Variability and Variation Characteristics of Climate in Northern Winter Wheat Zone during 1961-2004

[Objective] The research aimed to study the variability and variation characteristics of climate in northern winter wheat zone during 1961-2004.[Method] Based on the meteorological data (temperature,precipitation and sunshine) of 55 meteorological stations in northern winter wheat zone during 1961-2004 and the yield data of winter wheat,by using the linear regression,correlated coefficient and climatic tendency rate,the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of agricultural climatic resources (sunshine hours,temperature and precipitation) in northern winter wheat zone were analyzed.[Result] The annual average temperature,precipitation and sunshine hours in northern winter wheat zone during 1961-2004 all presented certain zonal distribution in the space.The precipitation and temperature gradually decreased from south to north.The sunshine hours gradually increased from south to north.The annual average temperature overall presented rise trend in northern winter wheat zone in 44 years,but the rise rate had difference in the different areas.The rise of annual average temperature in the high-latitude zone was more obvious than that in the low-latitude zone.The annual rainfall overall presented decrease trend,and the tendency rate of annual precipitation had significant difference in the different areas.The decrease rates of rainfalls in the central and western areas were bigger than that in other areas.The annual sunshine hours overall presented decline trend.In most areas,the tendency rate of annual sunshine hours was negative.But there was certain difference in the different areas.The zones where the decrease amplitude was smaller scattered in the west,and included central Shaanxi,south of Shanxi and some areas in southeast of Shandong.The decrease amplitudes were bigger in south of Henan,northwest of Shandong and south of Hebei.[Conclusion] The research provided theoretical basis for understanding the historical evolution of climate in northern winter wheat zone.

Comment on "Estimation of potential distribution of gas hydrate in the northern South China Sea" by Chunjuan Wang et al.

Herein we would like to comment on the paper "Estimation of potential distribution of gas hydrate in the northern South China Sea" by Wang et al. 2010 in Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 28(3): 693-699. The purpose of this comment is to point out that the given probabilities of gas hydrate occurrence in the northern Zhujiang Mouth Basin and the Yinggehai Basin in the figure of Wang et al. (2010) are improper. After introducing our work of estimation of gas hydrate stability distribution in the northern South China Sea, we suggest that Wang et al. (2010) dismissed the basic P-T rule for the existence of gas hydrate. They should consider more the variables of water depth, seabed temperature and geothermal gradient in their gas hydrate distribution model in future studies.

Geochemical characteristics of island-arc volcanic rocks in the Nan-Nam Pat-Phetchabun zone,northern Thailand

Late Permian-Early Triassic(P2-T1) volcanic rocks distributed on the eastern side of ocean-ridge and oceanic-island basalts in the Nan-Uttaradit zone were analyzed from aspects of petrographic characteristics,rock assemblage,REE,trace elements,geotectonic setting,etc.,indicating that those volcanic rocks possess the characteristic features of island-arc volcanic rocks.The volcanic rock assemblage is basalt-basaltic andesite-andesite.The volcanic rocks are sub-alkaline,dominated by calc-alkaline series,with tholeiite series coming next.The chemical composition of the volcanic rocks is characterized by low TiO2 and K2O and high Al2O3 and Na2O.Their REE patterns are of the flat,weak LREE-enrichment right-inclined type.The trace elements are characterized by the enrichment of large cation elements such as K,Rb and Ba,common enrichment of U and Th,and depletion of Nb,Ta,Zr and Hf.The petrochemical plot falls within the field of volcanic rocks,in consistency with the plot of island-arc volcanic rocks in the Jinsha River zone of China.This island-arc volcanic zone,together with the ocean-ridge/oceanic island type volcanic rocks in the Nan-Uttaradit zone,constitutes the ocean-ridge volcanic rock-island-arc magmatic rock zones which are distributed in pairs,indicating that the oceanic crust of the Nan-Uttaradit zone once was of eastward subduction.This work is of great significance in exploring the evolution of paleo-Tethys in the Nan-Uttaradit zone.

秦岭山地温度带划分研究

根据秦岭山地及其周边气象站点的日气象观测数据,遵循地带性与非地带性相结合原则、温度带内发生同一性与区域气候特征相对一致性相结合原则、综合性和主导因素相结合原则、自下而上和自上而下相结合原则、空间连续性与取大去小原则、自然地理景观原则等六个原则,根据前人的研究成果及秦岭山地的地理环境特征,确定了秦岭山地温度带划分的指标,拟对秦岭山地气温突变前后的温度带进行划分,将秦岭山地划分为寒温带、中温带、暖温带、北亚热带、中亚热带五个温度带。

Impacts of Recent Climate Change on Dry-Land Crop Water Consumption in the Northern Agro-Pastoral Transitional Zone of China

