Falling Tree or Fallen Tree?

《英语辅导报》2000-2001学年度第14期(高二版),7—9单元阶段验收题,笔试部分Ⅱ课本要点A)单项选择题,第9小题: The roof was badlydamaged by a——tree inthe great storm last night. A.fall B.fallen C.fallingD.failed 原参考答案为:B 到底是falling tree还是fallen tree?我们先来分析一下现在分词与过去分词作定语时之语意表达功能: 1.现在分词作定语现在分词作定语从其语意功能看:a)

Fallen wood decomposition of Pinus koraiensis and Tilia amurensis

Fallen wood decomposition rate ofPinus koraiensis andTilia amurensis in broadleaved Korean pine forest was studied in this paper. The result showed that decomposition rate of fallen wood was different from that of little diameter wood and coarse woody debris for the same tree species. Fallen wood decomposition was generally rotten from outside to inside. And decomposition speed of fallen woods was different according to tree species and site, and it was also related to diameter of fallen woods. Decomposition depth ofTilia amurensis fallen wood for 17 years was 14 cm, but that ofPinus koraiensis in the same condition was less than 7 cm.Tilia amurensis was decomposed faster thanPinus koraiensis. For same tree species, if the diameter was small, the decomposition speed was quick.

Effect of Fallen Wood of Abies fabri Forest on Seedling Recruitment in Tibet Sygera Mountain

The impact on seedling recruitment by fallen wood of A. fabri forest in Tibet Sygera Mountain was studied. The results showed that regenerated seedlings on fallen wood roughly showed normal distribution,and there were more regenerated seedlings in the middle of fallen wood,while regenerated seedlings were fewer at two ends. Fallen wood at level IV had the most regenerated seedlings,followed by level-III fallen wood,and regenerated seedlings were the fewest on fallen wood at level V. The number and species of regenerated seedling on and around fallen wood on the west slope were more than that on the east slope. With the improvement of decomposition level,regenerated seedling per unit area firstly increased and then decreased,but the number of regenerated seedling on and around fallen wood was far more than that in woodland.

The Effects of Multilocus Heterozygosity on the Longevity of Seedlings Established on Fallen Logs in <i>Picea jezoensis</i>and <i>Abies sachalinensis</i>

Seedling establishment on fallen logs is a major regeneration system for tree species in boreal forests. Seedling survival on fallen logs is affected not only by the microsite environment but also by the genetic factors of individuals. To quantify the genetic effects on seedling longevity, we identified seedlings using a number tag system and collected needles of Picea jezoensis and Abies sachalinensis established on fallen logs in spring 2006. Survival or death of each seedling was investigated during 2006-2012. We genotyped seedlings with microsatellite markers and calculated individual-based multilocus heterozygosity (MLH) for each seedling. A Cox proportional hazards model was applied to evaluate the effects of MLH on seedling longevity of the two species considering the fallen log conditions. The model indicated that MLH positively affected seedling longevity in P. jezoensis, whereas the effects of MLH were not significant in A. sachalinensis. Here, we discuss differences in the effects of MLH on seedling longevity between the two species, considering species characteristics and MLH frequency distribution.

A Study on the Translation of Love in a Fallen City from the Perspective of Three Dimensional Transformation of Eco-Translatology

Love in a Fallen City is one of Eileen Chang’s representative works and translated by Karen Kingsbury.The ecological environment of translation restricts and influences the translator’s choice of translation strategies,methods and techniques in the process of translation.According to the eco-translatology,translation is a transformation from language dimension,culture dimension and communication dimension.This article analyzes the three-dimensional transformation between the source language and the target language in the English version of Love in a Fallen City,and holds that a good translation must be the translator’s effective adaptation to the ecological environment including the source language,the source culture and the target culture.

