Correlates of Mistimed Pregnancy and Unmet Need for Family Planning among Women of Reproductive Age in Sandema, Ghana

Background: Globally, an estimated 80 million unintended pregnancies comprising both mistimed and unwanted pregnancies are recorded yearly. Yet only half of the women at risk of mistimed pregnancy use contraceptives. In developing countries, over 100 million females have unmet need, and national surveys in Ghana indicate 23% unmet need rate. Methods: Using a cross-sectional community-based approach, a sample size of 300 women of reproductive age were selected using multi-step cluster sampling techniques. The study was quantitative, using structured interviewer-administered questionnaires. Results: Two-third (66%) of the women in reproductive age still had unmet need, 71% were currently pregnant, and more than a third (36%) confirmed ever having a mistimed pregnancy. Fifty-three percent (53%) of the women confirmed never communicating with their partners on family planning issues, a little below half (45%) took their own health care decisions. Seventy nine percent (79%) ever received family planning services from a health professional. Factors related to unmet needs included mistimed pregnancy, level of education, preferred birth/pregnancy interval, communication between partners and the autonomy to spend self-earnings. Conclusion: Considering that high rates of unmet need results in mistimed pregnancy, improved policies around the influence of unmet need on mistimed pregnancies are needed.

Family Planning: The Right Way to Avoid Perpetuating Poverty

Introduction: Family planning is a practice that serves in what way to avoid poverty and improve social indicators. Objective: To present scientific evidence on Family Planning in the most complete dimension possible. Methodology: The research was carried out in electronic databases MEDLINE, LILACS, INDEX PSICOLOGY, GOOGLE ACADEMIC, CVSP, LIS, limited to the last 23 years. Those addressed pre-defined aspects of interest to the study proposal were selected planning, family, social aspect, conception, contraception, disease, health and the new approaches to the problem. For the present study in the end 38 articles were selected and 13 more used for discussion. Results: Family planning is one of the best ways to grow a nation and avoid perpetuating poverty in the population, thus improving social indicators.

Men’s Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions on Family Planning in Tourourou Village, Gogui Rural Commune, Nioro Circle, Kayes Region of Mali

Introduction: The involvement of men in reproductive health programmes and more specifically in family planning has always been of concern to the various development actors at both national and international levels. Objective: To study the births, ideas and opinions of men on Family Planning in the village of Tourourou. Material and Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional, descriptive and analytic study from February 1 to July 31, 2020 in the village of TOUROUROU on the Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions of Men on Family Planning. We included in our study, all men residing in TOUROUROU whose age is between 14 and 99 years, who agreed to participate in the study. Results: Our study involved 200 men. The 25 - 29 age group was the most represented with 25.5%. The Soninke had represented 41%. In our study, 97.5% of men had heard of family planning, 62% had spontaneously cited at least one modern contraceptive method, and the pill ranked first with 64.5%. Radio and friends were the most frequent sources of information with 57.5% and 54.5% respectively. Birth spacing was the most cited family planning goal by men in 43.5% of cases. Men supported the practice of family planning in 50.5% of cases. Conclusion: In the village of Tourourou men play a crucial role in decision-making concerning the health of the couple and the family, their effective involvement in Reproductive Health especially in Family Planning will contribute enormously to the improvement of the health of the family.

Factors Associated with Unmet Need for Family Planning among Couples Living in Urban and Rural Areas of Guinea in 2019

Introduction: Unmet need for family planning (UNFP) is defined as women with unmet needs who want to stop or delay childbearing but are not using any method of contraception. The objective of this study was to analyze the factors associated with unmet needs for family planning among couples living in rural and urban areas of Guinea in 2019. Methodology: This was a prospective, analytical cross-sectional, multicenter study of a six-month period from August 1, 2018 to January 31, 2019, focusing on couples with unmet needs for family planning. Result: Among 189 couples interviewed, 567 had UNFP (33.3%), the reasons for not using modern contraceptive methods were desire for pregnancy (AOR = 2.74, 95% CI: 1.74, 4.31), husband’s refusal (AOR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.81), spousal attitude (AOR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.130, 30), birth spacing (AOR = 2.10% to 95%: 1.16, 3.82), difficulty with a new pregnancy (AOR = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.74), and spousal attitude (AOR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.30). Conclusion: The involvement of spouses, especially in rural communities, would help achieve family planning objectives and reduce unmet needs for family planning.

Induced abortion in China and the advances of post abortion family planning service

This is a review of current situation of induced abortion and post abortion family planning service in China. Induced abortion is an important issue in reproductive health. This article reviewed the distribution of induced abortion in various time, areas, and population in China, and explored the character, reason, and harm to reproductive health of induced abortion.Furthermore, this article introduces the concept of Quality of Care Program in Family Planning,and discusses how important and necessary it is to introduce Quality of Care Program in Family Planning to China.

