Improving Heat Transfer in Parabolic Trough Solar Collectors by Magnetic Nanofluids

A parabolic trough solar collector(PTSC)converts solar radiation into thermal energy.However,low thermal efficiency of PTSC poses a hindrance to the deployment of solar thermal power plants.Thermal performance of PTSC is enhanced in this study by incorporating magnetic nanoparticles into the working fluid.The circular receiver pipe,with dimensions of 66 mm diameter,2 mm thickness,and 24 m length,is exposed to uniform temperature and velocity conditions.The working fluid,Therminol-66,is supplemented with Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles at concentrations ranging from 1%to 4%.The findings demonstrate that the inclusion of nanoparticles increases the convective heat transfer coefficient(HTC)of the PTSC,with higher nanoparticle volume fractions leading to greater heat transfer but increased pressure drop.The thermal enhancement factor(TEF)of the PTSC is positively affected by the volume fraction of nanoparticles,both with and without a magnetic field.Notably,the scenario with a 4%nanoparticle volume fraction and a magnetic field strength of 250 G exhibits the highest TEF,indicating superior thermal performance.These findings offer potential avenues for improving the efficiency of PTSCs in solar thermal plants by introducing magnetic nanoparticles into the working fluid.

Heat Transfer and Friction Factor Studies in a Circular Tube Fitted with Twisted Tape Consisting of Wire-nails

This paper deals with the experimental investigation on Nusselt number,friction factor and thermal en-hancement factor of a double pipe heat exchanger equipped with twisted tape consisting wire nails(WN-TT) and plain twisted tapes(P-TT) with three different twist ratios of y 2.0,4.4 and 6.0. Test runs are conducted using the water as the working fluid with Reynolds number range between 2000 and 12000 for WN-TT and P-TT. It is found that Nusselt number,friction factor and thermal enhancement factor in the tube equipped with WN-TT appreciably higher than those in the tube fitted with P-TT and plain tube. Over the range considered Nusselt number,friction factor and thermal enhancement factor in a tube with WN-TT are respectively,1.08 to 1.31,1.1 to 1.75 and 1.05 to 1.13 times of those in tube with P-TT. The better performance of WN-TT is due to combined effects of the follow-ing factors:(1) common swirling flow generated by P-TT,(2) additional turbulence offered by the wire nails. Em-pirical correlations for Nusselt number,friction factor and thermal enhancement factor are also formulated from the experimental results of WN-TT and P-TT.

Numerical analysis of factors affecting the range of heat transfer in earth surrounding three subways

In order to examine the factors which affect the range of heat transfer in earth surrounding subways, FLAC3D was adopted in this study to analyze these factors, under different conditions, in a systematic manner. When we compare these numerical tests, the results show that the main factors, affecting the heat transfer range are the thermal properties of the surrounding earth, the initial ground temperature and the temperature in the tunnel. The heat transfer coefficient between air and linings has little effect on the temperature distribution around the tunnel. The current results can provide a reference for improving the thermal environment in subways and optimizing the design of subwav ventilation and air conditioning.

Heat transfer and friction factor of Therminol liquid phase heat transfer fluid in a ribbed tube

Experiments and simulations on flow and heat transfer behavior of Therminol-55 liquid phase heat transfer fluid have been conducted in a ribbed tube with the outer diameter and inner diameter 25.0 and 20.0 mm,pitch and rib height of 4.5 and 1.0 mm.respectively.Experimental results show that the heat transfer and thermal performance of Therminol-55 liquid phase heat transfer fluid in the ribbed tube are considerably improved compared to those of the smooth tube.The Nusselt number increase with the increase of Reynolds number.The increase in heat transfer rate of the ribbed tube has a mean value of 2.24 times.Also,the pressure drop results reveal that the average friction factor of the ribbed tube is in a range of 2.4 and 2.8 times over the smooth tube.Numerical simulations of three-dimensional flow behavior of Therminol-55 liquid phase heat transfer fluid are carried out using three different turbulence models in the ribbed tube.The numerical results show that the heat transfer of ribbed tube is improved because vortices are generated behind ribs,which produce some disruptions to fluid flow and enhance heat transfer compared with smooth tube.The numerical results prove that the ribbed tube can improve heat transfer and fluid flow performances of Therminol liquid phase heat transfer fluid.

