Transcription factor-based gene therapy to treat glioblastoma through direct neuronal conversion

Objective:Glioblastoma(GBM)is the most prevalent and aggressive adult primary cancer in the central nervous system.Therapeutic approaches for GBM treatment are under intense investigation,including the use of emerging immunotherapies.Here,we propose an alternative approach to treat GBM through reprogramming proliferative GBM cells into non-proliferative neurons.Methods:Retroviruses were used to target highly proliferative human GBM cells through overexpression of neural transcription factors.Immunostaining,electrophysiological recording,and bulk RNA-seq were performed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the neuronal conversion of human GBM cells.An in vivo intracranial xenograft mouse model was used to examine the neuronal conversion of human GBM cells.Results:We report efficient neuronal conversion from human GBM cells by overexpressing single neural transcription factor Neurogenic differentiation 1(Neuro D1),Neurogenin-2(Neurog2),or Achaete-scute homolog 1(Ascl1).Subtype characterization showed that the majority of Neurog2-and Neuro D1-converted neurons were glutamatergic,while Ascl1 favored GABAergic neuron generation.The GBM cell-converted neurons not only showed pan-neuronal markers but also exhibited neuron-specific electrophysiological activities.Transcriptome analyses revealed that neuronal genes were activated in glioma cells after overexpression of neural transcription factors,and different signaling pathways were activated by different neural transcription factors.Importantly,the neuronal conversion of GBM cells was accompanied by significant inhibition of GBM cell proliferation in both in vitro and in vivo models.Conclusions:These results suggest that GBM cells can be reprogrammed into different subtypes of neurons,leading to a potential alternative approach to treat brain tumors using in vivo cell conversion technology.

Conversion factor analysis of self-balanced loading test of cast-in-situ piles based on analogue test method

Based on the characteristics of pile-soil interaction and the Mohr-Coulomb strength theory,a new method of determining the side friction at a pile-soil interaction is proposed.Combined with the actual engineering cases,the effectiveness of the analogue test method is verified by comparing it with the traditional anchor pile method and self-balanced method.Taking the self-balanced test of the bridge pile foundation in the Songhua River as an example,the conversion factor of sandy soil and weathered mudstone are confirmed by the analogue test method.The results show that the conversion factor of sandy soil and weathered mudstone in the Songhua River area should consider the geological conditions and the construction technology,etc.The standard values are relatively conservative.It is suggested that the engineering application should be properly revised.The recommended range of the conversion factor of sandy soil in this area is 0.65 to 0.85,and that of weathered mudstone is 1.0.

The conversion factor of K_(eff) to K_(3.7) in thermoluminescence dating

In the fine-grain TL dating the full o dose must be converted into the equivalent P dose. The conversion is finished by Keff-value, which is an effective or effectiveness. But the Keff can not be measured directly for each sample and only the external radiative efficiency K3.7 can be measured. In order to obtain the Keff a special study for the conversion factor of Keff to K3.t has been made using the ultrathin TLD. The results show that the conversion factor of tile TLD for archaeological samples is 0.847, which is in agreement with calculated value 0.85.

Variability in the empirical leucine-to-carbon conversion factors along an environmental gradient

Bacterial production is one of the key parameters to evaluate bacterial role in ocean carbon fluxes.Estimation of bacterial production requires the leucine-to-carbon conversion factors that change widely across environments.However,empirical leucine-to-carbon conversion factors（e CFs） are seldom determined in situ because of time consuming and little is known on regulating factors for the e CFs.During May 2015 to January 2016,fourteen dilution experiments were conducted,from the Zhujiang（Pearl River） Estuary to the coast of the northern South China Sea,to determine spatiotemporal variability in the e CFs and its potential controlling factors along an environmental gradient.The e CFs showed clear spatial variations with the highest（1.27–1.69（kg C）/（mol Leu）） in low salinity waters（salinity〈15）,intermediate（1.03–1.25（kg C）/（mol Leu）） in moderate salinity（salinity of 15–25）,and the lowest（0.48–0.85（kg C）/（mol Leu）） in high salinity waters（salinity〉25）.Substrate availability was responsible for spatial variability in the e CFs.In the pristine coastal waters,low e CFs was related to substrate limitation and leucine incorporated was respired to maximize the survival rather than bacterial production.Hence,the e CFs measurement was needed for estimating bacterial production accurately in various marine environments.

Form and Interconversion Factor of Selenium in Soil

In recent years,production and processing of natural selenium-rich agricultural products has become a research hotspot. The main factor affecting the selenium content in plant is the content of effective selenium in soil. So it is important to understand the form and conversion relationship of selenium in soil and find ways to improve selenium effectiveness. By summarizing the researches on selenium at home and abroad,we analyze the classification of soil selenium form,the transformation among different selenium forms and the improving factors of selenium effectiveness. We understand the relationship between chemical form and extraction form of selenium,analyze the driving factors of conversion among different forms,and discuss the ways to improve selenium effectiveness of soil in high selenium-rich area. By combining characteristics of soil and crop in different selenium-rich regions,different selenium activation methods are used,which could provide more scientific evidence for further selenium research.

