Preparation of Laser Cladding Coating Undercooling Cu-based Alloy and Co on Non-equilibrium Solidification Structure

The effect of the gradient content of Co element on the solidification process of Cu-based alloy under deep under cooling conditions was explored.The non-equilibrium solidification structure of the under cooled alloy samples were analyzed.It is found that the rapidly solidified alloy has undergone twice grain refinement during the undercooling process.Characterization and significance of the maximum undercooling refinement structure of Cu60Ni35Co5 at T=253 K were analyzed.High-density defects were observed,such as dislocations,stacking faults networks,and twinning structures.The standard FCC diffraction pattern represents that it is still a single-phase structure.Based on the metallographic diagram,EBSD and TEM data analysis,it is illustrated that the occurrence of grain refinement under high undercooling is due to stress induced recrystallization.In addition,the laser cladding technology is used to coat Co-based alloy(Stellite12) coating on 304 stainless steel substrate;the microstructure of the coating cross-section was analyzed.It was found that the microstructure of the cross-section is presented as columnar crystals,planar crystals,and disordered growth direction,so that the coating has better hardness and wear resistance.By electrochemical corrosion of the substrate and coating,it can be seen that the Co and Cr elements present in the coating are more likely to form a dense passivation film,which improved the corrosion resistance of the coating.

Microstructure evolution and liquid phase separation in Ta-O hypermonotectic melts during laser-cladding

A three-layer Ta_2O_5-containing coating was successfully fabricated by laser cladding on a pure Ta substrate. The maximum thickness of such a coating is about 1.6 mm. The microstructure, phase constitution and elemental distribution in the coating were investigated. Results show that the coating has been metallurgically bonded to the Ta substrate and the microstructure exhibits a graded change along the deposition direction from Ta substrate to the top of coating. In the layers I and II of the graded coating, the microstructure evolution can be confi rmed as a result of hypomonotectic reaction, but in the layer Ⅲ it was formed by hypermonotectic reaction. At the top of coating, the microstructure was still homogeneous although liquid phase separation had occurred, which can be attributed to the fact that the O-rich droplets do not have enough time to fl oat at high cooling rate. The theoretical calculation results show that during laser cladding, the solidifi cation time of the melt pool was less than 0.1 s, which fi ts well with the results from the experiment.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON MACRO AND MICRO-STRUCTURE OF METALLIC PARTS BUILT BY LOW-POWER LASER CLADDING

A low-power CO_2 laser is used to deposit Fe powder and mixture of Fe andcarbon powder on substrates respectively, and the macro and micro-structure of the formed samplesare investigated. It is demonstrated that most grains of these samples are equi-axed. This isderived from the high nucleation velocity in the shallow melt pool besides rapid solidification ofthe liquid-state alloy or metal. Bainitic structure, combination of pearlite and ferrite structureand ferrite structure are seen respectively in the samples involving various amounts of carbon owingto no martensitic transformation in these small samples.

Fiber cladding dual channel surface plasmon resonance sensor based on S-type fiber

Fiber cladding surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensors have few structures,and a clad SPR sensor based on S-type fiber is proposed in this paper.This new type of fiber cladding SPR sensor was formed by electrofusing an S-shaped structure on the fiber to couple the light in the fiber core to the cladding.In this paper,the effects of fiber parameters on the performance of the sensor were studied by simulation and experiment.Based on the conclusion that the smaller the core diameter is,the closer the working band of the SPR resonance is to long wavelengths,and that the geometric characteristics mean that a multimode fiber can receive the fiber cladding light from a small core diameter few-mode fiber,a dual channel SPR sensor with a double S-type fiber cascade was proposed.In the refractive index detection range of 1.333–1.385refractive index units(RIU),the resonant working band of channel I is 627.66 nm–759.78 nm,with an average sensitivity of 2540.77 nm/RIU,and the resonant working band of channel II is 518.24 nm–658.2 nm,with an average sensitivity of2691.54 nm/RIU.The processing method for the S-type fiber cladding SPR sensor is simple,effectively solving the problem of this type of SPR sensor structure and the difficult realization of a dual channel.The sensor is expected to be used in the fields of medical treatment and biological analysis.