Turbulent Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Tube Fitted with Square-cut Twisted Tape

Heat transfer,friction factor and thermal enhancement factor characteristics of a double pipe heat exchanger fitted with square-cut twisted tapes（STT） and plain twisted tapes（PTT） are investigated experimentally using the water as working fluid.The tapes（STT and PTT） have three twist ratios（y=2.0,4.4 and 6.0） and the Reynolds number ranges from 2000 to 12000.The experimental results reveal that heat transfer rate,friction factor and thermal enhancement factor in the tube equipped with STT are significantly higher than those fitted with PTT. The additional disturbance and secondary flow in the vicinity of the tube wall generated by STT are higher compared to that induced by the PTT is referred as the reason for better performance.Over the range considered,the Nusselt number,friction factor and thermal enhancement factor in a tube with STT are respectively,1.03 to 1.14,1.05 to 1.25 and 1.02 to 1.06 times of those in tube with PTT.An empirical correlation is also formulated to match with experimental data of Nusselt number and friction factor for STT and PTT.

xperimental Study of Heat Transfer Enhancement and Friction Loss Induced by Inserted Rotor-assembled Strand （I） Water

The single-phase pressure drop and heat transfer in a rotor-assembled strand inserted tube were measured using water as the working fluid.Experiment using a smooth tube was carried out to calibrate the experimental system and the data reduction method.In the experiment,fixed mounts were used to eliminate the entrance effect. The experimental results of smooth tube show that employment of fixed mounts leads to a visible bias of friction factor at relative low Reynolds numbers,although it does not significantly affect the Nusselt numbers.The measured data of inserted tube reveal that rotor-assembled strand can significantly improve heat transfer with the Nusselt number increased by 101.6%-106.6%and the overall heat transfer coefficient increased by 58.1%-67.4%within the Reynolds number range of 20000 to 36000.Meanwhile,friction factor increases by 52.2%-84.2%within the same Reynolds number range.The correlations of Nusselt number and friction factor as function of the Reynolds number and Prandtl number were determined through multivariant linear normal regression.

Numerical Investigation of Convective Heat Transfer and Friction in Solar Air Heater with Thin Ribs

The three-dimensional numerical investigation of an incompressible flow through rib roughened solar air heater is carried out.A combination of thin transverse and truncated ribs is attached on the absorber plate to study its effect on the heat transfer and friction factor.The parameters in the form of Reynolds number(Re)of 4000-16000,relative roughness pitch(P/e)of 8-18 and relative roughness height(e/Dh)of 0.0366-0.055 is considered for the analysis.The CFD code ANSYS FLUENT is used to solve the governing equations of turbulent flow.The RNG k-εturbulence model is used to solve the transport equations with enhanced wall treatment,keeping the Y+<1.The maximum enhancement ratio of the Nusselt number and friction factor obtained is 1.91 and 3.61 respectively.The detailed investigation on average heat transfer,friction factor and flow structures have been discussed.

Experimental Study of Heat Transfer Enhancement and Friction Loss Induced by Inserted Rotor-assembled Strand （II） Lubricant Oil 22

The paper described experimental investigation of heat transfer and single-phase pressure drop through tubes with different rotor-assembled strands inserted in the Reynolds number range of 800-9000 with lubricant as working fluid. In the experiment, fixed mounts were employed to eliminate the entrance effect. The experimental results showed that the employment of fixed mounts led to a visible bias of friction factor in the laminar regime while it could not affect the Nusselt numbers significantly. Experiment for the tube inserted with rotors-assembled strand showed remarkable improvement for heat transfer with the Nusselt number increased by 200%-225% in the laminar regime and 125%-160% in the transitional regime. Meanwhile, the friction factor increased inevitably by 200%-300% within the same range of Reynolds number. The comparison of different rotor-assembled strands in-serted tubes and plain tube showed that the heat transfer benefited from the increase of the diameter of rotor-assembled strand with the same lead and the decrease of the lead of rotor-assembled strand, so does the friction factor. Based on experimental data and thorough multivariant linear normal regression method, the correlations of average Nusselt number and friction factor are established.

