The Impact of Corporate Governance and Fair Value Accounting on Debt Contracts

This paper investigates the theoretical relationship between corporate governance,fair value accounting,and debt contracts.It primarily examines the individual impacts of corporate governance and fair value accounting on debt contracts,while also exploring the influence of corporate governance on fair value accounting.The study emphasizes the importance of considering the interests and legal status of creditors in the context of debt contracts.The findings indicate that strong corporate governance can reduce the likelihood of debt default and that the company’s restructuring costs in the event of a default determine whether improved corporate governance will increase or decrease debt costs.Additionally,the study reveals that the strength of corporate governance affects the value relevance of fair value accounting.However,the impact of fair value accounting on debt contracts is not inherently positive or negative;for instance,companies may use fair value adjustments with manipulative intent to enhance performance.Ultimately,the research highlights that discussions about corporate governance should not prioritize shareholder interests exclusively but also consider the legitimate position of creditors.

Fair value accounting under financial crisis

The recent financial crisis has led to a vigorous debate about the pros and cons of fair-value accounting （FVA）. This debate presents a major challenge for FVA going forward and standard setters＇ push to extend FVA into other areas. In this article, we highlight three important issues as an attempt to make sense of the debate. First, much of the controversy results from confusion about what is new and different about FVA. Second, while there are legitimate concerns about marking to market （or pure FVA） in times of financial crisis, it is less clear that these problems apply to FVA as stipulated by the accounting standards, be it IFRS or U.S. GAAP. Third, historical cost accounting （HCA） is unlikely to be the remedy. There are a number of concerns about HCA as well and these problems could be larger than those with FVA.

Fair Value Disclosure, External Appraisers, and the Reliability of Fair Value Measurements

By developing an analytical model, this paper examines the role of the ＂external appraiser＂ as a tool to face the informational asymmetry issue related to fair value measurements. A comparison between such a signaling mechanism and a ＂full fair value disclosure＂ is firstly carried out, highlighting variables affecting the efficiency and the effectiveness of both information strategies. Then, recovering the traditional distinction between ＂protective disclosure＂ （hard information） and ＂informative disclosure＂ （soft information）, this paper demonstrates how the former could significantly increase the positive effects associated to an employment of an independent valuer, reaching some conclusions useful to the standard setting process.

The defects of fair value under global financial crisis

With the advent of the economic crisis, fair value once again becomes a hot topic. This paper discusses the issues of fair value from three aspects including the meaning of fair value, its serious impacts and its inapplicability in China. As for this point, this paper stress that the rub of the fair value is its inaccurate recognition elements which will inevitably lead to the inaccurate measurement. Finally, the paper puts forward the viewpoint that China should be careful enough to apply the fair value accounting.

Discussions on Fair Value

In the eighth edition of International Valuation Standards （IVS） published by International Valuation Standards Committee （IVSC）, ＂Fair value＂ is introduced into the asset valuation standards as one specific kind of valuation beside the market value. This definition is not only quite different from the one in the accounting standards, but also difficult to explain in the perspective of asset valuation. This paper focuses on the ＂Fair Value＂ in order to make its relevant meaning and application scope clear in accounting and asset valuation respectively. The discussion helps to avoid the abuse and the misunderstanding of ＂Fair Value＂ for the sake of vague definition.

Effect of Fair Value Measurement on Earnings Management of Chinese Real Estate Listed Companies

since the fair value has been used,it has always been paid more attention to,after the financial crisis,it has caused widespread denunciation of the academic session.In the new accounting standards issued in 2014,the attention of fair value has always been very high,which can reflect the influence of enterprises on earnings management through the measurement of fair value.By describing the application of fair value under the new criteria to pave the way for the following description.The back illustrates the impact of fair value on earnings management under the new guidelines.At the end of the paper,some policies and constructive suggestions are put forward to improve earnings management in Chinese enterprises.

