Landslide displacement prediction based on optimized empirical mode decomposition and deep bidirectional long short-term memory network

There are two technical challenges in predicting slope deformation.The first one is the random displacement,which could not be decomposed and predicted by numerically resolving the observed accumulated displacement and time series of a landslide.The second one is the dynamic evolution of a landslide,which could not be feasibly simulated simply by traditional prediction models.In this paper,a dynamic model of displacement prediction is introduced for composite landslides based on a combination of empirical mode decomposition with soft screening stop criteria(SSSC-EMD)and deep bidirectional long short-term memory(DBi-LSTM)neural network.In the proposed model,the time series analysis and SSSC-EMD are used to decompose the observed accumulated displacements of a slope into three components,viz.trend displacement,periodic displacement,and random displacement.Then,by analyzing the evolution pattern of a landslide and its key factors triggering landslides,appropriate influencing factors are selected for each displacement component,and DBi-LSTM neural network to carry out multi-datadriven dynamic prediction for each displacement component.An accumulated displacement prediction has been obtained by a summation of each component.For accuracy verification and engineering practicability of the model,field observations from two known landslides in China,the Xintan landslide and the Bazimen landslide were collected for comparison and evaluation.The case study verified that the model proposed in this paper can better characterize the"stepwise"deformation characteristics of a slope.As compared with long short-term memory(LSTM)neural network,support vector machine(SVM),and autoregressive integrated moving average(ARIMA)model,DBi-LSTM neural network has higher accuracy in predicting the periodic displacement of slope deformation,with the mean absolute percentage error reduced by 3.063%,14.913%,and 13.960%respectively,and the root mean square error reduced by 1.951 mm,8.954 mm and 7.790 mm respectively.Conclusively,this model not only has high prediction accuracy but also is more stable,which can provide new insight for practical landslide prevention and control engineering.

Separation of closely spaced modes by combining complex envelope displacement analysis with method of generating intrinsic mode functions through filtering algorithm based on wavelet packet decomposition

One of the important issues in the system identification and the spectrum analysis is the frequency resolution, i.e., the capability of distinguishing between two or more closely spaced frequency components. In the modal identification by the empirical mode decomposition （EMD） method, because of the separating capability of the method, it is still a challenge to consistently and reliably identify the parameters of structures of which modes are not well separated. A new method is introduced to generate the intrin- sic mode functions （IMFs） through the filtering algorithm based on the wavelet packet decomposition （GIFWPD）. In this paper, it is demonstrated that the CIFWPD method alone has a good capability of separating close modes, even under the severe condition beyond the critical frequency ratio limit which makes it impossible to separate two closely spaced harmonics by the EMD method. However, the GIFWPD-only based method is impelled to use a very fine sampling frequency with consequent prohibitive computational costs. Therefore, in order to decrease the computational load by reducing the amount of samples and improve the effectiveness of separation by increasing the frequency ratio, the present paper uses a combination of the complex envelope displacement analysis （CEDA） and the GIFWPD method. For the validation, two examples from the previous works are taken to show the results obtained by the GIFWPD-only based method and by combining the CEDA with the GIFWPD method.

High resolution angular-displacement sensor based on whispering gallery mode resonance in bent optical fibers

A simple fiber sensor to measure angular displacement with high resolution, which is based on whispering gallery mode （WGM） resonance in bent optical fibers,is proposed. The sensor is composed of a single loop formed by loosely tying a knot using single mode fiber. To measure the transmission spectra, a tunable laser and an optic power meter are connected to the two ends of fi- ber loop, respectively. Significant WGM resonances occur over the investigated wavelength range for all the sensors with different bend radius. The angular-displacement sensitivity is studied in the range from -0. 1°to 0. 1°. The detection limit of 1.49 × 10 ^-7 rad can be achieved for the detecting system with the resolution of lpm. The simple loop-structure fiber sensor has potential application prospect in the field of architecture or bridge building with low detection limit and low cost.