Heat Transfer Enhancement Using R1234yf Refrigerants in Micro-Ribbed Tubes in a Two-Phase Flow Regime

Experiments about heat transfer in the presence of a two-phase flow due to the condensation of a R1234yf refrigerant have been performed considering a smooth tube and two micro-fin tubes.The following experimental conditions have been considered:Condensation temperatures of 40℃,43℃ and 45℃,mass fluxes of 500–900 kg/(m^(2)·s),vapor qualities at the inlet and outlet of the heat transfer tube in the ranges 0.8–0.9 and 0.2–0.3,respectively.These tests have shown that:(1)The heat transfer coefficient increases with decreasing the condensation temperature and on increasing the mass flux;(2)The heat transfer coefficient inside the micro-fin tube is larger than that for the smooth tube;(3)The heat transfer enhancement factors for the micro-fin tube with a fin helical angle of 8°and 15°are 2.51–2.89 and 3.11–3.57,respectively;both are higher than the area increase ratio.These experimental results have been compared with correlations available in the literature:the Cavallini et al.correlation has the highest accuracy in predicting the heat transfer coefficient inside the smooth tube,the related percentage error and the average prediction error are±8%and 0.56%,respectively;for the micro-fin tube these become±25%and 6%,respectively.

Experimental investigation of enhanced heat transfer for fined circular tube heat exchanger with rectangular fins

Presents a set of data for flow and heat transfer of finned-tube bundle under the condition of high air flow velocity. Air flow and heat transfer over a 4 × 4 （ columns × rows） finned-tube heat exchanger with rectangular fins was investigated experimentally in a wind tunnel with constant wall temperatures condition. The air flow velocity based on the minimum flow cross-section area over flow channel ranged from 13.8 to 50. 2 m/s, the heal transfer rate ranged from 21.8 to47. 1 kW, and the air temperatures increase ranged from 10. 9 to 19. 8 ℃. The present results were compared with results calculated from correlations proposed by CSPE. For air flow velocity less than 25 m/s, these two results of heat transfer agreed well with each other, whereas for larger velocity, our test data disagreed with the CSPE correlations. For the friction factor, present data are much higher than the predicted results in the whole range. Finally, correlations for friction factors and heat transfer coefficients are DrODosed based on the experimental results.

Development of Single Phase Heat Transfer Correlations for Water ＆ R134a in Rectangular Channel with Smooth Wavy Fin

Single phase heat transfer analysis of water and R134a refrigerant （liquid phase） has been carried out using CFD （Computational fluid dynamics） approach for rectangular channel with smooth wavy fin. Colburnj factor and Fanning friction factorf are predicted for wavy fin. The correlations are developed at Reynolds number range of 100-15,000. The effect of fin geometry （fin spacing, fin height, wave height and wave length） on the enhanced heat transfer and pressure drops are investigated. Results show that there is no significant variation off factor for water and liquid R134a at constant Reynolds number. However variations inj factor were observed at constant Reynolds number. Colburnj factor and Fanning friction factorfcorrelations are proposed in terms of Re and geometry parameters （h/s, a/s, L/a） for water and liquid refrigerant R134a in the present study. Two separate equations are proposed for the low and high Re regions i.e. between Re of 100-1,000 and Re of 1,000-15,000.

各向异性Kelvin泡沫胞元高径比对其流动传热特性的影响

飞行器热管理系统中所用的高孔隙率泡沫材料具有质量轻、比表面积大等优点,孔隙尺度几何参数的优化设计对有效提升综合传热性能、降低结构质量至关重要。以各向异性Kelvin泡沫胞元为研究对象,采用混合热格子Boltzmann方法以及多GPU加速技术,实现了同时考虑泡沫骨架导热和多胞元孔隙尺度强迫对流换热的共轭传热数值模拟。在上述基础上,分别选取了Re=10、100、1000计算条件,开展了不同胞元高径比(H/D=0.5、0.75、1.0、1.5、2.0)对其流动传热特性的影响规律研究。结果表明,在不同Re条件下,随着各向异性Kelvin泡沫H/D的减小,其泡沫内部的流动阻力及努塞尔数均增大,且随着Re的增大,对流换热的作用增强,H/D的影响也更为明显。此外,相比于流动阻力,结构传热性能受H/D的影响变化速率更大,由此造成综合传热因子(j/f^(1/3))与H/D成反比关系,即减小Kelvin胞元H/D可有效提高泡沫结构的综合传热性能。