Effect of Environmental Gradients on the Quantity and Quality of Fallen Logs in Tsuga longibracteata Forest in Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve, Fujian Province,China

We investigated the quantity and quality of fallen logs in different Tsuga longibracteata forest communities in the Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve. We used redundancy analysis to determine the spatial distribution of fallen logs in the different forest communities and to analyze the relationships among stand structure, topographic factors and human disturbance. The volume, covered area, mean log length and number of fallen logs differed significantly among forest types(P < 0.05), but mean diameter at breast height showed no significant difference(P > 0.05). The log volume and covered area in different forest types showed the following trend: T. longibracteata pure forest < T.longibracteata + Oligostachyum scabriflorur < T.longibracteata + hardwood < Rhododendron simiarum + T. longibracteata < T. longibracteata +Phyllostachys heterocycla pubescens. The spatial distribution patterns of logs quantity and quality indicated that log volume and covered area were strongly affected by environmental factors in the following order: human disturbance > elevation >slope position > bole height > tree height > slope aspect > density > basal area > slope gradient. The relative contribution of environmental variables on the total variance was topography(76%) >disturbance(42%) > stand structure(35%).Topography and disturbance combined explained83% of the variance. Fallen logs quantity and qualitywere negatively related to elevation and slope position,and positively associated to human disturbance. The log volume decreased from northern to southern slopes. Environmental factors had the highest impact on class I(slightly decayed), and lowest impact on class V(highly decayed).

Fungal diversity on fallen leaves of Ficus in northern Thailand

Fallen leaves of Ficus altissima, F. virens, F. benjamina, F. fistulosa and F. semicordata, were collected in Chiang Mai Province in northern Thailand and examined for fungi. Eighty taxa were identified, comprising 56 anamorphic taxa, 23 ascomycetes and 1 basidiomycete. Common fungal species occurring on five host species with high frequency of occurrence were Beltraniella nilgirica, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Ophioceras leptosporum, Periconia byssoides and Septonema harknessi. Col-letotrichum and Stachybotrys were also common genera. The leaves of different Ficus species supported diverse fungal taxa, and the fungal assemblages on the different hosts showed varying overlap. The fungal diversity of saprobes at the host species level is discussed.

Experimental approaches and analytical technique for determining heavy metals in fallen dust at ferrosilicon production factory in Edfu, Aswan,Egypt

In this study aimed to evaluate the pollution extent of metals and nonmetals inside and outside the ferrosilicon production factory in Edfu, Aswan, Egypt, raw materials (quartz, cokes, iron oxides), ferrosilicon alloy, silica fume, dust and suspended dust (at different sites) samples were collected from the factory, and fallen dust samples were collected from outside the factory, horizontally (at different sites and different distance and directions) and vertically (at different floors in the selected buildings). Gravimetric methods, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), flame photometer, wide range carbon determinator and atomic absorption spectroscopy tools were used for elements determination. The results indicating that the fallen dust and its element contents on southern factory walls being higher than those on eastern factory walls may be due to the nature of the dusts and effects of wind force and wind direction. Fallen dust levels in different regions outside the factory were found to be affected by the distance, direction and floors. The nature of dust samples was affected by gravity and the suspended dust in different factory units depended on the work capacity and method of handling materials by personnel in different production units. Silica fume was a complicated problem, had dangerous effect against the workers' health, and was characterized by high concentrations of SiO2(90.6%～93.6%) and heavy metals (Mn, 420.6×10-6～520.3×10-6; Fe, 2354×10-6～2685×10-6; Co, 80.7×10-6～101.6×10 6 and Ni,5.3× 10-6～6.05× 10-6). The TSP (Total Suspended Particulate) levels in all factory units were higher than the recommended air quality value (70 μg/m3) under Egyptian law. The effect of ferrosilicon factory fallen dust on the surrounding regions decreased with increasing distance between the factory and these regions. The suspended dust samples in the factory units and their components greatly exceeded national and international standards, so health and environmental criteria must be enforced on these units.

Sustainable management of campus fallen leaves through low-temperature pyrolysis and application in Pb immobilization

Realizing campus sustainability requires the environmental-friendly and economical treatment of tremendous fallen leaves.Producing fallen leaf biochar at a low temperature is a candidate approach.In this study,six common types of fallen leaves on the campus were pyrolyzed at 300℃.The obtained biochars were characterized and the adsorption mechanisms of lead(Pb)by the fallen leaf biochars were investigated.The adsorption capacity of leaf biochar for Pb was relatively high,up to 209 mg/g(Yulania denudata leaf biochar).Adsorption of Pb onto active sites was the rate-limiting step for most leaf biochars.But for Platanus leaf biochar,intraparticle diffusion of Pb^(2+)dominated owing to the lowest adsorption capacity.However,the highest exchangeable Pb fraction(27%)indicated its potential for removing aqueous Pb^(2+).Ginkgo and Prunus cerasifera leaf biochar immobilized Pb by surface complexation and precipitation as lead oxalate.Hence,they were suitable for soil heavy metal remediation.This study shed the light on the sustainable utilization of campus fallen leaves and the application of fallen leaf biochars in heavy metal remediation.

