Double-skin facades(DSF)are a technique developed for colder climates,so few people think about whether or not it can also be used for hot-summer and cold-winter zones in China.After analyzing the problems of using DS...Double-skin facades(DSF)are a technique developed for colder climates,so few people think about whether or not it can also be used for hot-summer and cold-winter zones in China.After analyzing the problems of using DSF for hot-summer zones,this paper explored on the possibility of applying DSF in hot-summer and cold-winter zones in China.The main existing research methods for DSF were also collected and commented.If properly managed,the ventilated DSF with controlled shading devices can be used even in hot summer in China.展开更多
Development of a city depends largely on its transportation, and road construction reveals development skeletons of the city. With the aggravation of city pollution, construction of ecological corridor has been put on...Development of a city depends largely on its transportation, and road construction reveals development skeletons of the city. With the aggravation of city pollution, construction of ecological corridor has been put on the agenda of urban ecological construction, against this background, "2 rings and 17 radial lines" of Zhengzhou City were planned. This paper analyzed the plan from the perspectives of role of urban green corridor, planning principle, characteristic building and greening of building facade, and exploration of green corridors integrating pathways, bikeways, bus harbors and green island gas station.展开更多
The production of efficient building models promotes the search for intelligent technologies,capable of making the car building sufficient,from an energy point of view,to improve the comfort and well-being of the occu...The production of efficient building models promotes the search for intelligent technologies,capable of making the car building sufficient,from an energy point of view,to improve the comfort and well-being of the occupants,while respecting the environment and the planet.So they need new building processes that increase market demand,enhancing the use of alternative sources in which construction becomes the focus of productivity.The objectives are those of energy self-sufficient buildings,with passive use of the roofs,in which the different materials and systems optimize the efficiency and effectiveness of the energy and technological systems,with an innovative constructive integrated design approach,for the new,for the redevelopment and recovery of the building,also according to European regulations including UNI EN 13830:2015 and other worldwide ones.The criteria are distinguished according to the needs of the occupants,for the use of energy self-sufficient environments,security,with air quality,living comfort,cost reduction and increased productivity of the real estate sector.The methodologies point to a new conscious and shared model for the use of innovative construction technologies,with BIM(Building Information Modeling)design and MEP(Mechanical,Electrical and Plumbing)systems,which aim at digitization with pre-planning and intelligent management in construction,and smart BMS(Building Management Systems)systems in the BA(Building Automation).So they use typologies of intelligent facades in efficient buildings,unitized curtain walling system,structural glass facades,suspended curtain-walls,etc.,with double and triple skin glazed systems,LED glass,with solar screens,etc.Therefore,high performance in passive systems,for natural lighting and ventilation,etc.is distinguished in envelopes in operation the solar incidence and solar carving techniques.The challenge is the well-being of the occupants in the use of innovative technologies for types of intelligent facades,in passive and efficient,low-carbon enclosures that interact with the user and the context,with a view to the durability of the systems,energy saving and some materials.展开更多
In this paper,we investigate the design of an adaptive biomimetic facade as a practical solution for enhancing energy efficiency of highly glazed buildings in the hot and humid regions.We present an adaptive facade th...In this paper,we investigate the design of an adaptive biomimetic facade as a practical solution for enhancing energy efficiency of highly glazed buildings in the hot and humid regions.We present an adaptive facade that reduces solar heat gain and hence the energy consumption of the building,with minimal reduction in visual comfort(i.e.,indoor lighting levels and visibility to the outer environment)of the users.The basic module of the facade consists of four shading devices that can be folded along both horizontal and vertical axes.The design enables shading under both high and low sun angles,without blocking visibility to the outdoor environment.To develop the facade,we explore and mimic the physical,physiological and adaptation properties of an Oxalis oregana-a leaf that has the natural ability to track sun path and change its angle/position accordingly.As a case study for the proposed facade,we take an existing 20-story office building in the hot and humid climate of Lahore,Pakistan.Our numerical results indicate that after retrofitting of the designed facade,the building’s existing energy load decreases by 32%.Moreover,50%of the interior space(as opposed to 55%before the retrofitting)still has lighting level within the recommended range of 500-750 lux.The investigation demonstrates that the proposed biomimetic facade can significantly reduce the energy consumption,with minimal reduction in visual comfort,of highly glazed buildings.展开更多
Window detection is a key component in many graphics and vision applications related to 3D city modeling and scene visualization.We present a novel approach for learning to recognize windows in a colored facade image....Window detection is a key component in many graphics and vision applications related to 3D city modeling and scene visualization.We present a novel approach for learning to recognize windows in a colored facade image.Rather than predicting bounding boxes or performing facade segmentation,our system locates keypoints of windows,and learns keypoint relationships to group them together into windows.A further module provides extra recognizable information at the window center.Locations and relationships of keypoints are encoded in different types of heatmaps,which are learned in an end-to-end network.We have also constructed a facade dataset with 3418 annotated images to facilitate research in this field.It has richly varying facade structures,occlusion,lighting conditions,and angle of view.On our dataset,our method achieves precision of 91.4%and recall of 91.0%under 50%IoU(intersection over union).We also make a quantitative comparison with state-of-the-art methods to verify the utility of our proposed method.Applications based on our window detector are also demonstrated,such as window blending.展开更多