Climate change has substantially impacted crop growth and development in the northern agro-pastoral transitional zone. Examination of the response of crop water consumption to climate change may provide a guide for adapting local agricultural production and ecological construction to new realities. The water consumption of three local crops （wheat, naked oats, and potatoes） is examined for Wuchuan County in the northern agro-pastoral transitional zone of China using meteorological data from 1960 to 2007 and soil moisture data from 1983 to 2007. The relationships between climate change and the crop water consumption are discussed. The results show that Wuchuan experienced both a warming trend and a reduction of precipitation between 1960 and 2007. The annual mean surface air temperature increased at a rate of 0.04℃ yr-1 and the annual precipitation decreased at a rate of 0.7 mm yr-1 . Both trends are particularly pronounced between 1983 and 2007, with an increase in annual mean temperature of 0.09℃ yr-1 and a decrease in annual mean precipitation of 2.1 mm yr-1 . Crop water consumption decreased between 1983 and 2007 for wheat （1.65 mm yr-1 ）, naked oats （2.04 mm yr-1 ）, and potatoes （3.85 mm yr-1 ）. Potatoes and naked oats consume more water than wheat. Climate change has significantly impacted crop water consumption. Water consumption and rainfall during the growing season are positively correlated, while water consumption and active accumulated temperature are negatively correlated. Compared to precipitation, accumulated temperature has little impact on crop water consumption. Recent climate change has been detrimental for crop production in Wuchuan County. Adaptation to climate change should include efforts to breed drought-resistant crops and to develop drought-resistant cultivation techniques.

河北省实测地表热流值及特征

综合已有资料,共收集49个河北省大地热流数据。全省实测热流平均值为60.77 mW/m^(2),略低于热流大陆平均值。根据地理位置可分为:冀北为41.85 mW/m^(2),冀东为62.45 mW/m^(2),冀中为78.77 mW/m^(2),渤海为66.71 mW/m^(2)。从总体展布看,地热异常主要分布在华北断裂区并向外围逐渐降低,地热区与区域构造活动密切相关,多具有隆起与坳陷相间的构造格局。岩石组成地壳厚度、构造活动和岩石圈热结构上的差别,可能是造成不同区域大地热流值不同的原因。

Land use pattern evolution and optimization in the Farming-Pastoral Zone of Northern China

Using information about the land cover of the Farming-Pastoral Zone of Northern China retrieved from multi-temporal NOAA/AVHRR and SPOT VEGETAN images obtained in 1989, 1994 and 1999, the authors analyzed land-use pattern evolution over this 10-year period and built a land-use pattern simulation model, based on which land-use pattern evolution and optimization modeling in this region were studied. Results showed that the proposed model can effectively simulate regional land-use patterns and help improve regional ecological environments.

中国北方地区40年来湿润指数和气候干湿带界线的变化

本文研究了中国北方地区 196 1～ 2 0 0 0年 4 0年间气候干湿带界线分布和 10年际变化。 4 0年来中国北方地区 ,在东经 10 0°以东地区 ,半干旱区和半湿润区的分界线不断波动向东推进 ,2 0世纪 90年代比 6 0年代向东和向南扩展 ,半干旱区面积扩大 ,半湿润区面积缩小 ,气候趋向干旱化 ;东经 10 0°以西地区 ,极端干旱区面积在缩小 ,湿润指数有增大趋势。如果把温度和湿润指数相结合 ,东经 10 0°以东的黄淮海区和黄土高原区为持续的干暖型 ;东经 10 0°以西的西北地区 ,则由干暖型向湿暖型转变 :河西走廊和东疆盆地转型的时间发生在 2 0世纪 70年代初 ,北疆山地绿洲荒漠地区转型的时间发生 2 0世纪 80年代中期前后。气候干湿带界线的变化取决于降水和潜在蒸发的变化速率。 4 0年来 ,在东经 10 0°以东地区 ,降水和潜在蒸发都呈下降趋势 ,但降水减少速率大于潜在蒸发下降速率 ;在东经 10 0°以西地区变湿的原因 ,研究认为除了降水有所增加外 ,潜在蒸发也在下降 ,而且潜在蒸发下降速率的绝对值大于降水增加速率。

黑龙江省饲料油菜品种筛选与种植技术研究

为筛选适宜在黑龙江省规模化种植的饲料油菜品种及栽培模式,采用多年多点的田间定位方法,研究了不同品种、不同种植方式和播期的产量差异和施肥效应以及不同收获期产量及营养成分积累规律。结果表明:金油158、15-P15和12-P38的产量表现好;采用机播平作,播种量15 kg/hm^2,底肥施磷酸二铵150 kg/hm^2,4月22日早播,能够显著提高饲用油菜的生物量。盛花期收获,饲用油菜生物量相对较高,推测其与玉米秸秆混合青贮,制成配合饲料较好。本文结果为饲料油菜在我国北方早熟区开展多功能开发利用提供了参考。