Gross Chemical Profile and Calculation of Nitrogen-to-Protein Conversion Factors for Five Tropical Seaweeds

Despite decades of research on marine algae, there are still significant gaps in basic knowledge about chemical composition of these organisms, especially in tropical environments. In this study, the amino acid composition and contents of total nitrogen, phosphorus, lipid, carbohydrate and protein were determined in Asparagopsis taxiformis, Centroceras clavulatum, Chaetomorpha aerea, Sargassum filipendula and Spyridia hypnoides. The seaweeds showed low lipid contents (lower than 5.5% d.w. in all species) and were rich in carbohydrates (more than 16% d.w. in all seaweeds). The percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus and protein varied widely among species, which red algae showed the highest con-centrations. The amino acid composition was similar among the seaweeds, which glutamic acid, aspartic acid and leu-cine as the most abundant. All species are poor in histidine. An average of 24.2% of the total nitrogen is non-proteinaceous. From data of total amino acid and total nitrogen, specific nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors were calculated for each species. The nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors calculated ranged from 4.51 to 5.21, with an overall average of 4.86. These findings show that the traditional conversion factor of 6.25 should be avoided for seaweeds, since it overestimates the actual protein content.

Analysis on the Influencing Factors and Control Measures of "Non-Grain Conversion" of Cultivated Land in Agricultural Land Transfer

Through the method of literature analysis,this paper analyzes the present situation of the"non-grain conversion"of cultivated land in the transfer of agricultural land in China,summarizes the influencing factors and consequences of the phenomenon of"non-grain conversion"of cultivated land in the transfer of agricultural land,and finally puts forward some measures.The study found that costs and benefits are the fundamental factors affecting the"non-grain conversion"of cultivated land in agricultural land transfer,and other main factors include government and policy guidance,industrial and commercial capital to the countryside,labor transfer and so on.The"non-grain conversion"of cultivated land in the transfer of agricultural land is a serious threat to China s food security,leading to the decline of the quality of agricultural land and the destruction of the ecological environment,as well as the risk of breach of contract in"industrial and commercial capital to the countryside".Based on the understanding of the influencing factors of non-grain conversion,this paper puts forward the following measures:strengthening the control of the use of cultivated land in agricultural land transfer;implementing accurate subsidies for grain cultivation and ensuring the benefit of grain growers;adopting grain planting incentive mechanism to increase grain enthusiasm;strengthening media publicity and education to enhance food security awareness.The improvement of the current situation of the"non-grain conversion"of cultivated land in the transfer of agricultural land will be of great significance to the protection of agricultural land and food security in China.

Conversion Carbon Capture and Storage Factors in Temperate Human Controlled Wetland

This paper provides guidance for the quantification and reporting of blue carbon removals in the temperate coastal ecosystems,“Italian valli da pesca”or H.C.W.(Human Controlled Wetland,Lat.45°Lon.12°),where some pools as seagrasses,and salt marshes,are highly efficient at capturing and storing carbon dioxide(CO_(2))from the atmosphere.Halophyte salt marsh plants were found to have a%C on Dry Weight(D.W.)of 32.26±3.91(mean±standard deviation),macrophytes 33.65±7.99,seagrasses 29.23±2.23,tamarisk 48.42±2.80,while the first 5 centimetres of wetland mud,on average,had a%C of 8.56±0.94.Like the ISO(International Organization for Standardization)14064 guideline to quantify the GHG(Greenhouse Gas)emission,we have studied the different conversion factors to be used as a practical tool for measurement the CO_(2)sink activity.These factors are essential to calculate the overall carbon reduction in a project located in temperate wetland using a method as the ISO 14064.2,UNI-BNeutral,VCS VERRA or other that will come.

Application of Single-to-Single Phase Matrix Conversion in Conventional Rectifier-Inverter

The principle of single to single phase matrix electric power conversioin is further studied and the conversioin switch function is introduced into conventional rectifier inverter, thus a general character of the two conversion techniques is discovered. It is characteristic of the switch functiion to follow mains voltage distortion and mains frequency drift. By utilizing the merit, unidirectional switch duty rations of the inverter follow the variation of DC link voltage automatically, thus the size of DC link electrolytic capacitor can be reduced considerably, bringing about improved mains side power factor. Corresponding topologies and theoretical and theoretical derivations are given, and so are the simulation results, based on which it is confirmed that the single to single phase matrix conversion technique is potentially useful in large scale production, and the introduction of switch function can yield good economic returns.