Evaluation of stress intensity factors for bi-material interface cracks using displacement jump methods

The aim of the present work is to investigate the numerical modeling of interfacial cracks that may appear at the interface between two isotropic elastic materials. The extended finite element method is employed to analyze brittle and bi-material interfacial fatigue crack growth by computing the mixed mode stress intensity factors(SIF). Three different approaches are introduced to compute the SIFs. In the first one, mixed mode SIF is deduced from the computation of the contour integral as per the classical J-integral method,whereas a displacement method is used to evaluate the SIF by using either one or two displacement jumps located along the crack path in the second and third approaches. The displacement jump method is rather classical for mono-materials,but has to our knowledge not been used up to now for a bimaterial. Hence, use of displacement jump for characterizing bi-material cracks constitutes the main contribution of the present study. Several benchmark tests including parametric studies are performed to show the effectiveness of these computational methodologies for SIF considering static and fatigue problems of bi-material structures. It is found that results based on the displacement jump methods are in a very good agreement with those of exact solutions, such as for the J-integral method, but with a larger domain of applicability and a better numerical efficiency(less time consuming and less spurious boundary effect).

On the accuracy of higher order displacement discontinuity method(HODDM) in the solution of linear elastic fracture mechanics problems

The higher order displacement discontinuity method(HODDM) utilizing special crack tip elements has been used in the solution of linear elastic fracture mechanics(LEFM) problems. The paper has selected several example problems from the fracture mechanics literature(with available analytical solutions) including center slant crack in an infinite and finite body, single and double edge cracks, cracks emanating from a circular hole. The numerical values of Mode Ⅰ and Mode Ⅱ SIFs for these problems using HODDM are in excellent agreement with analytical results(reaching up to 0.001% deviation from their analytical results). The HODDM is also compared with the XFEM and a modified XFEM results. The results show that the HODDM needs a considerably lower computational effort(with less than 400 nodes) than the XFEM and the modified XFEM(which needs more than 10000 nodes) to reach a much higher accuracy. The proposed HODDM offers higher accuracy and lower computation effort for a wide range of problems in LEFM.

Effects of hanging wall and forward directivity in the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake on inelastic displacement response of structures

The characteristics of the inelastic response of structures affected by hanging wall and forward directivity in the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake are investigated. Inelastic displacement ratios （IDRs） for ground motions impacted by these nearfield effects are evaluated and comprehensively compared to far-field ground motions. In addition, the inelastic displacement responses to hanging wall and footwall ground motions are compared. It is concluded that the inelastic displacement response is significantly affected in the short period range by hanging wall and in the long period range by footwall. Although high peak ground acceleration was observed at hanging wall stations, the IDRs for structures on hanging wall sites are only larger than footwall sites in the very long period range. Forward directivity effects result in larger IDRs for periods longer than about 0.5s. Adopting statistical relationships for IDRs established using far-field ground motions may lead to either overestimation or underestimation in the seismic evaluation of existing structures located in near-field regions, depending on their fundamental vibration periods.

Approximate analysis method for displacement responses of structures with active variable stiffness systems

The performance of structures with active variable stiffness (AVS) systems exhibits strong nonlinearity due to the variety with time of the stiffness of each storey unit,in which the AVS system is installed.Hence,the classical dynamic analysis method for linear structures,such as the mode-superposition method,is not applicable to structures with AVS systems.In this paper,an approximate analysis method is proposed for displacement responses of structures with AVS systems.Firstly,an equivalent relationship between single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) structures equipped with AVS systems and so-called fictitious linear structures is established.Then,an approximate mode-superposition (AMS) method is presented for multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) structures equipped with AVS systems.The accuracy of this method is investigated through extensive parametrical study using different types of earthquake excitations,and some modification is made to the method. Numerical calculation results indicate that the modified AMS method is effective for estimating the maximum displacements relative to the ground and the maximum interstorey drifts of MDOF structures equipped with AVS systems.

Some Properties of Two-mode Displaced Excited Squeezed Vacuum States

In this paper,two-mode displaced excited squeezed vacuum states (TDESVS) are constructed and theirnormalization and completeness are investigated.Using the entangled state representation and Weyl ordering formof the Wigner operator,the Wigner functions of TDESVS are obtained and the variations of Wigner functions withthe parameters m,n and r are investigated.Besides,two marginal distributions of Wigner functions of TDESVS areobtained,which exhibit some entangled properties of the two-particle's system in TDESVS.