Improving Access to Quality Care in Family Planning:WHO’s Four Cornerstones of Evidence-based Guidance

The four cornerstones of guidance in technique service of family planning are established by WHO based on high quality evidences. They have been updated according to the appearing new evidences, and the consensuses were reached by the international experts in this field. The four documents include Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use, Decision-making Tool for Family Planning Clients and Providers and The Global Handbook for Family Planning Providers. The first two documents mainly face to the policymakers and programme managers and were treated as the important references for creating the local guideline. The other two documents were developed for the front-line health-care and family planning providers at different levels, which include plenty of essential technical information to help providers improve their ability in service delivery and counselling. China paid great attention to the introduction and application of WHO guidelines. As soon as the newer editions of these documents were available, the Chinese version would be followed. WHO guidelines have been primarily adapted with the newly issued national guideline, The Clinical Practical Skill Guidelines-Family Planning Part, which was established by China Medical Association. At the same time, the WHO guidelines have been introduced to some of the clinicians and family planning providers at different levels. In the future, more special training courses will be introduced to the township level based on the needs of grass-root providers.

Family Planning Awareness, Perceptions and Practice among Community Members in the Kintampo Districts of Ghana

Family planning is known to prevent maternal deaths, but some social norms, limited supplies and inconsistent use makes this difficult to achieve in most low- and middle-income countries. In spite of the high fertility levels in most sub-Saharan African countries and the potential economic benefits of family planning, its patronage remains very low in the sub-region. This study was with the objective of identifying the levels of awareness, utilization, access to and perceptions about family planning and contraception. A cross-sectional study design was used for the study, with data collected from multiple sources using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Relevant findings included a marked disconnect between family planning/contraceptive knowledge and use. The pills and injectables were the most frequently used, but females in the study population poorly patronised emergency contraception. Supplies of most family planning methods were found to be health facility based, requiring clients to have to necessarily go there for services. Some respondents harboured perceptions that family planning was the responsibility of females alone and that it fuelled promiscuity among female users. Recommendations made include ensuring that health facilities had adequate staff and expertise to provide facility-based family planning services and also to disabuse the minds of community members of the negative perceptions towards family planning.

Evaluation on the Effectiveness and Feasibility of Integrating STI/HIV Counseling with Existing Family Planning Service in Shanghai

Objective To assess the impact of pamphlet distribution and counseling on STI/HIV/condom knowledge, attitudes towards STI/AIDS patients and condom use intention of married couples in Shanghai and explore the effective way of integrating STI/HIV prevention with family planning services. Methods Four hundred and five married women aged 20~39 and their husbands were recruited from 14 family planning stations at 7 administrative districts of Shanghai. They were randomly divided into two groups, the counseling intervention (CI) group with 199 couples and the pamphlet distribution (PD) group with 206 couples. For the PD group, only pamphlets containing information on STI/AIDS/ condom were distributed and condoms given free of charge, whereas for the CI group, they were provided with not only full counseling on STI/AIDS/condom and free condoms, but also followed by demonstration of correct condom use. The two modes of interventions were conducted following the baseline survey, and the follow up data were collected one month later. Results 1. There was no statistical difference between the two groups on STI/AIDS/condom knowledge level, attitudes towards STI/AIDS patients and condom use intention at the baseline. 2. The follow up findings indicated that: ① A significant enhancement in knowledge level was observed in the CI group, with 20% increase for husbands and 24% for wives. While for the PD group, only slight increase was observed: 2% for husbands and 3% for wives; ② 93% husbands and 76% wives of the CI group changed their discriminatory attitudes towards STI patients, and towards AIDS patients, the percentages were 73% and 78%, respectively; ③ 68% husbands and 64% wives of the CI group expressed their intention for condom use; ④ For the PD group, however, there was no difference in attitudes towards STI/AIDS patients and condom use intention at the baseline and follow up. 3. The knowledge scores and attitudes towards STI/AIDS patients were mainly influenced by the means of intervention. While the intention of condom use was influenced not only by means of intervention but also by condom availability. Conclusions 1. Good counseling can not only greatly enhance people's STI/AIDS/ condom knowledge level but also apparently change their discrminatory attitudes towards STI/AIDS patients; 2. Effective counseling and condom availability are two important factors that influence condom use intention; 3. It is effective and feasible to integrate counseling with the routine procedure of family planning services, hence is worth being scaled up in Shanghai or even nationwide.