Characterization of Fe_3Si-based coatings on low silicon steel by pulsed Nd:YAG laser cladding

The Fe3Si based coating was produced on the Fe-1 Si steel surface by a pulsed Nd：YAG （yttrium aluminum garnet） laser. Its phase constitution and microstructure were characterized by using X-ray diffraction （XRD）, optical microscope （OM）, and field emission scanning electron microscope （FESEM） with associated energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The hyperfine structure of the coating was studied by Mrssbauer spectra （MS） and the magnetic property was also measured at room temperature by a vibrating sample magnetometer （VSM）. The obtained coating is pore and crack-free with dense microstructure and high Si content. The metallurgical bonding between the coating and the substrate was realized. The microstructure of the coating is typical fine dendrites. The major phase was confirmed by XRD and TEM to be the ordering D03 structured Fe3Si phase. In addition, there were smaller amounts of the Fe5Si3 phase and the γ-Fe phase in the coating. Compared with the substrate, the laser cladding coating has a lower saturation magnetization and a higher coercive force. The poor magnetic property might be because of rapid solidification microstructure and phase constitution in the coating.

Design and test of a protective structure for the double vertical explosive welding of large titanium/steel plate

A comprehensive protective structure with rigidity and flexibility was put forward and designed in view of the quality and safety problems for the double vertical explosive welding of large titanium/steel cladding plate.The movement speed and displacement of the protective structure was calculated by establishing its physics model.The dynamics and stabilization properties were analyzed,and the protective structure parameters were optimized and devised.The comprehensive protective structure,which is composed of rigidity unit and flexibility wall,can bear the impact of detonation wave and the high-speed movement of the cladding plate.There are no damage and deformation in the protective structure and the cladding plate.The protective structure can be used many times.The bonding rate of the Ti/steel plate obtained was nearly 100%,and there is no deformation,surface cracks,and big wave and micro-defects.Therefore,the protective problems of the double vertical explosive welding can be solved effectively by the protective structure.

Physical Characteristics of Plasma Cladding Fe-Cr-Nb-Si-Mo Alloy Cladding Layers on Different Substrates

A plasma cladding experiment was carried out to investigate the characteristics(surface hardness,microstructure,friction,wear properties from different substrates to the cladding layer and the bond strength)of plasma cladding Fe-Cr-Nb-Si-Mo alloy cladding layers on different substrates.In order to improve the abrasion resistance of the scraper middle trough,the plasma cladding technique was used to clad the alloy ceramic powder Ig7 on the surface of the middle trough NM450,WH60A,Hardox450,and Weartuf450 to create Fe/Cr/Nb/Mo/V cladding layer.Based on the experiment results,the microstructure,friction and wear properties of the four cladding layers were analyzed,and the bond strength between the cladding layer and the substrate was also tested.The experimental results show that the main phases of the four cladding layers are martensite and all kinds of metal carbides((Nb,Mo)C,VC,and Cr7C3).WH60A surface cladding layer has shown good friction and wear properties.

THE INTERFACE OF TERNARY-BORIDE-BASED HARD CLADDING MATERIAL

The interfacial microstructure of ternary-boride-based hard cladding material (YF-2) has been studied using scanning electron microanalyser (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS). Results show that there are chemical reactions and elements diffusion in the interfacial zone, which make the interface bonding well and bonding strength ideal at the interface. The results gotten by studying of crack produced by Vickers indentation technique in the interfacial zone show that it is difficult to produce crack in the interface, the crack length in the cladding layer is longer than that to the interface, the crack which propagate to the interface stops at the interface rather than propagates along the interface. This suggests negligible residual stresses have developed because of thermal expansion mismatch. The bonding strength of the interface is 550MPa, which has been gotten by cutting test. The result gotten by analyzing the fracture surface shows that the fracture occurs at the side of cladding layer, which confirms that the bonding strength at the interface is higher than that in the cladding layer.

Investigation of the interaction of material of fuel cladding for WWER-1000 reactor with steam at a temperature of accident overheatings

The subject of this study is the oxidation of fuel rod cladding made of material Zr1Nb(0.1% O) in steam at temperatures in the range of 660℃ to 1200℃ with a surface in the initial state (after manufacturing - grinding) and after additional chemical etching. The changes in the microstructure of tubes due to the interaction with steam were investigated. A comparison was made between the oxidation rate of this material (weight gain) and the data on the oxidation of other alloys for nuclear power plants. The oxidation rate of Zr1Nb(0.1% O) is close to the oxidation rate of other zirconium alloys. It is shown that after chemical treatment of the surface of the samples there is a more even growth of oxide films, and they have a smaller thickness for the same time of exposure than after mechanical grinding. Surface treatment before oxidation also affects the change of microstructure of samples when heated to high temperatures.