Factor Analysis on Oral English Conversational Competence of College Students

Oral English is always a difficult part for Chinese students,some can speak several sentences while not clearly know others’saying;others can understand the speakers’words while not express their own meaning fluently.This paper will focus on what factors influences the college students’spoken English by the specific experiment and SPSS app,whose data shows four ones,namely Language Monitor,Meaning Negotiation,Turn Taking and Empathetic Exchange.Thus,the paper takes conclusions and poses some suggestions to oral English teaching according to the affecting causes.It is expecting to help improve the ability of the oral English Conversation for Chinese College students.

Optimum Efficiency of Photogalvanic Cell for Solar Energy Conversion: Lissamine Green B-Ascorbic Acid-NaLS System

Photogalvanic cells are photoelectrochemical cells chargeable in light for solar energy conversion and storage. They may be energy source for the future, if their electrical performance is increased. In this study, a photosensitizer Lissamine green B, a reductant Ascorbic acid and a surfactant NaLS have been used in the photogalvanic cell. The generated photopotential and photocurrent are 850.0 mV and 375.0 μA respectively. The conversion efficiency of the cell, fill factor and the cell performance were observed 1.0257%, 0.2598% and 170.0 minutes in dark respectively. The effects of different parameters on the electrical output of the photogalvanic cell were observed. A mechanism was proposed for the photogeneration of electrical energy.

Landscape Pattern Evolution Processes of Alpine Wetlands and Their Driving Factors in the Zoige Plateau of China

Zoige Plateau wetlands are located in the northeastern corner of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.The landscape pattern evolution processes in the Zoige Plateau and their driving factors were identified by analyzing the dynamic changes in landscape modification and conversion and their dynamic rates of alpine wetlands over the past four decades.The results showed that the landscape conversion between wetlands and non-wetlands mainly occurred during the period from 1966 to 1986.The marsh wetland area converted from lake and river wetlands was larger because of swamping compared to other wetland landscapes.Meanwhile,the larger area of marsh wetlands was also converted to lake wetlands more than other types of wetlands.The modification processes mainly occurred among natural wetland landscapes in the first three periods.Obvious conversions were observed between wetland and nonwetland landscapes(i.e.,forestland,grassland,and other landscapes) in the Zoige Plateau.These natural wetland landscapes such as river,lake and marsh wetlands showed a net loss over the past four decades,whereas artificial wetland landscapes(i.e.,paddy field and reservoir and pond wetlands) showed a net decrease.The annual dynamic rate of the whole wetland landscape was 0.72%,in which the annual dynamic rate of river wetlands was the highest,followed by lake wetlands,while marsh wetlands had the lowest dynamic rate.The integrated landscape dynamic rate showed a decreasing trend in the first three periods.The changes in wetland landscape patterns were comprehensively controlled by natural factors and human activities,especially human activities play an important role in changing wetland landscape patterns.

Analysis of Influencing Factors in Production of Selenium-enriched Eggs

Selenium is an essential trace element for human health.Eating selenium-enriched eggs is conducive to easily and effectively solving the problem of selenium deficiency.In the production process of selenium-enriched eggs,different selenium sources,additive doses,feeding time,and the addition of other vitamins,trace elements,and methionine in the diet will influence the deposition of selenium in eggs.Through this review,it is intended to provide a reference for the practical,safe and economical production of selenium-enriched eggs.

Chinese Conversation Structure

This paper aims to describe the features of Chinese conversation structure. Specifically speaking, the structure will be analyzed from the following four aspects: openings and pre-sequence, adjacency pairs, pre-closing and closing. Generally speaking, Chinese conversation structure is similar to English conversation structure. But still a lot of differences are found due to cultural factors.

Subsea Maintenance Service Delivery:Mapping Factors Influencing Scheduled Service Duration

The oil and gas （O＆G） industry on the Norwegian continental shelf （NCS） leads the world in terms of the number of subsea O＆G installations. Ensuring the dependability of these assets is critical. Non-intrusive inspection, maintenance and repair （IMR） services are therefore needed to reduce risks. These services are planned and executed using a mono-hull offshore vessel complete with remotely operated vehicles （ROVs）, a module handling system and an active heave compensated crane. Vessel time is shared between competing jobs, using a prioritized forward-looking schedule. Extension in planned job duration may have an impact on O＆G production, service costs and health, safety, and environmental （HSE） risks. This paper maps factors influencing the job schedule efficiency. The influence factors are identified through reviews of literature as well as interviews with experts in one of the large IMR subsea service providers active on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. The findings show that the most obvious factors are weather disruption and water depth. Other factors include job complexity, job uncertainty, IMR equipment availability, as well as the mix of job complexity.