Theoretical Foundation of Family Health Promotion——the Orientation of Family Planning Development in Urban Area

Objective To make a theoretical exploration of the function of family-based health promotion in family planning development. Methods Given the notion of reproductive health and the Junction of family in society, the author bring Jorward a new mode of family planning service, that was ＂healthy, happy household promotion ＂ based on the principle of health education and health promotion. Results The mode of ＂healthy,, happy household promotion ＂ reflected the new KP. service mode, and was the direction of family planning service. It might benefit both service provider and clients to make the family as the entrance point of quality care of reproductive health in communities, to develop health education and health promotion, and promote fiunily health and fanily happiness. Conclusion Family health and family happiness should be the final goal of family planning.

Analysis on the Attitude of the Family Planning staff toward the Contraception Service Delivery to the Unmarried Youth

ve To analyze the attitude of family planning staff on providing contracep tives to unmarried youth

Quality of Care in Family Planning Program in China

Objective To sum up the theory of quality care according to the experience of EP program in China. Methods The author summarized the QOC theory and draw on its experiences and strength in family planningprogram in China. Results The theory facilitated the earnest program of the population and family planning program during the tenth five-year plan period, benefited the realization of the innovation of system and mechanism in population and family planning work, and the creation of a nice population environment for the healthy social and economic development in China. Conclusion The development of QOC has displayed a conspicuous theory in China＇s family planning program.

Making Family Planning Services Relevant to Adolescents: Perspectives from Rural Communities in Central Ghana

In lower middle-income countries like Ghana, it is common to find low contraceptive use among adolescents with corresponding high pregnancy outcomes. Evidence points to the fact that the use of contraceptives prevents maternal, neonatal and infant deaths, but in most lower middle-income countries, socio-cultural practices inhibit adolescents’ use. Ensuring the uptake of family planning among adolescents is deemed a necessary means of reducing maternal, neonatal and infant mor-tality. This manuscript seeks to provide contextually relevant approaches to satisfying family planning needs of adolescents in a population lacking it. We employed a qualitative study design from an interpretive paradigm with phenomenology as the methodology to understand societal attitudes towards family planning delivery to adolescents, so as to arrive at contextually appro-priate ways of providing family planning to this needy group. Focused group discussions and in-depth interviews techniques were used in data collection among adolescents, relevant commu-nity opinion leaders and family planning & health services providers. Themes that emerged from data analysis with respect to “perspectives on family planning care delivery to adolescents” and “best ways in addressing adolescents’ family planning needs” are presented, followed by discussion of the issues emerging. A significant and encouraging finding of the study was that opinion leaders and healthcare providers viewed family planning as a means of protecting adolescents against pregnancies and their complications. A key recommendation is for policy makers and political leaders to enact legislations that enable adolescents to have friendly family planning service delivery in all places and at all times.

Family Planning Needs of Adolescents in Predominantly Rural Communities in the Central Part of Ghana

The manuscript presents findings of a descriptive analysis of data from a cross-sectional study of adolescents aimed at identifying their family planning needs and the best approaches to addressing them in the Kintampo Districts of Ghana. Data for the paper were from the family planning module of a sexual and reproductive health survey carried out by the Kintampo Health and Demographic Surveillance System in 2011. Adolescents in this study recorded high marital (1.6% females and 0.4% males) and pregnancy rates (11.5% females and 1.5% males). Their knowledge of contraceptive methods was high (87.7% females and 82% males), but utilization was low (17.9% females and 6% males). Most study participants viewed family planning as important to their health and wellbeing (59.6% females and 58.6% males). A minority of adolescents were of the perception that contraceptive use was solely the responsibility of women (41.1% females and 32.4% males);and that the use of contraceptives could lead to promiscuity among women (43.8% females and 42.5% males). Those adolescents who previously had unwanted pregnancies would have accepted some help in preventing it (33.1% females and 9.1% males). Recommendations made by respondents included creating a friendly atmosphere by care providers for family planning services delivery to adolescents. Other suggestions were ensuring that family planning services are available and accessible to adolescents, and educating adolescents on the diverse methods available.

China’s Experience of Quality Care in Family Planning

Objective To evaluate and overview the experience of quality care of family planning of China.Methods The framework of quality care of China was summarized and analyzed, that was clients, technology and management triangle program system.Results The 8fundamental elements of quality care in China were presented： 1） policy environment of QoC, 2） comprehensive services, 3） choice of method, 4） IEC to policy-makers and providers, 5） technical competence, 6） interpersonal communications, 7） institutional guideline and regulation, 8） appropriate constella- tion of service.Conclusion FP sectors should prepare different constellations of service to meet their individual reproductive health need for different clients and develop institutional guide- line and regulation for FP service to follow up in practice. QoC should be a kind of standardized service process.