樟子松人工成熟林凋落叶“三大素”含量特征及其影响因子研究

揭示樟子松人工成熟林凋落叶“三大素”含量(木质素、纤维素、半纤维素)的变化机理及影响因子,为樟子松人工成熟林的经营提供科学依据。以辽宁省彰武县章古台镇成熟期樟子松人工林(林分生长阶段分别为43、49、65 a,林分密度分别为400、625、800株/hm 2,各3次重复)为研究对象,对凋落叶“三大素”含量的动态及影响因子进行分析。凋落叶木质素、纤维素和半纤维素均在3月出现峰值,2月出现相对较低值。3—6月这3种成分的含量表现为先降低再升高再降低的趋势。在7月3种成分的含量差值最大,分别为木质素(432.44 g/kg)、纤维素(222.34 g/kg)、半纤维素(343.08 g/kg)。10—12月这3种成分的含量整体呈下降趋势。林分生长、林分密度及它们之间的交互作用对凋落叶的木质素、纤维素、半纤维素含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。但从3种成分含量的均值来看,800株/hm 2林分密度下的木质素和半纤维素含量最高,400株/hm 2林分密度下的纤维素含量最高,且在不同林分密度和生长条件下3种成分含量变化趋势不同。月最大风速与樟子松凋落叶木质素含量之间呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。

侨易学视角下的《倾城之恋》——白流苏的五次侨移

侨易学不仅可以用于现实世界真实人物的分析,也可以发展为“文学侨易学”来探究文学虚构世界。采用侨易学的视角和方法对《倾城之恋》进行人物分析,白流苏的人生际遇被看作“侨易现象”,从中可以发现其从因侨致易引发的命运变迁。利用侨易学理论中具体的侨易条件和侨易量的概念,结合文本详细阅读,整理出一条清晰完整的精神质变逻辑线索,有助于更深入地理解主人公心态变化及其原因,丰富《倾城之恋》中白流苏这一人物形象的内涵。引入侨易学理论到文学领域不仅可以观察作者、作品和读者之间的联系,还能在时间和地理维度进行分析,展现时间、空间和思想这三种变量之间的逻辑关系,形成新的阐释方法。

杉木人工林杉木绿叶与凋落叶分解速率对比

以亚热带杉木人工林绿叶和杉木凋落叶为对象,研究其理化性质和分解速率的变化。结果表明,杉木绿叶和凋落物分解和养分释放动态特征相似,但杉木凋落叶的分解速率和养分释放均快于绿叶。2年分解期内,两种叶含水率显著降低,分解速率也都有降低,且杉木凋落叶处理间差异显著,2年分解期结束,两种叶的质量残留率在23%~38%之间。2年分解期内,两种叶分解速率呈现快-慢的变化。杉木凋落叶的分解速率快于绿叶。相关分析表明C∶N和木质素∶N与凋落叶分解速率的相关性较高,说明凋落叶分解速率主要受C∶N和木质素∶N的影响。

西天山雪岭云杉不同腐解等级倒木的更新幼苗数量特征及其影响因素

为探究雪岭云杉(Pinus schrenkiana)更新幼苗数量在不同腐解等级倒木上的差异性以及影响不同腐解等级的倒木上更新幼苗数量具体因素,研究了不同腐解等级倒木上雪岭云杉幼苗数量和高度级组成与倒木含水量、倒木表面积、坡向、坡度及海拔的关系。结果表明:不同腐朽等级倒木上幼苗的出现概率不同,但随着倒木腐解等级的增加,幼苗的存活率也越大。不同腐解等级倒木幼苗高度级结构均为明显的增长型特征,以高度(h)为0<h≤5 cm幼苗最多。倒木含水量对Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级腐解倒木上幼苗数量有显著影响(P<0.05),倒木表面积对Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级倒木上的幼苗数量有显著影响(P<0.01),坡度及海拔对各腐解等级倒木上更新幼苗的数量影响均不显著(P>0.05)。进一步对不同高度级幼苗数量的影响因素分析表明,含水量对Ⅱ级腐解的倒木上的A1(0<h≤5 cm)、A2(5 cm<h≤10 cm)高度级幼苗的数量有极显著影响(P<0.01),倒木表面积对Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级腐解的倒木上A1高度级幼苗的数量有显著影响(P<0.05);在Ⅳ级腐解的倒木上,这些因素对不同高度级幼苗数量的影响均不显著(P>0.05)。倒木表面积和倒木所处坡向对倒木上死亡幼苗的数量有显著影响。低等级腐解倒木上含水量是影响更新幼苗数量的主要因素,对高等级倒木而言则是表面积,相比之下,高度越低的幼苗,越容易受到影响。

