear static pushover and time- history analyses were performed on the prototype BRBF.Performance objectives for the BRBs were defined and used to evaluate the time-history analysis results.Particular emphasis was placed on global ductility demands and ductility demands on the BRBs.These demands were compared with anticipated ductility capacities.The analysis results,along with results from similar previous studies,are used to evaluate the BRBF design provisions that have been recommended for codification in the United States.The results show that BRB maximum ductility demands can be as high as 20 to 25.These demands significantly exceed those anticipated by the BRBF recommended provisions.Results from the static pushover and time- history analyses are used to demonstrate why the ductility demands exceed those anticipated by the recommended provisions. The BRB qualification testing protocol contained in the BRBF recommended provisions is shown to be inadequate because it requires only a maximum ductility demand of at most 7.5.Modifications to the testing protocol are recommended.

Development and subassemblage cyclic testing of hybrid buckling-restrained steel braces

Buckling-restrained braced frames(BRBFs) are vulnerable to relatively higher post-earthquake residual drifts under high intensity ground shakings. This is primarily due to the low axial elastic and post-elastic stiffness of bucklingrestrained braces(BRBs) satisfying the design force demand requirements. In the present study, a hybrid buckling restrained bracing system consisting of a short yielding core length BRB component and a conventional buckling-type brace component connected in series has been developed with an aim to increase the axial stiffness of braces. This study is focused on the experimental investigation of six hybrid bucking restrained braces(HBRBs) to investigate their overall behavior, loadresisting capacity, strength-adjustment factors and energy dissipation potential. The main parameters varied are the crosssectional area, the yielding length of core elements as well as the detailing of buckling-restraining system of short yielding core length BRBs. Test results showed that the HBRBs with yielding core length in the range of 30% of work-point to workpoint lengths withstood an axial strain of 6% without any instability and can deliver stable and balanced hysteretic response and excellent energy dissipation under reversed cyclic loading conditions.

Application of buckling-restrained braces in the seismic control of suspension bridges

Buckling-restrained braces(BRBs)are widely used to improve the seismic performance of buildings.This paper aims to introduce BRBs to suspension bridges and assess the seismic performance of bridges with BRBs.Taking the Dadu River Bridge as a case study,an FEA model of the bridge is established,and different seismic measures(BRBs between the deck and the tower,BRBs at the middle of the span to replace the inclined suspenders to connect the deck and the main cables,fluid viscous dampers(FVDs)between the deck and the tower,the combination of BRBs to replace the inclined suspenders as well as FVDs between the deck and the tower)are applied to the suspension bridge.The influence of the parameters of BRBs on the seismic response of the suspension bridge is studied,and the performance of the bridge with BRBs is compared with that of the bridge with FVDs.The results indicate that the use of BRBs in place of the inclined suspenders is beneficial to reduce the displacement of the deck and limit the shear force and bending moment of the tower.The seismic performance of the suspension bridge with BRBs and FVDs is better than that of the bridge with BRBs or FVDs.Therefore,the application of BRBs is a feasible method to improve the seismic performance of the suspension bridge.

Assessment of buckling-restrained braced frame reliability using an experimental limit-state model and stochastic dynamic analysis

Buckling-restrained braces （BRBs） have recently become popular in the United States for use as primary members of seismic lateral-force-resisting systems. A BRB is a steel brace that does not buckle in compression but instead yields in both tension and compression. Although design guidelines for BRB applications have been developed, systematic procedures for assessing performance and quantifying reliability are still needed. This paper presents an analytical framework for assessing buckling-restrained braced frame （BRBF） reliability when subjected to seismic loads. This framework efficiently quantifies the risk of BRB failure due to low-cycle fatigue fracture of the BRB core. The procedure includes a series of components that： （1） quantify BRB demand in terms of BRB core deformation histories generated through stochastic dynamic analyses; （2） quantify the limit-state of a BRB in terms of its remaining cumulative plastic ductility capacity based on an experimental database; and （3） evaluate the probability of BRB failure, given the quantified demand and capacity, through structural reliability analyses. Parametric studies were conducted to investigate the effects of the seismic load, and characteristics of the BRB and BRBF on the probability of brace failure. In addition, fragility curves （i.e., conditional probabilities of brace failure given ground shaking intensity parameters） were created by the proposed framework. While the framework presented in this paper is applied to the assessment of BRBFs, the modular nature of the framework components allows for application to other structural components and systems.