Buildings could play a critical role in energy and food production while making highdensity cities more resilient.Productive facades(PFs),as flexible and multi-functional systems integrating photovoltaic(PV)and vertic...Buildings could play a critical role in energy and food production while making highdensity cities more resilient.Productive facades(PFs),as flexible and multi-functional systems integrating photovoltaic(PV)and vertical farming(VF)systems,could contribute to transforming buildings and communities from consumers to producers.This study analyses the architectural quality of the developed PF concept drawing on the findings of a web-survey conducted among experts e building professionals in Singapore.The developed design variants are compared with regards to key design aspects such as facade aesthetics,view from the inside,materialisation,ease of operation,functionality and overall architectural quality.The study also compares and discusses the results of the web-survey with the results of a previously conducted door-to-door survey among the potential users-residents of the Housing&Development Board(HDB)blocks.The findings confirm an overall acceptance of the PF concept and reveal a need for synergetic collaboration between architects/designers and other building professionals.Based on the defined PF design framework and the results of the two surveys,a series of recommendations and improved PF prototypes are proposed for further assessment and implementation in order to foster their scalability from buildings into communities and cities.展开更多
This work aimed to find the best possible solution for transparent facades. The evaluation was formulated to assure the highest user comfort criteria corresponding to energy efficiency--two criterion optimisation. The...This work aimed to find the best possible solution for transparent facades. The evaluation was formulated to assure the highest user comfort criteria corresponding to energy efficiency--two criterion optimisation. The analyses were based on BESTEST, south-oriented zone geometry. Computer model was designed using Finite Control Volume Techniques with assumptions for applied materials and specified boundary conditions, plus reference year for energy calculation （WYECZJ. The natural ventilation facade system was desfgned to determine airflow network inside the facade. The adjustable size of openings （inlets and outlets） was selected at the level of 80% for the cold season and totally dosed during the hot season. Environmental parameters for thermal comfort evaluation were： zone resultant temperature and solar radiation in zone space. Energy efficiency was assessed based on heat flux between the zone with controlled temperature and external environment. Results showed that well selected design of buffer zone section could improve energy efficiency of adjacent zones for both winter and summer periods. The most profitable Double Skin Facade solution is DGC （double glazing with low-e coating） combined with single glazing with internal blinds （SGB） or coloured glazing.展开更多
Mitigation of urban air pollution has been constrained by the availability of urban spaces for greening.Green walls offer the prospect of greening spaces and surfaces without requiring large areas.Green walls can larg...Mitigation of urban air pollution has been constrained by the availability of urban spaces for greening.Green walls offer the prospect of greening spaces and surfaces without requiring large areas.Green walls can largely be divided into green facades where the aboveground parts of plants rooted in soil and pots grow directly on,and living walls holding bags,planter tiles,trays and vessels containing substrates in which plants are grown.Green facades and living walls can be continuous or modular with repeating units that can be assembled for extension.This review aims to present the effectiveness of green walls in removing different types of air pollutants in indoor and outdoor environments.It examined more than 45 peer-reviewed recently published scholarly articles to achieve the aim.It highlights that most of the studies on green walls focus on particulate matter removal and green walls could effectively remove particulate matter though the effectiveness varies with plant types,air humidity,rainfall and its intensity,leaf area index and contact angle,green wall surface coverage ratio,as well as the height of green walls.Increasing the height of green walls and optimizing their distance from roadsides could promote the deposition of particulate matter.Washing off could regenerate plant surfaces for capturing pollutants.Green walls are also effective in removing NO2,O3,SO2 and CO.Indoor active living walls,when properly designed,could have air purifying performance comparable to a HVAC system.The performance of green walls could be optimized through polycultures,selection of plants,surface coverage and height,and air inflow.展开更多
传统的MVC模式在表示层和业务逻辑层存在大量的数据交换,降低了系统的效率,讨论了在软件开发过程中具体存在的问题,分析了Session Fa ade和Business Delegate两种设计模式的特点,提出将这2种模式和MVC模式结合,形成完善的J2EE开发模式....传统的MVC模式在表示层和业务逻辑层存在大量的数据交换,降低了系统的效率,讨论了在软件开发过程中具体存在的问题,分析了Session Fa ade和Business Delegate两种设计模式的特点,提出将这2种模式和MVC模式结合,形成完善的J2EE开发模式.同时,对J2EE架构中的数据持久层进行分析和改进,提出用DAO类和DAO-Factory类实现数据持久层的方法,形成更完善的J2EE体系结构.展开更多
文摘Double-skin facades(DSF)are a technique developed for colder climates,so few people think about whether or not it can also be used for hot-summer and cold-winter zones in China.After analyzing the problems of using DSF for hot-summer zones,this paper explored on the possibility of applying DSF in hot-summer and cold-winter zones in China.The main existing research methods for DSF were also collected and commented.If properly managed,the ventilated DSF with controlled shading devices can be used even in hot summer in China.
