The Impact of Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer-AJA-on Family Functioning.Study of Family Relationships in Terms of Adaptability and Cohesion

Objectives:The arrival of cancer in adolescents and young adults(aged 15 to 24 years)-Adolescents and young adults(AJA)-corresponds to a fragile period during which the adulthood of the young person and the evolution of family ties mobilize the family as a whole.Therefore,cancer,beyond its individual traumatic dimension,affects the whole family,which can modify family ties and family functioning.Our objective is to evaluate family functioning from the complex model evaluating cohesion and adaptability when an adolescent or young adult has cancer.Methods:Adolescents and young adults with cancer(n=41),mothers(n=41),and fathers(n=13)participated in this study.They completed the Family Adaptation and Cohesion Scales(FACES Ⅲ)questionnaire.Family functioning when an aya is ill has been compared to that of families without any disease.Results:a comparison of the mean scores of perceived cohesion and adaptability of face Ⅲ indicates no significant difference for cohesion.In contrast,the averages of the adaptability scores of our sample with those of the general population indicate that families with cancer hais generally feel more“adaptable”than the non-clinical population.These results are statistically significant for AJA,but also for mothers and fathers.Regarding the mean scores of ideal cohesion and ideal adaptability,there are no significant differences between fathers in our sample and fathers in the general population.In contrast,mothers in our sample had less ideal adaptability than those in the general population.In aya patients with cancer,the scores of both adaptability and cohesion were significantly different from those of non-diseased adolescents.Conclusion:Cancer leads to many changes in family relationships,making it difficult to empower the young patient and latent the evolution of the relationship.

Family functioning mediation in tic severity and quality of life for children with Tourette syndrome

BACKGROUND Tourette syndrome(TS)is recognized as a neurodevelopmental disorder profoundly influenced by familial factors,particularly family functioning.However,the relationship among family functioning,tic severity,and quality of life in individuals with TS during childhood and adolescence remains unclear.We hypothesized that family functioning plays a role in the association between the severity of TS and quality of life in children.AIM To determine the role of family functioning in the relationship between TS severity and quality of life.METHODS This study enrolled 139 children(male/female=113/26)with TS.We assessed tic severity using the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale,quality of life via the Tourette Syndrome Quality of Life Scale,and family functioning through the Family Assessment Device.Our analysis focused on correlating these measures and exploring the mediating role of family functioning in the relationship between tic severity and quality of life.Additionally,we examined if this mediating effect varied by gender or the presence of comorbidity.RESULTS We found that family communication dysfunction had a significant mediating effect between tic severity and both psychological symptoms(indirect effect:Β=0.0038,95%confidence interval:0.0006-0.0082)as well as physical and activities of daily living impairment(indirect effect:Β=0.0029,95%confidence interval:0.0004-0.0065).For vocal tic severity,this mediation was found to be even more pronounced.Additionally,in male participants and those without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,the mediating effect of family communication dysfunction was still evident.CONCLUSION Our study highlights the impact of family functioning on the tic severity and the quality of life in children.This relationship is influenced by gender and comorbid conditions like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Subjective Well-being and Family Functioning among Adolescents Left Behind by Migrating Parents in Jiangxi Province, China

We sought to identify the differences between adolescents left behind in their home villages/towns （LBA） and non-left behind adolescents （NLB） on subjective well-being and family functioning due to parental migration in south China. We used a stratified cluster sampling method to recruit middle school students in a city experiencing population-emigration in Jiangxi Province in 2010. Participants included adolescents from families with： （1） one migrant parent, （2） both parents who migrated, or （3） non-left behind adolescents （i.e., no migrant parent）. To determine predictors of subjective well-being, we used structural equation models. Adolescents left behind by both parents （LBB） were less likely to express life satisfaction （P = 0.038） in terms of their environments （P = 0.011） compared with NLB. A parent or parents who migrated predicts lower subjective well-being of adolescents （P = 0.051） and also lower academic performance. Being apart from their parents may affect family functioning negatively from an adolescent＇s viewpoint. Given the hundreds of millions of persons in China, many who are parents, migrating for work, there may be mental health challenges in some of the adolescents left behind.