动态热条件下原油罐储维温过程主要影响因素分析

掌握原油罐储维温过程主要影响因素,对原油库实现节能降耗目的起重要作用。在建立动态热条件下含蜡原油罐储维温过程三维理论模型的基础上,提出了加热盘管空间结构、周向效应对罐内对流传热的影响,划分了内、外因素影响区以及过渡区域;采用多元非线性回归的方法,建立不同季节边界位置主控影响因素模型,定量表征了罐边界油温与内、外因素之间的作用机制。结果表明:罐内大涡结构受无加热盘管区域局部湍涡影响,导致大涡结构向无盘管区域发生偏移。罐底低温区域受盘管周向效应影响较大,罐顶边界油品受内外因素影响大,形成最大厚度1.79 m的外界环境影响区;罐壁受保温层影响,只形成了内部维温热流影响区;冬季罐底形成了0.13 m的外界土壤影响区。

含端壁涡轮导叶红外测温的误差影响机理研究

由于涡轮叶片所处的工作环境复杂,受到壁面及燃气辐射干扰,导致测温十分困难。为进一步分析涡轮叶片表面在端壁影响下的温度分布情况,采用数值模拟结合自定义编程的方式进行了含端壁涡轮导叶的温度误差验证计算。利用自定义编程对经典同心球模型进行了角系数,有效辐射等可靠性验证计算,验证方法可靠。基于该方法进行了端壁与涡轮导叶各网格单元的角系数,叶片表面间的辐射换热计算,输出涡轮导叶的表面辐射特性分布,运用玻耳兹曼定律反推导出该工况涡轮导叶所受到的辐射能流分布情况;计算分析了不同误差影响机理下,含端壁的涡轮导叶温度误差分布情况,探明了热辐射环境下对叶片表面辐射特性的影响。结果表明:当进口黑体辐射温度在1 400~1 800 K之间,进口辐射强度是对叶片换热影响最大的因素;利用有效辐射和所计算的误差分布可知,进口辐射温度影响区域主要是叶片前缘区域,最大计算误差不超过2.82%;通过有效辐射及误差分布可见,出口黑体辐射温度的变化对于涡轮导叶的影响较小,受温度影响区域也主要为叶片前缘区域,最大计算误差不超过2.35%;叶片表面发射率与温度成正相关,当叶片表面发射率增大时,叶片表面温度随之均匀升高,在真实工况下,叶片材料物性的改变较小,在发动机设计中可以近似忽略由于叶片温度变化导致物性参数改变带来的影响。

寒区相变蓄热墙体多因素热特性研究

在墙体中应用相变材料可以显著改善墙体的保温蓄热能力,但相变材料厚度和墙体构造的选择尚需科学论证。基于寒区气象特点,选择适用于寒区建筑外墙的相变储能材料,从墙体的传热特性角度出发,通过建立不同相变材料层厚度和多种构造的相变墙体模型,研究多种情况相变墙体的热特性。结果表明,相变墙体在冬季的保温蓄热能力受相变材料层位置和厚度影响,夏季效果主要受相变材料厚度影响;相变材料厚度为40 mm的中间型相变墙体和相变材料厚度为60 mm的内侧型相变墙体比较适合寒区建筑应用。研究所得结论可为寒区相变墙体的结构设计优化提供参考。

采用集中发球的凝汽器清洗系统改造与评估

为解决凝汽器严重结垢的问题,采用集中发球技术对其清洗系统进行了改造。改造中,胶球发送采用间歇集中发球方式,由压缩空气驱动;胶球收集采用V型活动网板漏斗式收球网,由排污泵驱动。对改造后系统进行了性能测试。结果表明,改造后胶球清洗系统的收球数为8700~9000个,收球率由改造前的55%~70%增加到96%~99%;改造后凝汽器传热系数增加21%,清洁系数增加22%,传热端差降低1.05℃,冷却水出口温度降低0.5℃,凝汽器压力降低0.36 kPa,真空度降幅为7.9%,凝汽器温度降低1.6℃,机组煤耗降低1.2 g/(kW·h)。本集中发球式胶球清洗系统提高了凝汽器传热性能及机组发电效率。