南海北部陆坡天然气水合物成藏条件及其控制因素

南海北部陆坡区天然气水合物(以下简称水合物)资源潜力虽然巨大,但影响该区水合物成藏的地质因素却异常复杂。为此,从水合物成藏的稳定域、气体来源、气体疏导体系以及储集层特征等宏观地质条件的视角,剖析了水合物成藏的地质条件及主要控制因素。结果表明:1南海北部热流分布较复杂,影响着水合物稳定域的空间分布,而区域构造地质演化则控制着水合物成矿气体来源、气体疏导体系、富集空间及储层物性特征;2南海北部陆坡从西部—中部—东部,水合物成藏条件及控制因素具有明显的差异性,对水合物成藏模式和空间分布都产生了深刻影响;3总体而言,从陆坡的东段到西段新构造活动渐次减弱,水合物稳定域厚度由东而西、由南向北厚变薄,东部以台西南盆地深水斜坡带成藏条件最为优越,兼具扩散型和渗漏型水合物发育的地质条件,水合物矿藏在稳定域内呈多层、多形式富集的特点,中部以神狐海域白云凹陷南坡为典型代表,为扩散型水合物发育的有利区,水合物矿藏在稳定域底部呈单层发育特点,西南部以琼东南盆地的陆坡深水区成藏条件最为优越,有利于发育渗漏型水合物矿藏。

郯庐断裂带北段及邻区现代地震活动性与应力状态

收集了郯庐断裂带北段及邻区自1964年1月至2008年1月的1254个ML≥2.0的地震数据和191条震源机制解、198条原地应力测量数据,通过震中分布、震源深度、应变释放速率的分析计算和震源机制解及其它应力数据的统计,探讨了郯庐北段现今的地震活动性和应力状态。结果表明,郯庐断裂带北段及邻区的地震活动可分为日本海-长白山深震区、郯庐断裂带北段地震区、松辽盆地西缘地震区和松辽盆地内部地震区;郯庐断裂带北段现今地震强度较小,频度较低,但空间差异性显著,依兰-伊通断裂活动性比敦化-密山断裂强,且具有两端强而中间弱的分段活动特点;深震区P轴平均走向为288°,倾角约31°,断裂活动以逆断为主;郯庐断裂带北段附近浅震P轴走向以NEE-SWW向为主,倾角平均26°,T轴走向以NNW-SSE向为主,倾角平均23°,断裂活动以走滑和逆断为主。浅震区和深震区主压应力方位存在差异,这可能是在西太平洋板块低角度高速水平消减产生的NWW向挤压应力作用下,郯庐断裂北段右行走滑派生的次级应力场的影响。

1964-2013年中国北方农牧交错带温度和降水时空演变特征

基于中国气象局1964-2013年温度和降水格点观测数据,利用旋转经验正交分解对中国北方农牧交错带进行了气候分区,并分析研究了该地区近50年的温度和降水变化特征。结果表明:(1)我国北方农牧交错带共可分西区、中区、东区南段、东北段4个区域。(2)整体来看,近50年农牧交错带增暖显著,其中最低温和冬季增温贡献最大;年降水量略有减少(50年减少约13 mm),主要表现为夏季降水减少。(3)分区来看,中区增温最快;西区年降水量是减少的,主要发生在春季;中区与东区南段年降水量也是减少的,主要发生在夏季;而东区北段年降水量是增加的,主要是春季降水的贡献。(4)1998年以来,农牧交错带存在同全球变暖停滞类似的增温停滞现象,且停滞程度更明显。

华北板块北缘西段裂谷系金矿床成矿特征及成因探讨

白云鄂博群和渣尔泰山群是华北板块北缘中新元古代裂陷谷沉积的陆缘碎屑岩、泥页岩、碳酸盐岩及少量火山岩建造,赋存的典型金矿床有白云鄂博北部金矿床、朱拉扎嘎、浩尧尔忽洞等成型金矿床。从区域成矿角度看,由西向东构成了一个巨大的Au-Cu-Pb-Zn-S(Fe)-Mn-Au-REE-Nb-Fe热水沉积成矿系统。地质特征表明金矿床均具有明显的层控型特点;元素地球化学特征显示金的来源主要与中元古代火山活动及沉积地层有关;同位素年龄暗示一期重要成矿时代与华力西晚期的岩浆-构造事件相耦合。认为金矿床成因可概括为热水喷流沉积-热液叠加改造复合型。显示具有较大的找矿潜力。