“白流苏”的“高变”:香港地区的《倾城之恋》

以侨易学视野、侨易十六义方法论,细读张爱玲小说《倾城之恋》,认为《倾城之恋》是以“易”而“侨”的处境与行为、“仿变”的“谈恋爱”、“高变”的“平凡人妻”书写小说女主角白流苏的故事内容。使用侨易学视野与方法论分析《倾城之恋》,在“易”而“侨”的视野研究部分,可以拓深文本里主角的位置性、变异性研究,解决傅雷类型读者的抱怨与困扰;在“仿变”“高变”方法论研究部分,可以深入证明胡兰成类型读者欣赏这部自私的男人与女人苍凉爱情悲剧小说的原因。

基于文本细读下的《倾城之恋》文学审美艺术特性研究

张爱玲的《倾城之恋》发表后,深受大众喜爱,成为张爱玲最脍炙人口的作品之一,这部作品直接奠定了张爱玲在中国文学史上的地位。该文运用文本细读法来解读张爱玲《倾城之恋》独特的文学审美艺术特性。这部小说之所以深受读者喜爱,一是在于张爱玲是一个很擅长处理和运用语言文字的作家,其语言成就很高,自成一体,被称为“张体”;二是在于白流苏和范柳原的角色魅力,流苏身上有“新”与“旧”并存的人物特征,是中国现当代文学史上一个独特的艺术形象,范柳原虽表面上风流无限、浪荡不羁,但骨子里那种追求真爱的爱情观也给读者留下深刻印象;三是因作品充满传奇色彩又极具真实性的故事叙述使读者拥有非同寻常的阅读体验。

寒温带针叶林优势树种倒木分解真菌群落多样性及功能差异

为了揭示寒温带针叶林不同树种倒木分解中真菌群落的分布格局,探讨影响倒木真菌群落分布的养分驱动因子。采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术和R语言等分析方法对微生物多样性数据进行信息挖掘,解析白桦(Betula platyphylla Suk.)、兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii(Rupr.)Kuzen)、樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica Litv.)倒木分解初期真菌群落的多样性及功能差异。研究发现,寒温带针叶林中白桦、樟子松倒木优势菌群为Basidiomycota(担子菌门)、Trichaptum(附毛菌属),兴安落叶松倒木优势菌群为Ascomycota(子囊菌门)、Acidea菌属。多样性分析表明,不同树种倒木真菌群落的Alpha多样性由高到低依次为兴安落叶松、白桦、樟子松,树种的差异极显著的改变了操作分类单元(OTU)、属水平上倒木真菌群落的Beta多样性。菌群生态分析表明,腐生型是3种倒木上优势真菌的主要生态类型,木质腐生为白桦、樟子松倒木上真菌的主要生活方式,土壤腐生为兴安落叶松真菌类群的主要生活方式。养分关联分析表明,pH、全碳(TC)、全氮(TN)、碳氮比(C/N)、半纤维素、木质素等养分指标在3种倒木间存在显著性差异,其中含水率(MC)、TC、TN、纤维素、半纤维素是影响倒木优势真菌群落分布的主要养分因素。不同树种对倒木真菌群落的富集具有差异性,这种差异带来的微生物多样性及功能变化对寒温带森林生态系统的物质循环具有重要的科学意义。