苏北盆地江苏油田CO_(2)驱油技术进展及应用

CCUS(碳捕集、利用与封存)技术对绿色低碳转型、实现“双碳”目标意义重大,而CO_(2)驱油埋存是其重要内容。苏北盆地江苏油田针对复杂断块油藏提高采收率的技术瓶颈开展CO_(2)驱油技术攻关及多种类型矿场试验,形成了以重力稳定驱、驱吐协同等为特点的复杂断块油藏CO_(2)驱油的4种差异化模式,成功开展了花26断块“仿水平井”重力稳定驱等技术先导试验,建成了10×10^(4) t的复杂断块油藏CCUS示范工程。江苏油田累计注入液碳量30.34×10^(4) t,累计增油量9.83×10^(4) t,实现了较好的增产效果及经济效益。技术研究及试验可为其他复杂断块油藏的CO_(2)驱开发提供参考借鉴。

拼装式土工格室挡墙受力变形测试分析

以四川成宜高速连接线某试验段变截面土工格室挡墙为工程依托,首先对新型拼装式土工格室挡墙的施工方法进行介绍,采用新型玻璃钢轻质面板有效解决了挡墙线形不美观并容易破损的不足;其次,通过现场监测对该挡墙的支护效果进行分析,现场监测结果表明:该挡墙不同部位的土压力沿墙高呈非线性分布,底部大,顶部小,局部会出现土压力减小的现象;挡墙同一水平高度处墙背和墙中部土压力较大,而墙面处较小,说明土压力从墙中部到墙面范围内的衰减程度较大;对墙身水平位移的监测结果表明:水平位移曲线为“S”形,存在2个位移分界点,水平位移在截面形状改变处变化明显,挡墙顶部和底部的水平位移为最大值和最小值,分别为30 mm和3 mm;对挡墙的沉降监测结果表明:该挡墙填筑施工期沉降量较大,占总沉降量的70%~90%,工后沉降很小,墙体最大沉降发生在挡墙顶部,沉降最大值仅为23 mm。最后,结合土压力计算理论分析该台阶式截面挡墙的土压力分布和墙身变形规律,结果表明该挡墙变形符合“转动+平动+绕墙底转动”模式,采用该文计算方法得到的墙背土压力与实测值较为接近,用于挡墙设计时结果更偏安全。

Effect of dynamic loading orientation on fracture properties of surrounding rocks in twin tunnels

For expedited transportation,vehicular tunnels are often designed as two adjacent tunnels,which frequently experience dynamic stress waves from various orientations during blasting excavation.To analyze the impact of dynamic loading orientation on the stability of the twin-tunnel,a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)apparatus was used to conduct a dynamic test on the twin-tunnel specimens.The two tunnels were rotated around the specimen’s center to consider the effect of dynamic loading orientation.LS-DYNA software was used for numerical simulation to reveal the failure properties and stress wave propagation law of the twin-tunnel specimens.The findings indicate that,for a twin-tunnel exposed to a dynamic load from different orientations,the crack initiation position appears most often at the tunnel corner,tunnel spandrel,and tunnel floor.As the impact direction is created by a certain angle(30°,45°,60°,120°,135°,and 150°),the fractures are produced in the middle of the line between the left tunnel corner and the right tunnel spandrel.As the impact loading angle(a)is 90°,the tunnel sustains minimal damage,and only tensile fractures form in the surrounding rocks.The orientation of the impact load could change the stress distribution in the twin-tunnel,and major fractures are more likely to form in areas where the tensile stress is concentrated.

混合联肢PEC墙结构基于合理失效模式的性能化设计方法研究

基于性能化设计理念,提出了混合联肢PEC墙结构基于合理失效模式的性能化设计方法:以结构达目标位移时实现合理失效模式作为性能目标,基于能量平衡原理确定结构设计基底剪力,并给出符合失效模式的侧向力分布;依据给定目标塑性耦连比分别求解钢连梁和PEC墙肢底部加强区内力需求;采用塑性设计方法设计钢连梁和PEC墙肢底部加强区截面,采用弹性设计方法设计PEC墙肢非加强区截面,保证结构实现预期性能目标。依据提出的基于合理失效模式的性能化设计方法,设计了12层混合联肢PEC墙算例结构,对其进行Pushover分析和弹塑性动力时程分析,验证了该方法的可行性。基于合理失效模式的性能化设计方法设计的混合联肢PEC墙结构抗震性能良好,地震作用下,各层钢连梁首先剪切屈服耗散能量,然后PEC墙肢底部形成弯曲塑性铰,塑性铰分布及发展过程符合预期,实现了“两阶段耗能体系”设计目标。