Full-Goodwill Method of Accounting for Business Combinations and Quality of Financial Statements

Accounting goodwill arises as a result of business combinations and appears in a consolidated balance sheet of an acquirer. It is an intangible asset which reflects an excess of value of an acquired business as a whole over a summed value of its identifiable net assets. Since 2010, the International Financial Reporting Standards （IFRS） allow for two alternative methods of measuring goodwill in those business combinations, where an acquirer obtains a control over a target company without obtaining 100% share in its shareholder＇s equity. Under one of these methods, which is called a ＂full-goodwill method＂, the goodwill attributable to non-controlling interests in subsidiary is measured at fair value. Thus, the main accounting problem with this method lies in its requirement to estimate the fair value of non-controlling interests. This paper suggests that the ＂full-goodwill method＂ may sacrifice financial statement reliability for its alleged relevance, with significant potential for ＂creative accounting＂. The problems with reliability and transparency of financial statements, when ＂full-goodwill method＂ is applied, are illustrated by a real-life example of the takeover of Formula Systems Ltd. by Asseco Group （one of the biggest IT companies in Europe, listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange）.

直播账号的商业价值及权属问题研究

直播账号具备商业价值,因此账号的权属问题成为不同主体之间争夺的焦点。目前,直播账号所有权主要归属于主播、MCN机构或者平台。MCN机构与主播之间的合同约定、直播账号的关联程度和人身属性、商业价值以及兼顾公平成为权属确认的重要因素。基于此,本文认为强化直播账号的可控性,直播主播专属元素打造,以及平台自治监管等有利于企业或个人确定直播账号权属。

基于公允价值的会计计量问题研究

公允价值是金融工具最相关的属性,是衍生金融工具唯一相关的计量属性。公允价值会计必须确认公允价值的变动(未实现的利得和损失),导致主体的经营、投资和理财业绩都被歪曲。全球正面临一场严重的金融危机,大多数金融资产丧失活跃的市场,金融资产或负债的公允价值估计就失去了基础,一个主体就不能再用公允价值来计量其金融资产或金融负债。而财务会计与财务报表的本质特征总是如实反映一个主体的经济真实,会计决不能变成估计。因此,当前公允价值会计必须进行适当的改进,以适应新的经济形势的需要。

公允价值计量能提高公司会计盈余信息的价值相关性吗——来自金融保险、建筑及房地产上市公司的证据

与国际财务报告准则趋同的新企业会计准则自2007年1月1日起开始在上市公司中全面实施,新准则的主要亮点之一就是引入了公允价值计量属性,以提高会计信息的决策相关性。本文以金融保险业和建筑及房地产业上市公司为研究样本,就公允价值计量属性对公司会计盈余信息的价值相关性的影响进行了实证检验,结果表明公允价值计量提高了金融保险行业会计盈余的价值相关性,但对建筑房地产公司盈余的影响不显著。此外,公允价值调整额与股票价格的价值相关性在上述两行业内均不显著。

公允价值会计——理论基础与现实选择

会计计量是财务会计的核心问题。作为一种新的会计 ,公允价值会计为知识经济时代大量涌现的无形资产、衍生金融工具提供了更加合理、更加有用的会计计量模式。文章重点讨论的公允价值会计产生的背景和历程以及公允价值会计的实质。公允价值会计的核心是现值的运用。公允价值会计的发展和使用已是大势所趋 ,为我国未来会计准则的制定导向也必然会带来影响。

公允价值会计制度对金融稳定的影响——兼论美国金融危机的启示

文章从公允价值会计制度的两重功能——反映资产负债现有的公平交易价格和向投资者传递信号影响其行为出发,构建均衡模型,并利用美国市场的实证数据分析了公允价值会计制度的缺陷:内生的共振效应、加剧市场波动。在市场繁荣时,公允价值会计制度会促进资产价格的进一步上升,而在危机时期,公允价值会计制度与资本金监管要求共同作用所产生的共振效应会使危机进一步恶化。

森林生态资产的特征、会计确认与计量

现行的会计准则及制度从未涉及森林生态资产的核算规定。随着当今人们对森林生态问题前所未有的关注及其会计信息披露的需要,其核算问题也成为会计界研究的前沿与热点问题,有关它的特殊性及会计确认与计量等深层次问题都亟待解决。在阐述森林生态资产特殊性及其对会计确认与计量影响的基础上,分析认为森林生态资产的会计确认应该在评估的基础上进行,森林生态资产的初始及后续的会计计量均比较适合采用公允价值计量模式,其公允价值的获取途径应更多地考虑非市场价值的评估技术,而其估价技术方法应充分采纳现行成熟的生态经济学或环境经济学价值评价方法。