文摘Development of a city depends largely on its transportation, and road construction reveals development skeletons of the city. With the aggravation of city pollution, construction of ecological corridor has been put on the agenda of urban ecological construction, against this background, "2 rings and 17 radial lines" of Zhengzhou City were planned. This paper analyzed the plan from the perspectives of role of urban green corridor, planning principle, characteristic building and greening of building facade, and exploration of green corridors integrating pathways, bikeways, bus harbors and green island gas station.
文摘The production of efficient building models promotes the search for intelligent technologies,capable of making the car building sufficient,from an energy point of view,to improve the comfort and well-being of the occupants,while respecting the environment and the planet.So they need new building processes that increase market demand,enhancing the use of alternative sources in which construction becomes the focus of productivity.The objectives are those of energy self-sufficient buildings,with passive use of the roofs,in which the different materials and systems optimize the efficiency and effectiveness of the energy and technological systems,with an innovative constructive integrated design approach,for the new,for the redevelopment and recovery of the building,also according to European regulations including UNI EN 13830:2015 and other worldwide ones.The criteria are distinguished according to the needs of the occupants,for the use of energy self-sufficient environments,security,with air quality,living comfort,cost reduction and increased productivity of the real estate sector.The methodologies point to a new conscious and shared model for the use of innovative construction technologies,with BIM(Building Information Modeling)design and MEP(Mechanical,Electrical and Plumbing)systems,which aim at digitization with pre-planning and intelligent management in construction,and smart BMS(Building Management Systems)systems in the BA(Building Automation).So they use typologies of intelligent facades in efficient buildings,unitized curtain walling system,structural glass facades,suspended curtain-walls,etc.,with double and triple skin glazed systems,LED glass,with solar screens,etc.Therefore,high performance in passive systems,for natural lighting and ventilation,etc.is distinguished in envelopes in operation the solar incidence and solar carving techniques.The challenge is the well-being of the occupants in the use of innovative technologies for types of intelligent facades,in passive and efficient,low-carbon enclosures that interact with the user and the context,with a view to the durability of the systems,energy saving and some materials.
文摘In this paper,we investigate the design of an adaptive biomimetic facade as a practical solution for enhancing energy efficiency of highly glazed buildings in the hot and humid regions.We present an adaptive facade that reduces solar heat gain and hence the energy consumption of the building,with minimal reduction in visual comfort(i.e.,indoor lighting levels and visibility to the outer environment)of the users.The basic module of the facade consists of four shading devices that can be folded along both horizontal and vertical axes.The design enables shading under both high and low sun angles,without blocking visibility to the outdoor environment.To develop the facade,we explore and mimic the physical,physiological and adaptation properties of an Oxalis oregana-a leaf that has the natural ability to track sun path and change its angle/position accordingly.As a case study for the proposed facade,we take an existing 20-story office building in the hot and humid climate of Lahore,Pakistan.Our numerical results indicate that after retrofitting of the designed facade,the building’s existing energy load decreases by 32%.Moreover,50%of the interior space(as opposed to 55%before the retrofitting)still has lighting level within the recommended range of 500-750 lux.The investigation demonstrates that the proposed biomimetic facade can significantly reduce the energy consumption,with minimal reduction in visual comfort,of highly glazed buildings.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China under Grant No.2018YFB1004904.