基于深度学习的双阶段大坝变形预测模型

为提高大坝位移预测的准确性,提出了一种新颖的基于深度学习的综合预测方法。首先引入了一种基于完全集成经验模态分解(Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise,CEEMDAN)和奇异谱分析(Singular Spectrum Analysis,SSA)的多级数据降噪技术。这能有效地消除监测数据中的噪声和异常值,提高数据质量,为后续预测提供更合理的大坝变形数据。随后构建基于卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Network,CNN)和门控循环单元(Gated Recurrent Unit,GRU)的深度学习模型。采用CNN从监测数据中提取丰富的特征,利用GRU来捕获和处理时间序列数据中的长期依赖关系。为了增强模型的表现,引入了自注意力机制,以帮助模型更好地处理和识别数据中的复杂模式。通过与其他预测方法的比较,实验结果表明,该方法在大坝位移预测的准确性和稳定性方面相较于其他方法有显著的提升,能够为大坝变形监控领域提供新方法。

基于位移与轴力的软土深基坑开挖扰动控制

针对软土地层基坑工程钢支撑体系压力控制液压伺服反馈控制中施工扰动最终位移的不确定性及其环境风险,研究建立了以扰动位移控制为核心、位移与支撑轴力综合优化的钢支撑液压伺服智能控制方法。提出基于容许位移约束的线性位移变化与支撑力综合优化智能控制模式,并建立相应的施工全过程实时调压技术。构建了基于高精度激光测距和液压监测同步的反馈系统,采用形函数的随机数据误差处理方法,有效防范随机误差带来的反馈控制失误和风险。经模型试验,验证了该方法的可靠性和适用性。经上海世博通道工程示范应用,位移控制效果显著。

基于线性扩张状态观测器的挖掘机电液系统滑模控制

无人驾驶挖掘机器人实际工作环境恶劣,为提高铲斗在负载扰动下的轨迹跟踪精度,建立了挖掘机电液系统非线性数学模型,设计了基于线性扩张状态观测器的滑模控制器(Sliding mode controller based on linear extended state observer,SMC-LESO)。根据铲斗油缸活塞杆位移信号,利用设计的线性扩张状态观测器对系统的速度、加速度及负载扰动和不确定因素进行估计,解决了系统参数难以测量的问题。在此基础上,设计了滑模控制器,并证明了该控制器的Lyapunov稳定性。为进一步验证该控制器的有效性,建立了挖掘机电液比例控制系统的联合仿真模型,并与PID控制器、滑模控制器的轨迹跟踪精度进行对比。仿真结果表明,该控制器可以有效抑制扰动,位移跟踪精度高、鲁棒性强。

连续性电液伺服系统位移轨迹的滑模跟踪控制

为解决电液伺服系统在零位附近运动时,系统跟踪活塞杆位移轨迹出现抖振问题,提出一种改进连续性电液伺服模型,采用滑模控制方法设计切换超平面和趋近律,在同一大气压下,建立电液伺服系统滑模跟踪控制器,将连续性电液伺服系统和传统的电液伺服系统进行建模仿真,分析电液伺服系统位移轨迹的跟踪控制精度。结果表明,在活塞杆位移跟踪轨迹时,相比传统电液伺服系统,连续性电液伺服系统平滑了2 kHz的抖振现象,且位移跟踪精度提高了5%。