Terahertz multi-metal-wire hybrid-cladding hollow waveguide for refractive index sensing

We propose a design of terahertz refractive index sensing based on the multi-metal-wire（MMW） hybrid-cladding hollow waveguide. The proposed terahertz hybrid-cladding hollow waveguide comprises one air core in the center surrounding MMW surrounded dielectric. The central air core is used for filling lossless measurands and transmitting terahertz light. In particular, the refractive index sensing is realized by measuring the mode field area（MFA） variation of radially polarized mode. The modal effective refractive index, mode field intensity distribution, and mode field area properties responding to the measurand refractive indexes for different operating frequencies and structure dimensions are investigated, respectively.Simulations show that the proposed terahertz refractive index sensor can realize easily the measurement of the measurand refractive index. Meanwhile, the effects of operating frequency and structure parameters on sensitivity and measurement accuracy are also studied. In view of the trade-off between sensitivity and measurement accuracy, the reasonable choice of the operating frequency and structure parameters can optimize appropriately the sensitivity and measurement accuracy, and the sensitivity can reach approximately 0.585 mm^2/RIU（RIU is short for refraction index units） with the proper frequency and structure parameter.

“双碳”战略背景下不锈钢复合钢板结构减碳前景分析

为探究不锈钢复合钢板结构的减碳前景,本文分析了“双碳”战略背景下钢结构行业的发展趋势,包括智能建造快速发展、新兴产业提供广阔市场以及高性能钢材和高性能结构发展更为迅猛,指出不锈钢复合钢板结构可兼顾高性能、经济性以及减碳要求。基于全寿命周期评价理论,采用排放因子法,提出了不锈钢复合钢板结构的碳排放计算方法。结果表明:不锈钢复合钢板结构的全寿命周期碳排放量比钢结构少36%,比不锈钢结构少10%。用不锈钢复合钢板结构替代普通钢结构,可以有效减少碳排放;替代不锈钢结构可以在减碳的同时具有良好的经济性。

不锈钢复合钢材焊接方管T形管节点试验研究

不锈钢复合钢材是一种成本低、强度高、耐腐蚀性能优异的高性能钢材,其在对耐腐蚀要求高的工程结构应用中尤其具有竞争力。该文旨在通过试验,研究不锈钢复合钢材焊接方管T形节点在静力和低周往复荷载作用下的力学性能,设计、制作了4个管节点试件并完成了加载,基于试验结果重点研究了各管节点试件的试验过程、破坏模式、荷载-位移响应和应变发展等;按中国规范GB 50017和欧洲规范EN 1993-1-8进行了节点承载力计算,并与试验值进行了对比。研究结果表明,对于支管承受轴向压力的管节点试件,以主管上表面塑性破坏为主;对于支管承受水平低周往复荷载的管节点试件,以主管上表面塑性变形和主管与支管之间连接焊缝断裂破坏为主;当管节点破坏模式符合现行规范GB 50017和EN 1993-1-8中规定时,相关承载力计算公式仍适用于此类不锈钢复合钢材焊接方管T形管节点的设计计算。

多折角梯形台面折纸夹层结构的冲击防护性能

多折角梯形台面折纸(truncated square pyramid,TSP)作为新型折叠结构,具有良好的抗冲击、能量吸收特性并具有模块化易加工的特点。基于此结构模块化形成了单层以及多层夹层板,利用空气炮试验装置研究了背板无支撑的夹层结构以及覆层结构,在不同冲击工况、边界条件下结构的冲击防护性能以及吸能特性。通过测量、对比单层夹层结构的位移时程及冲击后的失效模式,对抗冲击性能进行了评估。利用装于背板的多点压力传感器装置,测量冲击作用下覆层结构对背板不同位置的传递力时程,研究不同工况下的缓冲性能。对于背板无支撑夹层工况,背板的残余位移随冲击速度的增大而增大。对于覆层工况,双层覆层有较好的能量吸收和抗冲击性能,相比于单层表现出更充分的芯层利用率。此外,冲击位置通过改变模块单元的变形模式对覆层结构动态响应产生显著影响,尤其影响传递力峰值和峰值出现时间。研究结果可为TSP防护结构的工程设计和应用提供参考。

La_(2)O_(3)添加量对激光熔覆铁基合金涂层显微组织和耐磨性能的影响

采用激光熔覆技术在35CrMoV钢表面制备添加La_(2)O_(3)质量分数分别为0,0.7%,1.4%,2.0%的铁基合金熔覆层,研究了La_(2)O_(3)含量对其显微组织、物相组成、显微硬度、耐摩擦磨损性能和抗冲击磨料磨损性能的影响。结果表明:未添加La_(2)O_(3)的熔覆层主要物相为FeCr固溶体和少量Cr_(23)C_(6),添加La_(2)O_(3)后熔覆层中还出现了LaNi_(3),当La_(2)O_(3)质量分数为1.4%时熔覆层与基体界面平整,冶金结合良好,组织细小且均匀;随着La_(2)O_(3)质量分数增加,熔覆层显微硬度先增大后减小,耐摩擦磨损性能和抗冲击磨料磨损性能先提高后降低,当La_(2)O_(3)质量分数为1.4%,耐磨性能最好,此时熔覆层的摩擦磨损机制由未添加La_(2)O_(3)时的严重黏着磨损变为轻度犁削磨损,冲击磨料磨损表面的犁沟和凹凸不平消失,表面趋于平整。