大兴安岭优势树种倒木分解的细菌群落组成及多样性差异

【目的】探究大兴安岭林地不同优势树种倒木分解过程中细菌群落组成、多样性及功能变化,探讨养分驱动下主要细菌群落分布格局的差异化响应。【方法】以一年期的白桦、樟子松、落叶松倒木为研究对象,测定其含水率(MC)、p H值、全碳(TC)、全氮(TN)、纤维素、半纤维素及木质素含量;采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术分析细菌组成、相对丰度和生态功能群组;通过相关性分析探讨不同树种的细菌群落组成与倒木养分间的关联性。【结果】3种倒木分解过程中细菌种类由多到少依次为白桦、落叶松、樟子松,其中白桦独有细菌数量显著多于落叶松、樟子松。群落组成及分布研究表明,变形菌门Proteobacteria为3种倒木中细菌群落的绝对优势菌门,组内相对丰度在不同树种分解倒木中呈显著差异;Lysinimonas、Sphingomonas、Luteibacter为优势菌属,组内相对丰度在不同倒木中无显著差异。群落多样性差异分析表明,树种差异显著改变了樟子松与落叶松、樟子松与白桦细菌群落组内的Alpha多样性,在门、属水平上显著改变了组间的Beta多样性。倒木养分及与群落的相关性分析表明,TC、pH值、TN、C/N、半纤维素、木质素在3种倒木间均呈显著差异,其中TC、pH值、TN、C/N、纤维素、木质素为门水平上,pH值、TN、C/N、纤维素为属水平上影响倒木细菌组成及分布的关键因子。细菌功能预测结果表明,碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸代谢等方式是倒木细菌参与的主要功能通路,但均未表现出树种特异性。【结论】倒木分解过程中不同优势树种内细菌群落组成体现出明显的差异性,但菌群的主要功能通路未表现树种特异性。

浅埋厚松散层薄基岩综采工作面开采覆岩切落体结构分析及应用

浅埋厚松散层薄基岩综采工作面开采覆岩破断失稳诱发的强压显现问题日益凸显,已对矿井安全及高效生产带来严重威胁。为此,以神东矿区22614工作面为工程背景,采用现场监测、相似试验与力学建模相结合的研究方法,分析其强矿压显现特征,揭示采动覆岩破断失稳诱因,构建覆岩破断结构力学模型,核定工作面液压支架工作阻力,并开展现场实例应用。结果表明:现场监测的工作面开采顶板平均破断步距为11.2 m,液压支架平均工作阻力为8450.1 kN,最大工作阻力为11857 kN;相似试验中,工作面开采老顶呈短悬臂岩梁剪切破断,断裂面贯通地表,覆岩滞后煤壁整体切落,平均垮落步距为12.5 m;通过建立浅埋厚松散层薄基岩综采工作面覆岩切落体结构平面力学模型,提出了覆岩切落体结构失稳判据,指明不稳定系数与覆岩切落角和液压支架承载力间的正相关关系;并给定了工作面液压支架工作阻力计算公式,算出了液压支架平均承载力为8364.22kN,与现场监测结果具有较好的一致性。该结果可为我国浅埋厚松散层薄基岩综采工作面支架选型和顶板控制提供重要的理论依据。

落花与凋落叶混合比例对黄土丘陵区刺槐林地凋落物分解的影响

落花是森林凋落物的重要组成部分,明确其在林地凋落物混合分解中的作用有助于理解和预测林地养分的循环过程。本研究以林龄为33 a的刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)人工林产生的落花、凋落叶以及落花占比分别为30%、20%、10%和5%的花叶混合凋落物为对象,使用微生物接种法,在室内控制条件下(20℃~25℃、避光恒湿)进行为期62 d的早期分解实验,研究不同比例花叶混合凋落物的分解速率以及碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)释放速率的影响。结果显示:(1)落花比例达到10%时,花叶混合凋落物的分解速率显著高于纯叶凋落物,且当落花比例提高到20%~30%时,混合凋落物的分解速率再次显著提高,但花叶混合并未对凋落物的分解速率产生显著的非加和效应。(2)混合物中落花比例为10%~20%时,其C、N释放率显著高于纯凋落叶,且随落花所占比例增加,上述元素的释放呈加速趋势。实验前期高落花比例混合凋落物的P释放率普遍高于纯凋落叶或低落花比例混合凋落物,而在后期则呈相反的规律。花叶混合分解倾向于对凋落物的C和N释放产生协同促进,且该效应随落花比例的增加而增强,而对凋落物的P释放产生拮抗抑制作用,且该效应随落花比例的增加先减弱后增强。