智能车辆转向控制系统设计与仿真

为抑制智能车辆在路径跟踪过程中车辆内部参数变化和外部扰动对控制系统鲁棒性的影响,提出一种递归滑模控制方法。基于二自由度车辆动力学模型,通过引入车辆与期望位置之间的横向误差构造递归滑模面,设计递归滑模控制器。考虑系统不确定性对控制系统鲁棒性的要求,基于径向基函数神经网络设计了估计器,用于反馈回路补偿。与现有控制方法仿真对比,本文中提出的控制方法可以快速跟踪到期望路径且不发生超调,当车辆遭受外部扰动时,可以有效抵抗外部扰动,在跟踪蛇形路径时性能指标提高86.65%,跟踪连续换道路径时提高81.35%,极大改善了系统的鲁棒性和抗干扰性。结果表明,采用该方法可改善无人车辆路径跟踪动态响应性能,能够满足稳定跟踪期望路径要求,具有重要应用前景。

煤尘肺患者右心室收缩功能M型超声心动图三尖瓣环收缩期位移定量分析及其诊断价值

目的应用M型超声心动图定量分析煤尘肺患者的三尖瓣环收缩期位移(TAPSE)变化情况,并探讨其评价右心室收缩功能的价值。方法选取2021年5月至2022年6月60例于萍乡市第三人民医院接受检查并确诊的60例煤尘肺患者作为尘肺组,另外,选取同时期于本院进行常规体检的50名健康者作为参照组。比较不同组别受试者、不同尘肺分期和肺功能分型患者右心室面积变化率(RVFAC)、右心室整体长轴应变(GLS)、TAPSE,并采用Pearson相关分析煤尘肺患者RVFAC、GLS、TAPSE之间的关系。结果尘肺组RVFAC、GLS均低于参照组,TAPSE短于参照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。不同尘肺分期患者RVFAC、GLS、TAPSE比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);尘肺分期Ⅲ期患者RVFAC、GLS低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期,Ⅱ期低于Ⅰ期,Ⅲ期患者TAPSE短于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期,Ⅱ期短于Ⅰ期,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。不同肺功能分型尘肺患者RVFAC、GLS、TAPSE比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);混合型患者RVFAC、GLS低于限制型、阻塞型、正常型,且限制型低于阻塞型、正常型,阻塞型低于正常型,混合型患者TAPSE短于限制型、阻塞型、正常型,且限制型短于阻塞型、正常型,阻塞型短于正常型,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Pearson相关分析结果显示,TAPSE分别与RVFAC、GLS均呈正相关(r>0,P<0.05)。结论煤尘肺患者TAPSE明显缩小,且随着患者病情的加重TAPSE明显缩小,TAPSE可以反映煤尘肺的病情和肺功能情况,能够作为评价右心室收缩功能的有效指标。

基于ESMD方法的火山地震活动前后GNSS坐标异常分析

火山地震活动对地面观测站的位置有很大影响。为了探究火山地震前后全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)测站的位移情况,以汤加火山地震事件为例,基于汤加(TONG)站2个月的观测数据,使用PRIDEPPP-AR软件对数据进行解算,引入极点对称模态分解(ESMD)方法对坐标时间序列进行分解,并对坐标位移进行了分析,结果显示:数据解算精度较高,北(N)和东(E)方向中误差在5 mm左右,垂直(U)方向精度在9 mm左右。在地震发生当天和前1~2 d,E方向坐标出现了0.1 m左右的明显扰动;在地震发生当天,U方向坐标时间序列异常不明显,但是在地震发生前1~2 d,可以观察到坐标的明显扰动。通过ESMD方法可以观察到E方向GNSS坐标时间序列的Model 1、Model 2信号振幅在震前和震后都有明显的异常扰动现象,同时也有明显的同震扰动。U方向Model 1~Model 3信号有着明显的同震振幅异常扰动,N方向坐标异常扰动不明显。从总能量信号来看,U方向和E方向可以观测到多次非常明显的能量异常,异常强度约为正常水平的3~10倍,N方向也能发现部分同震和震前能量异常,但是异常并不明显。

平衡位移电流技术在中央空调的应用

为解决中央空调在通讯中的噪音问题,本文分析通讯回路和开关电源回路的原理,得到中央空调基板初次级之间的Y电容会形成共模干扰,造成通讯噪音。为去除Y电容,基于开关电源电磁兼容性(electromagnetic compatibility,EMC)技术,采用平衡位移电流技术和双维度黄金分割法,在不改变电路架构的情况下,完成了中央空调基板去Y电容的技术升级迭代,基板上的EMC解决方案由原来的被动滤波变成了主动降噪。