水滴形热管阵列预冷器综合换热特性数值研究

提出了一种应用于高超声速飞行器进气预冷的水滴形热管阵列预冷器构想,以实现进气预冷的高效换热和低流动损失。基于将热管处理为恒定温度导热体的简化模型假设,采用数值模拟方法研究了水滴形热管预冷器的流动换热特性以及水滴热管形状、纵向间距和来流马赫数的影响,并与具有相同截面积的圆形热管预冷器进行了对比分析。结果表明,水滴外形减少了外掠高温来流在热管尾缘脱落涡的产生,流动变得平滑。与圆形热管预冷器相比,水滴形热管预冷器极大地减小了高温来流流动损失,仅为圆形热管阵列的30%。虽然温降有所降低,但综合性能因子大于圆形热管预冷器。在本文的研究参数范围内,存在相对较优的水滴形状和热管纵向间距,可以获得更高的综合换热特性;随着来流马赫数增大,预冷器的综合换热特性有所提升。

超临界CO_(2)板式扩散焊矩形微通道换热器扰流格栅结构优化研究

为提升超临界二氧化碳(supercritical carbon dioxide,S-CO_(2))布雷顿循环系统中印刷电路板式换热器(printed circuit heat exchanger,PCHE)的流动传热综合性能,该文通过数值模拟的方法,基于一种全蚀刻工艺的新型矩形截面PCHE,建立以冷热通道换热单元为研究对象的数学物理模型。研究不同运行工况下,通道内扰流格栅间距对S-CO_(2)流动传热特性的影响机理和影响规律。结果表明:不同格栅间距的热通道内S-CO_(2)的流速均沿程逐渐减小,而冷通道内S-CO_(2)的流速反而沿程逐渐增大。冷热通道内的流动摩擦阻力系数(f)和努塞尔数(Nu)均随着格栅间距的增大而逐渐增大,但不同格栅间距的冷通道内的f和Nu均大于其对应的热通道内的f和Nu。当格栅间距为5.97 mm时,矩形截面通道具有相对最优的综合性能,可以在阻力损失较小的情况下实现强化换热。研究结果可为全蚀刻工艺矩形截面PCHE的性能提升和结构优化提供理论依据和数据支撑。

地热井钻井过程中漏失对井筒温度分布的影响

针对地热井钻井过程中经常发生的井漏现象,建立了预测井筒和周围地层温度分布二维瞬态温度模型。采用有限体积法对模型进行离散,使用欠松弛迭代法进行求解;通过与之前建立的井筒温度模型进行对比,验证了本文建立的模型的有效性,得到了地热井裸眼段发生漏失时井筒温度分布规律,分析了影响井筒温度分布的敏感性因素。研究表明,在发生漏失的位置,环空钻井液温度分布曲线发生了明显的突变。井筒内持续性的漏失现象会降低环空与钻杆内的钻井液循环温度,体现了井漏对钻井液的冷却作用,尤其对井底靠近漏失层位的部分井段效果更明显。在钻井液循环相同的时间后,漏失情况下的井口温度和井底温度明显低于正常循环情况下的井口温度和井底温度。裸眼地层段漏失的发生不仅对漏失点以上的井筒温度分布产生了重要影响,也显著影响了漏失点以下的井筒温度分布。

降膜吸收器热质传递影响因素及强化方法研究进展

从降膜吸收器热质传递影响因素和强化方法两方面综述了近年来的研究进展。在影响因素方面,对管间距和管径、溶液入口流量、温度及浓度、换热表面覆盖率、冷却水温度及流量和水蒸气压力进行了阐述。在强化方法方面,总结了在吸收剂中使用添加剂及降膜吸收器换热表面优化的方法。通过分子动力学模拟来解释添加剂对热质传递的影响机理及综合多种方法强化热质传递成为下一阶段的研究方向。