Experimental study on slender buckling-restrained knee braces with round steel bar cores

This study aimed to investigate a novel slender buckling-restrained knee brace damper (BRKB) for welded and weld-free steel framing systems. The proposed BRKB adopts steel bar cores connected by a central coupler and restrained by tube buckling restrainers with a cover tube supporter. The advantages of the proposed damper include easy assembly compared to conventional buckling restrained braces, and high architectural flexibility for the retrofitting of large-span weld-free or welded steel moment-resisting systems. Specifically, by increasing the number of contraction allowances, undesirable failure mechanisms that are global instability and local buckling of the restrainer ends can be effectively suppressed because the more uniform plastic deformation of the core bar can be achieved longitudinally. In this study, displacement-controlled compression and cyclic loading tests were carried out to investigate the deformation capacities of the proposed BRKBs. Structural performance metrics associated with both loading tests, such as strength capacities, strains at the cover tubes and buckling restrainers, and hysteretic behaviors of the proposed damper under cyclic loads, were measured and discussed. Test results revealed that the geometrical characteristics of the cover tubes and adopted contraction allowances at the dampers play essential roles in their load-bearing capacities.

Seismic performance of a reinforced concrete building retrofitted with self-centering shape memory alloy braces

Self-centering earthquake-resistant structures have received increased attention due to their ability to reduce post-earthquake residual deformations and,thus,repair time and cost.This stimulated the development of recentering shape memory alloy(SMA)dampers that use superelastic nitinol wires to dissipate energy and self-center the structure.However,there are still a few case studies applications on full-scale RC buildings in the literature.Moreover,general guidelines or even simplified approaches for the practical design of SMA damped braces are still lacking.This paper focuses on evaluating the effect of using self-centering shape memory alloy dampers for buckling-restrained braces applied for the seismic retrofit of a complex RC building structure.A design method originally proposed for elastoplastic dampers was implemented to size the SMA dampers to be placed on selected spans and stories of a building.The effectiveness of the design procedure was demonstrated by nonlinear time-history analyses under different sets of earthquake strong ground motions.The analysis results show that the recentering shape memory alloy bracing system is effective in limiting the maximum transient inter-story drifts and reducing the residual inter-story drifts after strong seismic events,due to its excellent recentering behavior together with its not negligible energy dissipation capacity.

Inelastic displacement ratio of low-to mid-rise BRBFs designed under variable levels of seismicity

Buckling-restrained braces(BRBs)have shown their capability to provide building structures with stiffness,strength,and ductility.Estimating the seismic drifts of buckling-restrained braced frames(BRBFs)is an important design step to control structural and non-structural damage.In current practice of seismic design,the estimation of seismic drifts of BRBFs is performed by using empirical calculations that are independent upon either the type of the structural system or the design level of seismicity.In these empirical calculations,the seismic drifts are estimated by amplifying the reduced elastic drifts obtained under design lateral loading with a displacement amplification factor(DAF).The value of DAF is considered equal to the product of the response modification factor R and the inelastic displacement ratioρ.The goal of the current research is to assess the value ofρfor low-to mid-rise BRBFs designed under low and high levels of seismicity.This goal has been achieved by conducting a series of elastic and inelastic time-history analyses pertaining to an ensemble of earthquake records on 3-,6-and 9-story BRBFs.The results indicate that theρ-ratio increases with an increase in design seismic intensity and an increase in experienced inelasticity.The range ofρfor low seismicity designs ranges from 0.63 to 0.9,while for high seismicity designs this range stretches from 0.83 to 1.29.It has been found that the consideration of a generalρ-ratio of 1.0 is a reasonable estimation for the design of the BRBFs considered in this study.

基坑工程装配式钢管混凝土内支撑体系设计方法

为了解决常用基坑内支撑刚度不足、拆装不便等问题,针对明挖地铁车站基坑工程特点提出装配式钢管混凝土内支撑体系,包括标准直撑、短接直撑及连接节点等.根据该支撑体系受力和结构特点,推导了各组成部分的内力计算公式;依据钢管混凝土规范和压杆稳定欧拉公式,建立了钢管混凝土支撑、围檩等部件的承载力计算方法;通过混凝土材料的配合比设计及工作、物理、力学性能检测试验,配制出了具有轻质、微膨胀和自密实性能的CL50高强混凝土作为钢管混凝土内支撑的填充材料;以北京地铁某车站基坑工程设计资料为依据,对其标准段进行了详细的支撑体系设计,并对基坑变形、稳定性和支撑受力进行了验算.研究结果表明:所提出的内支撑体系设计计算方法合理可靠,所设计的装配式钢管混凝土内支撑体系能满足该基坑工程内支撑体系受力和基坑稳定的要求.