Family functioning integrated with diabetes self-management： a concept analysis

Although the concept of family functioning has gained recent popularity, the terms ＂family functioning＂ and ＂family resilience＂ are sometimes confused and used interchangeably. The aim of this concept analysis was to clarify what is meant by family functioning in the context of diabetes self-management by assessing specific attributes, antecedents, and consequences. A concept analysis model by Walker and Avant was applied. The identified attributes of family functioning in a diabetes self-management context included problem-solving, communication, roles, affective responsiveness, affective involvement, and behavioral control. Antecedents included family structure, socioeconomic status, family functioning relationships, family stage, and life events. Consequences included family satisfaction, family cohesion, and family relationships. This analysis provided a deeper understanding of a family functioning concept within a diabetes self-management context. It is recommended that health care providers should be aware of antecedent factors that could inhibit outcome improvement. Further research is needed to explain family functioning attributes in relation to antecedents and potential consequences.

Relation between Family Functioning and Quality of Life among Family Caregivers of Patients with Terminal Cancer Hospitalized in General Wards

Caring for a patient with terminal cancer poses difficulties for family caregivers. Although families of patients with cancer have been classified by type, little is known about the relation between family functioning and quality of life (QOL) in family caregivers. This study aimed to develop a typology of family functioning in family caregivers of patients with terminal cancer and then examine the relation between the family functioning and QOL of family caregivers. From December 2013 to August 2014, fifty-one family caregivers of patients with terminal cancer were recruited at three hospitals in Tokyo, Japan. Perceptions of family functioning were assessed with the Family Relationship Index, and its three subscores were classified into three groups by cluster analysis. Caregivers’ QOL was measured with the Caregiver Quality of Life Index-Cancer. The average total FRI score among 51 caregivers was 8.5 (SD = 2.8). Family functioning was categorized into three clusters: supportive (n = 12), communicative (n = 30), or conflictive (n = 8). Their QOL was categorized into two groups: the communicative group, with relatively high confliction, showed high QOL comparable to the supportive group. Family functioning in the families of patients with terminal cancer hospitalized in general wards was not good. For improving the QOL of family caregivers, it may be important for the family members to express their feelings and distress if they have conflicts.

Effectiveness of family psychosocial intervention on mental health and family function of caregivers of children with cancer:a meta-analysis

Objective:To evaluate the effect of family psychosocial intervention on the mental health and family function of caregivers of children with cancer.Methods:A comprehensive literature search of CNKI,Wanfang,VIP,CMB,PubMed,Web of Science,MEDLINE,Embase,Cochrane Library,and PsycARTICLES was conducted to retrieve randomized controlled trials of family psychosocial intervention from database inception until 19 September 2021.RevMan(version 5.4.1)was used to analyze the data.Results:A total of 894 caregivers participated in 11 studies.The analysis showed that anxiety(standardized mean difference[SMD]=−0.22,95%confidence interval[CI]=−0.37 to−0.07,P=0.004)and depression(SMD=−0.33,95%CI=−0.57 to−0.08,P=0.01)were significantly reduced,while family function(SMD=−0.86,95%CI=−1.28 to−0.45,P<0.001)was significantly improved by the family psychosocial intervention compared with the controls.According to subgroup analysis,family psychosocial interventions were found to reduce posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD)symptoms when the follow-up time was>1 month(SMD=−0.48,95%CI=0.68 to−0.27,P<0.00001).Conclusions:Current evidence supports the use of family psychological intervention to reduce depression and anxiety and improve family function.However,its effect on PTSD symptoms requires further study.Future studies should further identify the role of specific family psychosocial interventions on families and caregivers of children with cancer.

Evaluation of Family Dysfunction in Patients with Schizophrenia and Bipolar I Disorder

Introduction: Schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder are very common disorders in hospitalized patients. Considering that family problems are one of the factors in the appearance and persistence of schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder, in this study, we decided to investigate and compare the family functioning between these two groups of patients. Methods: The sample consisted of 50 patients with schizophrenia and 50 patients with bipolar I disorder. The third group was the control group which consisted of 50 normal different professions such as teachers, workers, housekeepers and others. Then the Family Functioning Scale (FAD-I) was used and the final results of the three groups were compared by SPSS V21 software. Results: In the schizophrenia group, 88.9% percent of patients had family functioning scores less than 109.81 which showed that they had severe family dysfunction but in the bipolar I disorder group, 11.1% and all participants in the control group, had scores higher than 109.81.Conclusion: Family dysfunction was seen in schizophrenic patients rather than in the other two groups.