Males as Partners in Family Planning Service Uptake in Ghana: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Survey

Background: Family planning is an efficient and effective intervention that results in quick benefits for the whole family socio-economically. Differences exist in the rate of contraceptive use between male and female and male involvement of service uptake in Ghana. The objective of this study was to explore male direct involvement and or support to their partners in family planning service uptake. Methods: The study used a descriptive cross-sectional survey to sample 384 men of reproductive age (18 - 45 year) using cluster sampling to enlist participants from within the Suame Magazine light Industrial area in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Data was analyzed descriptively using SPSS version 16. Results: Men showed very high knowledge (90%) about what constitutes Family Planning, with moderate level of involvement both active and passive involvement (56%) though only a few (38.9%) were presently adopting or using modern contraceptive. The study rather found only 14% (55) males were willing to be solely responsible and actively involved in Family Planning service. Family Planning services did not adequately meet the needs of men with the services centers remaining unavailable in the study area. Conclusion: The extent of male involvement in family planning programmes is marginally above average. Males showed appreciable knowledge of family planning options though misconceptions continued to exist. A more couple-oriented approach to family planning is needed including recruiting males as family planning providers, offering more family planning counseling for couples, and promoting female-oriented methods with men and vice versa.

Attitude and practice of family planning methods among Roma women living in northern Turkey

Objective:This study aims to investigate the attitude and practice of family planning (FP) methods among Roma women living in northern Turkey.Methods:A total of 120 Roma women living in northern Turkey participated in this descriptive study.Data were collected using a questionnaire.The scale of FP attitude was used.Results:The mean age of participants was 28.9± 1.8.Among the participants,37.5% (45/120) were primary school graduates,70.8% (85/120) were unemployed,73.4% (88/120) were in a consensual marriage and 94.2% (113/120) had children.The majority or 85.8% (103/120) of the participants stated that they used FP methods.Intrauterine device (57.4%,69/120) and withdrawal method (22.3%,27/120) were the most frequently used FP methods.Conclusions:The rates at which Roma women use FP were high.Their attitudes towards FP tended to be negative and the methods used were primarily related to females.

Community-based educational intervention on necklace method as a natural family planning amongst reproductive age group women in India

Objective:To assess the effectiveness of a community-based educational intervention on necklace method as a natural family planning amongst reproductive age group women.This approach helps women decide on their reproductive health choices and avoid ill health,impact and long-term consequences of unwanted pregnancy that lead to unsafe abortion.Methods:A total of 120 women were selected using non-probability purposive sampling technique.The knowledge and practice of participants were assessed using the structured knowledge questionnaire and practice checklist followed by a community-based educational intervention to participants,which covered aspects such as meaning,purposes and criteria;steps of the procedure;and advantages and disadvantages of the necklace method.The methods of teaching were lecture cum discussion and demonstration.The collected data were analysed using SPSS version 21.Results:The levels of knowledge (t-14.571,P=0.023) and practice (t =14.571,P=0.026) significantly improved after administering the community-based educational intervention.Knowledge and practice positively correlated with each other (P < 0.05).Conclusions:Nurses play a vital role in educating women and creating awareness regarding modern and safe family planning methods.These methods are effective and essential to avoid unwanted pregnancy and thus greatly impact the health of women.

Attitudes of Family Planning Workers toward Setting Up Special Counseling Stations for Unmarried Young Adults

ve To understand attitudes of family planning workers to setting up special counseling stations for unmarried young adults and to identify the acceptable and feasible ways to provide the services for unmarried young adults in eight provinces/cities in China

Utilization of Postpartum Family Planning Services between Six and Twelve Months of Delivery at Ntchisi District Hospital, Malawi

This study examined factors that determine utilization of postpartum family planning services at Ntchisi District Hospital in Malawi. The study design was descriptive and utilized quantitative methods of data collection and analysis. A random sample of 383 postpartum women was interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using SPSS version 16.0. Chi-square tests were used to establish relationships between utilization of Post Partum Family Planning services and demographic variables. Knowledge about family planning services was almost universal at 94.3% among the women. About 75% of the women were using the contraceptives within the first year after delivery however they started taking the contraceptives after they had already resumed sex. There was a significant association (P < 0.05) between utilization of post partum family planning services and the following: clarity of family planning information given, level of education, period for resuming sex, husband’s approval of family planning method, counselling on fertility intention, duration of lactation amenorrhoea, maternal age and parity. There is therefore a need to promote these factors to increase uptake of postpartum services.