开孔钢板装配式屈曲约束支撑设计方法研究

文章结合开孔钢板装配式屈曲约束支撑研究成果和相关规范,提出开孔钢板装配式屈曲约束支撑的设计方法,给出其设计流程,并通过4个开孔钢板装配式屈曲约束支撑的拟静力试验对设计方法与流程的合理性和有效性进行验证。试验结果表明提出的开孔钢板装配式屈曲约束支撑设计方法与流程合理有效,可供实际工程使用;根据设计方法与流程得到的开孔钢板装配式屈曲约束支撑力学性能实测值与设计值吻合较好、整体与局部稳定性好,滞回性能稳定、滞回曲线饱满、耗能能力强、承载力对称性和塑性变形能力良好、抗疲劳性能稳定。

新型装配式屈曲约束支撑试验研究

为了克服普通灌浆型屈曲约束支撑加工周期较长、钢结构加工和填充料加工交叉作业等缺点,提出了一种新型装配式屈曲约束支撑;该支撑采用填充料分段预制,然后与支撑芯板及外套筒组合拼装的加工方式,使得钢结构部分和灌浆料部分同时进行加工,简化了支撑加工工序,缩短了加工周期,降低了支撑制造过程中的人工费用。并对该新型屈曲约束支撑进行了往复加载试验,对试验数据进行分析处理。结果表明:此新型装配式屈曲约束支撑具有很好的滞回特征和耗能性能,各项指标均符合《建筑抗震设计规范》对位移相关型消能器的性能指标要求,是一种十分有效的耗能构件。

骨科多功能床头牵引架的制作与应用

目的 制作一种能满足骨科临床牵引需要的床头牵引器械。方法 参考骨科常见牵引中所要求的牵引力大小、牵引调节等多方面因素 ,结合临床中简便易用的原则 ,创作出一种由“H”字形支架、套芯支架和移动滑轮三部分组成的骨科多功能床头牵引架 ,它由不锈钢材料制成 ,既能满足大重量的牵引需要 ,同时又能对牵引方向进行上下和左右水平方向的大范围的调整。结果 经临床应用显示 ,该多功能床头牵引架简便实用 ,能基本满足骨科临床牵引需要 ,同时为创伤急救及危重患者的全方位治疗提供了保障。结论 该多功能床头牵引架是一种经济实用、简便。

北京冬季奥运村人才公租房项目结构抗震性能分析

为研究采用钢框架-防屈曲钢板墙结构的北京冬季奥运村人才公租房项目的抗震性能,建立了反映两边连接防屈曲钢板墙受力特点的简化模型——等效交叉支撑模型,介绍了等效交叉支撑模型中初始刚度、单根支撑的等效截面面积、支撑屈服强度等关键参数的计算方法。选取典型户型结构,建立钢框架-防屈曲钢板墙结构整体精细化有限元计算模型,研究该双重抗侧力体系的变形特点、构件失效顺序、塑性发展模式、内力分配关系以及结构刚度退化过程;对防屈曲钢板墙在结构中的消能减震能力进行评价。通过该类结构抗震性能的研究分析表明,结构满足“大震不倒”的抗震设防目标。

装配式基坑支护结构在广州地区的应用

装配式基坑支护结构是将基坑支护的围护结构部分在工厂预制成型,再在现场与撑或锚装配组成的支护结构。工程实践表明,此项技术可有效节省工程投资、缩短工期。

三维织物复合材料在运动护具上的应用前景

以三维织物为基材的增强复合材料在航天、军事等领域发挥着重大作用,但是,它在体育运动领域的应用研究和发展相对滞后。从三维织物复合材料结构的合理性、织造技术的多样性和复合固化技术的先进性,说明三维织物复合材料具有力学性能优异、抗冲击性好、强度高和重量轻等特点,在织物结构和高性能纤维运用及织造制备方法上具有很大的优势;介绍三维织物复合材料在运动型护具、技击性运动护具和抗冲击性运动服装上的应用前景,新型运动护具在运动中能更好地保护运动员,随着三维织物复合材料在运动上的广泛应用,将会对体育运动的发展产生深远影响。