Reliability and Validity of the Chinese Version of the Survey of Family Environment (SFE)

This study, in which 519 child-rearing families in Hong Kong participated, examined the reliability and validity of Chinese-language version of the Survey of Family Environment (SFE-C). The SFE-C is a self-administered questionnaire containing 30 items that examines family functioning and family support needs. It is designed to yield an instrument satisfaction score (SS score: family functioning score). Internal consistency was estimated at 0.92 (Cronbach’s alpha for SS scores). In a test-retest study of 33 families, the correlation coefficient for families’ mean SS score over a two-week period was 0.93, indicating high test-retest reliability. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis using the Concentric Sphere Family Environment Theory indicated that the SFE-C’s structure included seven factors, thereby supporting the SFE-C’s construct validity. The SFE-C demonstrates good reliability and validity and may be used to evaluate Chinese families’ functioning.

The Relationship between College Students’ Online Game Addiction, Family Function and Self-Control

Objective: To study the status of online game addiction, self-control ability and family function, analyze the influence factors and the relationship between them. Methods: The questionnaire of online game addiction, family function and self-control ability was used to investigate some college students. Results: 1) The detection rate of college students’ online game addiction is 40%. There are significant differences in sex, grade and only child in online game addiction. 2) There are significant differences in self-control ability and family function between online game addicts and non-addicts. 3) Self-control ability and family function have a significant predictive effect on online game addiction. Conclusion: College students’ online game addiction is affected by their self-control ability and family function, and it can be alleviated by improving their self-control ability and family function.

Family function and health behaviours of stroke survivors

Purpose:To investigate health behaviours and family function in stroke survivors,and evaluate the relationships among them.Methods:Patients who were diagnosed with stroke before and went back to neurology clinic between August 2011 and February 2012 in a tertiary hospital in Guangzhou,China were recruited for this study.Patients that were discharged and living at home for at least two months were asked to complete Family Assessment Device(FAD)and Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile,version II(HPLP-II)questionnaires.Individual items were scored between 1 and 4 points,and survey scores were compared and analysed using Pearson's correlations.Results:The mean overall FAD family function score was 2.18±0.25 points,with lower scores observed for problem solving and role function factors,and higher scores for communication,affection involvement,and behaviour control.The mean overall HPLP-II health behaviour score was 2.27±0.36 points,with the highest score for the nutrition factor,and the lowest score for the exercise factor.The total score of family function negatively correlated with health behaviours(r?0.535,p<0.01).Conclusions:Family function and health behaviours in stroke survivors are related,and need further improvement.Healthcare workers should pay close attention to patients'family function and health behaviours and find the reasons which may be influence their level.

A Study on the Problem of Providing for the Aged in Rural Areas under the Background of Weakening the Family Support Function

However, with the development of economy and the aging of the population, this kind of old-age model is facing many problems, and the family pension function is weakened gradually. Therefore, based on this, the old-age pension system is still in the family. The situation of China＇s rural old-age security research has important practical significance.

Marital and Co-parenting Relationships After Divorce： Continuity and Discontinuity

Divorced parents are challenged by the task of creating new role identities as co-parents while no longer living together and being married. The process of families＇ reorganization, following divorce, can be studied in terms of emotional adjustment, co-parenting and family alliance. The aims of this work are to analyze the process（es） of reorganization, in a sample of Italian divorced families （n =104）, with regards to the constructs of adjustment to divorce, co-parenting and family alliance and to explore their relationships. Multi-method procedure involves both self-report measure for the evaluation of representations＇ level and observational measure for the evaluation of interactive models. Preliminary results indicate functional and dysfunctional pathways between the families and show the association between representation level and interactive practices. Results are discussed.