Empirical Asset Pricing-- Saudi Stylized Facts and Evidence

This paper estimates proxy specifications of a five-factor asset pricing model to produce stylized facts of the Saudi capital market and test an arbitrage pricing theory （APT） model. The data set is the panel of 20 most actively traded firms, excluding firms with negative book value of equity. The contribution to the extant literature is three-fold： （l） organizing Saudi market data based on beta and firm-specific fundamentals, namely, growth, value, accounting earnings, and equity investments; （2） conducting a parsimony analysis within the theoretical framework of APT; and （3） quantifying the information risk facing the marginal investor by decomposing earnings into cash flows and accruals and investigating respective loadings in an unrestricted version of the parsimonious specification. Proxy asset pricing specifications, though intuitively appealing, are scant due to lack of theoretical frameworks and misguided significance tests of factor loadings. Throughout, this issue is addressed by keeping the empirical analysis under describing market facts and testing an APT model. The study concludes with a significant empirical explanation that specifies average returns in terms of the covariance risk and accounting accruals.

数据要素化背景下的档案数字转型行动空间展望

数据要素化已成为我国引领全球数字转型的关键路径。档案领域作为数据的关键参与者和贡献者,为了及时跟进档案数字转型进程,必须充分协调与数据要素化的衔接。文章从数据要素化背景出发,解析数据作为生产要素的基本认知、流通交易、安全治理以及试点先行的基本内容,进一步探讨档案数字转型同其关联要素,主要展现为档案作为数据要素的内涵扩充、多维参与数据流通交易、档案工作融入数据治理体系、实践推进导向下的试点示范场景构建,并基于此对档案数字转型可展开的行动空间提出展望。

青藏高原生态资产空间差异及其价值化潜力

科学合理地开发生态资产、促进其价值转化,是发展生态经济、推动生态文明建设的重要举措,对于促进生态敏感地区人与自然和谐共生、保障高质量可持续发展具有现实意义。以青藏高原为研究区,基于土地利用类型及其质量,从资源实物和生态服务两个类别开展生态资产评估和空间分布研究,融合生态产品供给-需求理论评价生态资产价值化潜力,进而解析生态资产及其价值化潜力的空间匹配关系,提出促进生态资产价值化的科学建议。结果表明:青藏高原生态资产类型多样,空间集聚特征明显,生态资产综合指数热点区主要分布在中部的羌塘、青南和川西藏东等地区,冷点区则分布在南部的山地灌丛及周边地区;生态服务类资产指数与生态资产综合指数呈现类似的空间分布格局,资源实物类资产指数的格局随地形地貌和气候气象的不同而有所差异;生态资产价值化潜力受到区位交通、资源禀赋、经济社会发展条件等多重因素影响,川西藏东、青东祁连的东部边缘地带价值化潜力更高、热点区更为集聚。基于生态资产禀赋及其价值化潜力划分为高资产-高潜力、高资产-低潜力、低资产-高潜力、低资产-低潜力四种分区类型,针对性提出了加大生态保护力度、合理开发生态资源、完善交通和服务设施、差异化开发生态产品等政策建议。

森林碳汇的碳资产价值评估方法

森林碳汇是实现碳中和的重要途径之一,如何评价其经济价值是重要的理论与现实问题。文章将碳资产价值理论引入森林碳汇领域,提出一种评估森林碳汇碳资产价值及分析其影响因素敏感性的方法,继而通过实例估计某森林碳汇项目碳资产价值的合理值,并对该项目碳资产价值的影响因素进行敏感性分析。研究表明:(1)森林碳汇具有较高的、可度量的碳资产价值;(2)碳资产理论能够为森林碳汇经济价值的评估和计量提供一种新的方法;(3)森林碳汇的经济价值主要取决于项目碳汇量和碳汇价格,与碳汇价格变动相比,项目碳汇量变动对森林碳汇碳资产价值具有更大的影响。

建筑空间最优节能设计模型仿真研究

由于建筑结构主体较多,空间能耗难以合并控制,导致目前建筑空间能源耗用量较大。为此,构建基于等效转换法的建筑空间最优节能模型,并对其仿真研究。提出建筑总体能耗作为初始优化的“尺度”概念,该尺度为建筑空间的外墙、内墙、屋顶、分户楼板以及门窗等参数,求解这些尺度的最佳标准值。采用等效转换法计算在节能条件下所能接受的最大能耗范围。在此基础上,以上述范围值为约束条件,建立控制函数。将上述提到标准尺度值和最大能耗范围设置为最优解,建立最优节能设计模型,设定温差调节因子,对每一次室内外温差实施有效调节控制,保证建筑体参数符合最佳能耗范围。仿真结果证明,所提方法对冬季采暖和夏季制冷的能耗控制效果均较佳,节能效果最优且算法收敛性高,鲁棒性较好。