文摘Window detection is a key component in many graphics and vision applications related to 3D city modeling and scene visualization.We present a novel approach for learning to recognize windows in a colored facade image.Rather than predicting bounding boxes or performing facade segmentation,our system locates keypoints of windows,and learns keypoint relationships to group them together into windows.A further module provides extra recognizable information at the window center.Locations and relationships of keypoints are encoded in different types of heatmaps,which are learned in an end-to-end network.We have also constructed a facade dataset with 3418 annotated images to facilitate research in this field.It has richly varying facade structures,occlusion,lighting conditions,and angle of view.On our dataset,our method achieves precision of 91.4%and recall of 91.0%under 50%IoU(intersection over union).We also make a quantitative comparison with state-of-the-art methods to verify the utility of our proposed method.Applications based on our window detector are also demonstrated,such as window blending.
基金This research was funded by the City Developments Limited(CDL)(R-295-000-134-720),SingaporeThe farming system and BIPV systems support were partially financed by the UNISEAL and Wiredbox(WBG(SG)Pte Ltd),respectively.
文摘Buildings could play a critical role in energy and food production while making highdensity cities more resilient.Productive facades(PFs),as flexible and multi-functional systems integrating photovoltaic(PV)and vertical farming(VF)systems,could contribute to transforming buildings and communities from consumers to producers.This study analyses the architectural quality of the developed PF concept drawing on the findings of a web-survey conducted among experts e building professionals in Singapore.The developed design variants are compared with regards to key design aspects such as facade aesthetics,view from the inside,materialisation,ease of operation,functionality and overall architectural quality.The study also compares and discusses the results of the web-survey with the results of a previously conducted door-to-door survey among the potential users-residents of the Housing&Development Board(HDB)blocks.The findings confirm an overall acceptance of the PF concept and reveal a need for synergetic collaboration between architects/designers and other building professionals.Based on the defined PF design framework and the results of the two surveys,a series of recommendations and improved PF prototypes are proposed for further assessment and implementation in order to foster their scalability from buildings into communities and cities.
文摘This work aimed to find the best possible solution for transparent facades. The evaluation was formulated to assure the highest user comfort criteria corresponding to energy efficiency--two criterion optimisation. The analyses were based on BESTEST, south-oriented zone geometry. Computer model was designed using Finite Control Volume Techniques with assumptions for applied materials and specified boundary conditions, plus reference year for energy calculation （WYECZJ. The natural ventilation facade system was desfgned to determine airflow network inside the facade. The adjustable size of openings （inlets and outlets） was selected at the level of 80% for the cold season and totally dosed during the hot season. Environmental parameters for thermal comfort evaluation were： zone resultant temperature and solar radiation in zone space. Energy efficiency was assessed based on heat flux between the zone with controlled temperature and external environment. Results showed that well selected design of buffer zone section could improve energy efficiency of adjacent zones for both winter and summer periods. The most profitable Double Skin Facade solution is DGC （double glazing with low-e coating） combined with single glazing with internal blinds （SGB） or coloured glazing.
文摘Mitigation of urban air pollution has been constrained by the availability of urban spaces for greening.Green walls offer the prospect of greening spaces and surfaces without requiring large areas.Green walls can largely be divided into green facades where the aboveground parts of plants rooted in soil and pots grow directly on,and living walls holding bags,planter tiles,trays and vessels containing substrates in which plants are grown.Green facades and living walls can be continuous or modular with repeating units that can be assembled for extension.This review aims to present the effectiveness of green walls in removing different types of air pollutants in indoor and outdoor environments.It examined more than 45 peer-reviewed recently published scholarly articles to achieve the aim.It highlights that most of the studies on green walls focus on particulate matter removal and green walls could effectively remove particulate matter though the effectiveness varies with plant types,air humidity,rainfall and its intensity,leaf area index and contact angle,green wall surface coverage ratio,as well as the height of green walls.Increasing the height of green walls and optimizing their distance from roadsides could promote the deposition of particulate matter.Washing off could regenerate plant surfaces for capturing pollutants.Green walls are also effective in removing NO2,O3,SO2 and CO.Indoor active living walls,when properly designed,could have air purifying performance comparable to a HVAC system.The performance of green walls could be optimized through polycultures,selection of plants,surface coverage and height,and air inflow.
文摘传统的MVC模式在表示层和业务逻辑层存在大量的数据交换,降低了系统的效率,讨论了在软件开发过程中具体存在的问题,分析了Session Fa ade和Business Delegate两种设计模式的特点,提出将这2种模式和MVC模式结合,形成完善的J2EE开发模式.同时,对J2EE架构中的数据持久层进行分析和改进,提出用DAO类和DAO-Factory类实现数据持久层的方法,形成更完善的J2EE体系结构.
