The Prognostic Value of Red Cell Distribution Width in Critically Ill Cerebral Infarction Patients:A Retrospective Cohort Study

Objective:Red blood cell distribution width(RDW)has been utilized as a prognostic indicator for mortality risk assessment in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular patients.Nevertheless,the prognostic significance of RDW in critically ill patients with cerebral infarction is yet to be investigated.The objective of this study is to examine the association between RDW and the risk of all-cause mortality in cerebral infarction patients admitted to the intensive care unit(ICU).Method:A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV 2.2(MIMIC-IV)intensive care dataset for data analysis.The main results were the all-cause mortality rates at 3 and 12 months of follow-up.Cumulative curves were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method,and Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to examine the relationship between RDW and mortality rates in critically ill cerebral infarction patients.Results:The findings indicate that RDW serves as a significant prognostic factor for mortality risk in critically ill stroke patients,specifically at the 3 and 12-month follow-up periods.The observed correlation between increasing RDW levels and higher mortality rates among cerebral infarction patients further supports the potential utility of RDW as a predictive indicator.Conclusion:RDW emerges as an independent predictor of mortality risk during the 3 and 12-month follow-up periods for critically ill patients with cerebral infarction.

Theoretical and experimental study of the intensity distribution in biological tissues

Based on the diffusion approximate theory （DA）, a theoretical model about the distribution of the intensity of a narrow collimation beam illuminating on a semi-lnfinite biological tissue is developed. In order to verify the correctness of the model, a novel method of measuring the distributions of the intensity of light in Intralipid-10% suspension at 650 nm is presented and ts of the distributions of the distance-dependent intensity of scattering light in different directions are made. The investigations show that the results from our diffusion model are in good agreement with the experimental results beyond and in the areas around the light source, and the distance-dependent intensity in the incident direction attenuates approximately in the exponential form. Furthermore, our theoretic results indicate the anisotropic characteristics of the intensity in different directions of scattering light inside the biological tissue.

Distribution characteristics of intensity and phase vortices of speckle fields produced by N-pinhole random screens

We analyze the distribution properties of phase and phase vortices in a speckle field generated by N-pinhole random screens, and find that the phase vortex distributions show similarity and clustering in local regions. The phase patterns have a lot of sets composed of two phase vortices with opposite signs or four phase vortices which are positive and negative vortices alternately. Cases are also found where two adjacent phase vortices have the same topological charges. The density of phase vortices becomes larger with the increase of the radius of circumference and the number of pinholes on screen.Then, the relative positions of phase vortices can be adjusted by changing the radius of circumference and the number of pinholes.

Research on Testing System for Three-dimensional Distribution of Luminous Intensity of LED

In terms of asymmetrical three-dimensional distribution(ID) of luminous intensity(LI) of light-emitting-diode(LED),a testing system was conducted in this study. Design and principle of the testing system were introduced. 31 photometers were placed on a concentric circle,and all of them were used to gather LI data of LED at the same time. The data acquisition card(DAC) was used to gather multichannel data and controlled motor. Experimental results indicated that the testing system had achieved the goal of testing three-dimensional distribution of LI. And each parameter could meet the requirements of industrial production and measurement.

A Method of Inversing the Peak Density of Atomic Oxygen Vertical Distribution in the MLT Region From the OI (557.7 nm)Night Airglow Intensity

In this paper, using the MSISE-90 model as the reference atmosphere, we discuss the feasibility and method of deducing the peak densities of the undisturbed atomic oxygen profiles in the MLT region (the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region) from OI (557.7 nm) night airglow intersities. The peak densities for different seasons, latitudes and longitudes are deduced from OI (557.7nm) airglow intensities through this expression. We analyze the features of inversion relative errors and discuss the influence of the variations in temperature on inversion errors. The results indicate that all inversion errors are less than 5% except for those at high altitudes in the summer hemisphere. And the impact of the variations in temperature on errors is not significant.

Modifying the intensity distribution by assessing the reliability

This article presents an application of a procedure to modify the intensity distribution by assessing the reliability. There are two potential possibilities that may influence the intensity distribution： （1） For the interpolation error, we generate a measured grid across the calculation region. When the point to station spacing is 〈5 km, we consider the results precise; however, some points have less precision because these are farther from the corresponding stations. When the spacing is between 5 and 50 km, we consider the results imprecise and define a reliability factor that correlates with the distance. （2） Some records may have errors that result from local site conditions, equipment problems, or some disturbance such as lightning stroke, which will lead to some grid points having an incorrect intensity. We regress the attenuation relation for sites with abnormal intensities and consider the results to be accurate when the standard deviation （STD） is 〈σ and inaccurate when the STD is 〉 2σ. We then define a reliability factor to correlate with STD between σ and 2σ, such that the intensity distribution is in accord with both wave propagation theory and the investigation intensity.

Improving continuous-variable quantum key distribution under local oscillator intensity attack using entanglement in the middle

A modified continuous-variable quantum key distribution （CVQKD） protocol is proposed by originating the entangled source from a malicious third party Eve in the middle instead of generating it from the trustworthy Alice or Bob. This method is able to enhance the efficiency of the CVQKD scheme attacked by local oscillator （LO） intensity attack in terms of the generated secret key rate in quantum communication. The other indication of the improvement is that the maximum transmission distance and the maximum loss tolerance can be increased significantly, especially for CVQKD schemes based on homodyne detection.