圆支管端部压扁的节点制作与设计

钢管桁架结构中采用圆支管端部压扁与主管连接的节点,具有制造简单、安装方便的特点,非常适用于小型或临时建筑结构。本文综述了楔形压扁、全压扁和部分压扁等几种常用的支管端部压扁的形式、特点和其制作工艺,介绍了目前国外对支管端部压扁的N型、K型、T型和X型节点强度的研究工作和相关的计算方法,可供结构工程师设计时参考,以期促进支管端部压扁节点的钢管桁架结构在我国的应用。

基于边缘屈服准则装配式屈曲约束支撑分析与设计

基于芯材边缘屈服准则和弯曲屈曲理论,建立装配式屈曲约束支撑极限应力、支撑间隙及芯材截面的计算公式。以十字型芯材支撑为例,分析芯材屈曲半波数对支撑极限应力,支撑间隙和芯材截面的影响。研究结果表明,基于芯材边缘屈服准则和弯曲屈曲理论的分析理论可以合理解释试验和有限元分析结果 ,所建立的相关计算公式可用于装配式屈曲约束支撑的设计中。

屈曲约束支撑的缺陷影响分析

对屈曲约束支撑在施工过程中容易产生的套管与核心部分间空隙尺寸偏差和核心板厚偏差进行研究。借助ANSYS有限元软件,分析这两类施工缺陷对屈曲约束支撑临界荷载的影响,得出了缺陷影响的曲线和图表,结果表明空隙尺寸偏差和板厚偏差对支撑的弹性临界荷载影响明显,设计和施工过程应该严格控制。另外,文中提供的曲线图表可应用于设计中预估屈曲约束支撑临界荷载,应用有限元方法可拓展屈曲约束支撑的试验研究,减少试验成本。

装配式工字钢腹板开孔屈服耗能支撑滞回性能分析

中心支撑抗侧刚度大,但在设防地震作用下支撑杆容易失稳,为了避免支撑杆失稳,并解决耗能支撑震后不易修复的问题,提出了一种装配式工字钢腹板开孔屈服耗能支撑。采用ABAQUS有限元软件分析了设计参数对其滞回性能、刚度和承载力的影响,提出了刚度和屈服承力的计算公式,并给出了装配式工字钢腹板开孔耗能支撑的设计方法。分析结果表明:装配式工字钢腹板开孔屈服耗能支撑主要依靠开孔腹板屈服耗能,有效避免了支撑杆发生整体失稳,具有良好的滞回性能;有限元分析过程中,连接螺栓始终保持弹性,连接可靠;开孔腹板长度、厚度及开孔间距的增加将提高耗能支撑的承载能力和初始刚度;给出的装配式工字钢腹板开孔屈服耗能支撑设计方法可为工程应用提供参考。

Seismic performance evaluation of typical dampers designed by Chinese building code

Adding dampers is a commonly adopted seismic risk mitigation strategy for modern buildings, and the corresponding design procedure of dampers has been well established by the Chinese Building Code. Even though all types of dampers are designed by the same procedure, actual seismic performance of the building may differ from one to the others. In this study, a nine-story benchmark steel building is established, and three different and typical types of dampers are designed according to the Chinese Building Code to realize structural vibration control under strong earthquake excitation. The seismic response of the prototype building equipped with a viscoelastic damper, viscous damper and buckling-restrained brace(BRB) subjected to 10 earthquake records are calculated, and Incremental Dynamic Analysis(IDA) is performed to describe progressive damage of the structure under increasing earthquake intensity. In the perspective of fragility, it shows that the viscoelastic damper has the highest collapse margin ratio(CMR), and the viscous damper provides the best drift control. Both the BRB and viscoelastic dampers can effectively reduce the floor acceleration responses in the mid-rise building.

天津高银117大厦超大尺寸屈曲约束支撑施工技术

天津高银117大厦塔楼四面在标高-10～39m范围内设有8根超大尺寸屈曲约束支撑。屈曲约束支撑在每个立面呈人字形布置，单根支撑长度53m，质量223t，屈服承载力39000kN，是目前房建领域应用的尺寸、质量最大，承载力最高的屈曲约束支撑。由于支撑尺寸和质量因素，施工过程中必须分节分段制作和安装。主要研究了在天津高银117大厦项目中超大尺寸屈曲约束支撑的制作和安装工艺和方法，以及屈曲约束支撑分节分段焊接工艺。