桂北四堡韧性剪切带的发现及其构造意义

通过野外观察、室内显微构造分析和磁组构测量方法,在桂北四堡地区浅变质地层中厘定出一条NE30°走向,南东倾,倾角约40°的大型左旋斜冲韧性剪切带——四堡韧性剪切带;该韧性剪切带内发育糜棱岩系列、糜棱面理、拉伸线理、A型褶皱、S-C组构、亚颗粒、显微分层及石英条带等宏观和微观构造特征;磁各向异性度测量结果显示四堡韧性剪切带由一宽约4 km的强应变带及边缘弱带组成,全带宽达10 km,长度超30 km;在对韧性剪切带运动学、构造年代学研究的基础上,结合区域地质资料,认为四堡韧性剪切带是华南加里东晚期华夏地块由南东向北西作低角度斜冲到扬子地块的产物。这一发现揭示了扬子地块与华夏地块碰撞拼合的方式,为深化华南构造演化提供了新资料。

南海北部陆缘地震带的活动性与发震机制

南海北部陆缘地震带是一条板内地震活跃带,对其进行研究对于华南沿海的防震减灾和南海北部的新构造活动研究具有重要意义。通过地震活动性分析发现,该地震带可以划分为闽南―粤东、阳江、雷琼3个地震活跃区和珠江口地震弱活动区。结合区域构造背景分析发现,印藏碰撞导致的华南地块往E―SEE向运动并且该区东侧菲律宾海板块高速向NW向运动是该地震带的主要构造背景;二者的高速碰撞以及华南地块与西南、南侧块体的挤压剪切产生了巨大的应变能,这些应变能通过区内的滨海断裂带与壳内低速层进行传递、调整。在受挤压、剪切影响强烈的东、西部区域,除了在NW向与NE向的小规模断裂交会部位形成小震密集区之外,还在NW向断裂与滨海断裂带的交汇区域产生应力、应变积累,引发大震、强震。而在中部受影响较弱的珠江口区域,局部断裂稀疏,因而未出现小震密集区,并且大震、强震空缺。

南海北部新生代构造演化序列及其油气成藏意义

本文从构造地质学的基本理论出发,在综合分析板块作用、壳幔作用、岩浆热事件、构造变形、沉积作用等地质作用特点及其相互印证与制约关系的基础上,梳理了南海北部新生代主要构造事件和构造演化序列,提出受欧亚、印澳、太平洋3大板块的共同影响,南海北部新生代主要构造运动划分为礼乐运动、西卫运动一幕、西卫运动二幕、南海运动、南沙运动5次较为合适。其中礼乐运动使南海北部进入裂陷发展阶段,并产生NE走向小型断陷;西卫运动一幕使断陷进一步扩展;西卫运动二幕使南海北部由断陷向断坳转变,断陷走向向NEE向转变;南海运动使南海北部进入坳陷发展阶段;南沙运动使南海北部进入差异性区域沉降阶段,构造格局基本形成。南海北部这种构造演化序列造就了前古近系、古近系、新近系3层含油气结构层系及始新统湖相、渐新统湖相—湖沼相及海陆过渡相和中新统海相3套烃源岩,围绕3套烃源岩可形成"上生下储上盖"、"自生自储自盖"与"下生上储上盖"3类成藏组合和背斜、古潜山、地层-岩性等多种类型的油气藏及其复式油气聚集带。

苏鲁超高压变质带北部地球物理调查(Ⅱ)──非地震方法

在北苏鲁超高压变质带（UHPM）上开展了深反射地震的同时，进行了大地电磁、地磁、放射性测量和重磁编图．本文介绍用这些方法取得的结果．两条区域性的地球物理剖面总长126km，经过二维反演取得了电阻率和磁性体剖面．结果表明：（1）大地电磁等综合地球物理资料与深反射地震剖面的推断结果基本一致，同样反映了UHPM岩块的俯冲折返与后期的隆升．（2）非地震地球物理资料不仅为地震解释提供约束，还可以提供地热流上涌、断裂和磁性体分布等更多的信息．（3）新发现莒南─海州北北西向断裂，对研究本区构造演化有重要意义．（4）根据地热流上涌、侵入体多和高波速体埋藏较深等特征，认为在本区进行科学钻探不够理想．

夏季东海北部近海鱼类群落结构变化

根据1964、1982、1999和2005年6月渔业生物资源底拖网监测资料,分析了东海北部近海鱼类群落结构的变化。结果表明,1964、1982、1999和2005年间,4次监测中出现的鱼类种类数分别为64、78、64和47种;4次监测中主要优势种类均为带鱼,但其资源量正逐渐降低;其它优势种类由20世纪60年代的底层优质鱼类,转变为80年代的中上层鱼类,随后转变为现在的群落结构简单、底层和中上层鱼类均较少的状况;鱼类生物多样性指数均呈现由1964年到1982年升高,随后又逐渐降低的趋势;1964—2005年间鱼类群落长度谱变化状况表明,该海域内的鱼类呈现小型种类和小个体增多,大个体减少,且长度范围变小的趋势。