不同真空度下轧制钛钢复合板的界面氧化行为

采用真空热轧复合技术制备了TA2/Q345R钛钢复合板,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、维氏硬度计、万能拉伸试验机等分析了不同真空度下轧制钛钢复合板的界面组织和力学性能。结果表明:当复合坯真空度为1 Pa时,钛钢复合板钛复层氧化明显,TA2表面分别产生了10μm的富氧层与硬化层,硬化层硬度约为325 HV;当复合坯真空度为0.1 Pa时,TA2表面部分氧化导致钛钢界面产生约40μm厚的间隙,局部位置还产生了冶金结合;当复合坯真空度达到0.01 Pa时,钛钢复合界面平整连续无缺陷,平均剪切强度约179MPa。综上,0.01 Pa是轧制法制备钛钢复合板的合理真空度。

压下率对304/高锰钢复合板组织与性能的影响

通过轧制压下率的变化研究了304不锈钢/高锰钢复合板界面组织结构、合金元素扩散及力学性能的变化规律。结果表明:304/高锰钢复合板界面两侧组织均为稳定的奥氏体,随压下率的增加,晶粒尺寸逐渐减小,且界面两侧晶粒尺寸差异减小。界面处存在大量的小角度晶界,通过细晶强化、晶界强化和位错强化机制提高了复合板结合强度及拉伸性能。此外,随着压下率的提高,元素的扩散层减薄,界面处存在的Al和Mn的氧化物及Cr的碳化物尺寸减小并弥散分布。随压下率提高,复合板界面得到强化,强度逐渐提高,伸长率逐渐降低。

激光熔覆AlCoCrFeNi高熵合金涂层的高温磨损性能

采用激光熔覆技术在42CrMo表面制备了Y掺杂AlCoCrFeNi高熵合金涂层,研究了涂层组织成分与高温摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:AlCoCrFeNi涂层主要由BCC相和B2相组成,900℃下涂层耐磨性约为基体的3.7倍,平均摩擦因数相比基体降低约22%。

MOCVD growth of AlGaInP/GaInP quantum well laser diode with asymmetric cladding structure for high power applications

In order to improve the characteristics of the general broad-waveguide 808-nm semiconductor laser diode （LD）, we design a new type quantum well LD with an asymmetric cladding structure. The structure is grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition （MOCVD）. For the devices with 100-ttm-wide stripe and 1000-/zm-long cavity under continuous-wave （CW） operation condition, the typical threshold current is 190 mA, the slope efficiency is 1.31 W/A, the wall-plug efficiency reaches 63%, and the maximum output power reaches higher than 7 W. And the internal absorption value decreases to 1.5 cm^-1.

Seismic performance of non-structural components and contents in buildings: an overview of NZ research

This paper summarizes the research on non-structural elements and building contents being conducted at University of Canterbury in New Zealand. Since the 2010-2011 series of Canterbury earthquakes, in which damage to non-structural components and contents contributed heavily to downtime and overall financial loss, attention to seismic performance and design of non-structural components and contents in buildings has increased exponentially in NZ. This has resulted in an increased allocation of resources to research leading to development of more resilient non-structural systems in buildings that would incur substantially less damage and cause little downtime during earthquakes. In the last few years, NZ researchers have made important developments in understanding and improving the seismic performance of secondary building elements such as partitions, facades, ceilings and contents.

扫描速度对Mo_(2)FeB_(2)金属陶瓷激光熔覆层组织和耐磨性能的影响

采用激光熔覆工艺在Q235钢板表面制备Mo_(2)FeB_(2)金属陶瓷熔覆层,研究了激光扫描速度对熔覆层组织、显微硬度和耐磨性能的影响。结果表明:Mo_(2)FeB_(2)金属陶瓷熔覆层由Mo_(2)FeB_(2)、(Mo,Fe,Cr)_(3)B_(2)、CrB、MoB、Fe-Cr等相组成;随着扫描速度的增大,Mo_(2)FeB_(2)硬质相由长条状转变成块状,尺寸减小;扫描速度对硬质相含量的影响不大;随着扫描速度的增大,Mo_(2)FeB_(2)金属陶瓷熔覆层的平均显微硬度和磨损质量损失均先减小后增大;扫描速度为400 mm·min-1时熔覆层的硬度较高,耐磨性能最好。