资产公允价值的信息含量及其计量——来自香港金融类上市公司的经验数据

2006年我国颁布的新会计准则广泛引入了公允价值的概念。本文以香港金融类上市公司为样本,主要研究香港公允价值的实施是否增强了会计数据的解释能力。实证结果表明,无论是按公允价值计量的金融资产期末价值还是公允价值变动产生的未实现收益,都对公司价格和市场收益率产生了显著的增量解释能力。实证结果同时显示,投资者对公允价值计量部分资产的关注程度也要普遍高于非公允价值计量的资产。研究结果能有效消除准则制定者的顾虑,推动公允价值更为广泛的运用。

现值和公允价值会计:21世纪财务变革的重要前提

脱离或忽略现值和公允价值会计这一当代国际会计发展大趋势和重要的会计学前提(视角)来研究财务问题是不够全面和深刻的。价值是财务与会计的核心概念、本原逻辑和联结纽带;21世纪的财务变革正呼唤着“价值型会计模式”(即基于价值计量的现值和公允价值会计模式),并且这一模式是完全有可能实现的。

新会计准则的实施对企业盈余管理行为的影响——来自中国上市公司的实证证据

本文通过对新会计准则实施前后非金融类上市公司的盈余管理行为进行研究后发现,在新会计准则实施后,企业的盈余平滑行为增加了,并且更多地表现出为负的较小盈余通过一些利润操纵手段变成正的较小盈余的倾向。在用应计项进行盈余管理方面,企业在新会计准则实施后的平均可操纵性应计利润的绝对值明显大于新会计准则实施前。上述指标表明,新会计准则实施后,上市公司的盈余管理行为并没有减少,反而有所增加。本文期望通过这一结论为后续的会计准则改革和上市公司监管政策的制定提供一些参考。

财务会计与税务会计公允价值的比较及其相互借鉴

公允价值的计量一直是困扰着财务会计与税务会计的一大难题。本文比较了财务会计与税务会计在公允价值计量上的差异,分析两者在公允价值计量上的缺陷,并就两者在使用范围、确定技术、操作指引、内部控制程序及信息披露上的相互借鉴作了一初步思考。

新会计准则下公允价值对会计稳健性的影响

稳健性是会计确认与计量的重要惯例,对会计理论和实务具有深远的影响。本文以2004-2009年A股上市公司为样本,从会计稳健性角度,检验了新会计准则的实施对会计盈余稳健性的影响。同时针对新会计准则的最大变化——公允价值计量模式的引入,研究其对稳健性的影响,发现:新会计准则实施后会计信息仍存在盈余稳健性特征,且不是盈余管理所致,公允价值计量会使稳健性降低。就现阶段而言,可供出售金融资产对于稳健性的影响更为显著。

会计信息质量特征与会计计量属性的选择

我国的会计基本准则、IASB Framework和FASB的会计概念公告对相关性和可靠性(如实反映)给出不同的定义,这对会计要素计量属性(历史成本和公允价值)的选择有一定的影响。在准则制定层次,我们首先要考虑相关性,其次考虑可靠性;而在报告编制层次,着重考虑可靠性(如实反映)。企业在具体选择计量属性时,则必须考虑计量对象的特点,以及两个主要信息质量特征的配合,而在我国运用公允价值计量有一定的特点。

金融资产类别选择的经济动因分析

本文以新会计准则下上市公司的金融资产为研究对象,以A股公司为研究样本,运用单变量检验、相关性检验和多变量Logistic回归方法,对企业金融资产分类选择的经济动因进行了实证研究。研究发现:企业规模越大、管理层持股、经营状况越好、金融资产重要程度越高,管理层越倾向于将金融资产分类为可供出售金融资产;在企业存在报酬契约时,管理层倾向于将金融资产分类为交易性金融资产;在控制了金融资产重要程度的影响之后,企业的资产负债率越高,管理层越倾向于将金融资产分类为可供出售金融资产。