GENERALIZED I-NONEXPANSIVE MAPS AND INVARIANT APPROXIMATION RESULTS IN p-NORMED SPACES

Abstract We extend the concept of R-subeommuting maps due to Shahzad to the case of non-starshaped domain and obtain a common fixed point result for this class of maps on non-starshaped domain in the setup of p-norraed spaces. As applications, we establish noncommutative versions of various best approximation results for generalized I-nonexpansive maps on non-starshaped domain. Our results unify and extend that of Al- Thagafi, Dotson, IIabiniak, Jungck and Senna, Latif, Sahab, Khan and Sessa and Shahzad.

ON POINTWISE R-SUBWEAKLY COMMUTING MAPS AND BEST APPROXIMATIONS

The main purpose of this paper is to prove some common fixed point theorems for pointwise R-subweakly commuting maps on non-starshaped domains in p-normed spaces and locally convex topological vector spaces. As applications, invariant approximation results are established. This work provides extension as well as substantial improvement of several results in the existing literature.

MAXIMAL SUBSPACES FOR SOLUTIONS OF THE SECOND ORDER ABSTRACT CAUCHY PROBLEM

For a continuous, increasing function ω ： R^＋ →R^＋／{0} of finite exponential type, this paper introduces the set Z（A, ω） of all x in a Banach space X for which the second order abstract differential equation （2） has a mild solution such that [ω（t）]^-1u（t,x） is uniformly continues on R^＋, and show that Z（A, ω） is a maximal Banach subspace continuously embedded in X, where A ∈ B（X） is closed. Moreover, A[z（A,ω） generates an O（ω（t）） strongly continuous cosine operator function family.

How well are families doing?A description of family well-being in South Africa

Objective:The purpose of this study was to describe the well-being of a sample of families from low socioeconomic communities in the Western Cape South Africa in terms of family resil-ience,family satisfaction,parenting styles,family structure and family functioning.Methods:The study used a descriptive survey design and sampled 358 adult family members.Results:The results indicate that although family functioning is challenged,parents are per-ceived to be using an authoritative parenting style and having a father present enhances family sat-isfaction.The results also describe families as displaying low-to-average levels of family resilience.Conclusion:This study provides a descriptive study of a sample of families in the Western Cape,South Africa.Overall the families in this study are not doing very well.The implications and significance of these findings are further explained.

Molecular Functions of Oxygen-Evolving Complex Family Proteins in Photosynthetic Electron Flow

Oxygen-evolving complex （OEC） protein is the original name for membrane-peripheral subunits of photosystem （PS） II. Recently, multiple isoforms and homologs for OEC proteins have been iden- tified in the chloroplast thylakoid lumen, indicating that functional diversification has occurred in the OEC family. Gene expression profiles suggest that the Arabidopsis OEC proteins are roughly categorized into three groups： the authentic OEC group, the stressresponsive group, and the group including proteins related to the chloroplast NAD（P）H dehydrogenase （NDH） complex involved in cyclic electron transport around PSI. Based on the above gene expression profiles, molecular functions of the OEC family proteins are discussed together with our current knowledge about their functions.

Family change in China:a-70 year perspective

From the perspective of family life cycle,and drawing on data from national population censuses,and one percent population surveys,as well as other relevant resources,this paper examines the changing trajectory of the Chinese family over the past 70 years,particularly since the reform and opening-up in 1978.It has been found that the changes of family life cycle are embedded in the broad context of socioeconomic transformation and demographic transition.The delayed age at first marriage has postponed the onset of family formation;the substantially reduced number of children has shortened the length of family expansion,but increased the time span of family stability and empty-nest,and the family is becoming old due to low birthrate and longer life expectancy.In other words,the six-stages associated with the traditional family life cycle has been largely reshaped in the past 70 years,which in turn substantially compromised traditional family functions.In the new era,therefore,it is necessary for the government to provide family-friendly policies in childcare and elderly support in order to fill in the gap in family-oriented public services,and to improve the potentials of long-term development of Chinese families.

PERTURBING FAMILIES OF GENERALIZED LYAPUNOV FUNCTIONS AND RELATIVE STABILITY IN TERMS OF TWO MEASURES

In this paper, we use perturbing families of gernerlized Lyapunov functions to discuss ' the relative stability of ordinary differential systems in terms of two measures and gain some criteria for this stability of asymptotic.'