Assessment of the Relationship between ESR Signal Intensity and Grain Size Distribution in Shear Zones within the Atotsugawa Fault System, Central Japan

For the first time, a relationship between ESR signal intensity and grain size distribution (sieve technique) in shear zones within the Atotsugawa fault system have been investigated using fault core rocks. The grain size distributions were estimated using the sieve technique and microscopic observations. Stacks of sieves with openings that decrease consecutively in the order of 4.75 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 μm, 300 μm, 150 μm and 75 μm were chosen for this study. Grain size distributions analysis revealed that samples further from the slip plane have larger d50 (average gain size) (0.45 mm at a distance of 30 - 50 mm from the slip plane) while those close to the slip plane have smaller d50 values (0.19 mm at a distance of 0 - 10 mm from the slip plane). This is due to intensive crushing that is always associated with large displacement during fault activities. However, this pattern was not respected in all shear zones in that, larger d50 values were instead observed in samples close to the slip plane due to admixture of fault rocks from different fault activities. Results from ESR analysis revealed that the relatively finer samples close to the slip plane have low ESR signals intensity while those further away (coarser) have relatively higher signal intensity. This tendency however, is not consistence in some of the shear zones due to a complex network of anatomizing faults. The variation in grain size distribution within some of the shear zones implies that, a series of fault events have taken place in the past thus underscoring the need for further investigation of the possibility of reoccurrence of faults.

Impact of intensity variability of the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone on the chemical distribution in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere

During the Asian summer monsoon(ASM)season,the process of stratosphere-troposphere exchange significantly affects the concentration and spatial distribution of chemical constituents in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere(UTLS).However,the effect of the intensity of the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone(ASMA)on the horizontal distribution of chemical species within and around the ASMA,especially on the daily time scale,remains unclear.Here,the authors use the MERRA-2 reanalysis dataset and Aura Microwave Limb Sounder observations to study the impact of ASMA intensity on chemical distributions at 100 hPa during the ASM season.The intraseasonal variation of ASMA is classified into a strong period(SP)and weak period(WP),which refer to the periods when the intensity of ASMA remains strong and weak,respectively.The relatively low ozone(O_(3))region is found to be larger at 100 hPa during SPs,while its mixing ratio is lower than during WPs in summer.In June,analysis shows that the O_(3) horizontal distribution is mainly related to the intensity of AMSA,especially during SPs in June,while deep convections also impact the O_(3) horizontal distribution in July and August.These results indicate that the intraseasonal variation of the ASMA intensity coupled to deep convection can significantly affect the chemical distribution in the UTLS region during the ASM season.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE INTENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY RAINS IN ZHEJIANG PROVINCE CAUSED BY TYPHOONS HAITANG AND MATSA

Study was carried out on two landfall typhoons Haitang and Matsa, which affected Zhejiang province seriously in 2005. Firstly, the similarity and difference between the two typhoon-induced heavy rains were compared and it was pointed out that both of them brought strong large-scale precipitation and the maximum centers of rainfall were located on the north side of the landfall site. Making landfall on Fujian, Haitang was weaker than Matsa in intensity but surpassed it in rainfall. Then with focus on intensity, moving speed, structure of typhoon, circulation and terrain, the two typhoon-related heavy rains were compared and analyzed. Results show that the asymmetrical distribution of rainfall was closely related to the structure of typhoons themselves, moisture transportation and mesoscale terrain. In contrast to the south side, the north side was hotter and wetter and water vapor was also more abundant. The phenomenon of more rainfall induced by Haitang was in connection with the following reasons. Invading cold air led to rainfall increases, weakened dynamic field and slower movement both benefited precipitation. For the last part, the cold characteristic of air mass over Zhejiang was also a favorable factor for the rain.

Consistency of the directionality of partially coherent beams in turbulence expressed in terms of the angular spread and the far-field average intensity

Under the quadratic approximation of the Rytov＇s phase structure function, this paper derives the general closed-form expressions for the mean-squared width and the angular spread of partially coherent beams in turbulence. It finds that under a certain condition different types of partially coherent beams may have the same directionality as a fully coherent Gaussian beam in free space and also in atmospheric turbulence if the angular spread is chosen as the characteristic parameter of beam directionality. On the other hand, it shows that generally, the directionality of partially coherent beams expressed in terms of the angular spread is not consistent with that in terms of the normalized far-field average intensity distribution in free space, but the consistency can be achieved due to turbulence.

Experimental investigation of the mixing efficiency via intensity of segregation along axial direction of a rotating bar reactor

As a significant index to evaluate the mixing efficiency,studying the concentration distribution is directly related to the intensity of segregation(I_(s)).In this work,the I_(s) of the mixture composed of NaCl solutionwater was investigated experimentally in a rotating bar reactor(RBR)by the conductivity method.The results showed that the mixing efficiency was improved along the axial direction from the bottom to the top in the RBR.The concentration distribution at the bottom section was more uneven,and I_(s) was higher compared with the top section,which decreased from 6.53×10^(-5)to 1.57×10^(-7).With the increase of rotational speed from 0 to 700 r·min^(-1),I_s at the bottom and top sections decreased from 4.27×10^(-3)to 7.10×10^(-5)and from 1.93×10^(-3)to 7.29×10^(-7),respectively.The increases flow rate of solution A,and the decreases of concentration of NaCl and flow rate of solution B gave rise to the reduction of I_(s),signifying an improved mixing efficiency.The results revealed that the conductivity method used in this paper has high efficiency and low cost to measure the I_(s),which indicates a promising prospect for estimating reactors'mixing performance.

Analysis on Spatio-temporal Distribution of Lightning in Dalian Area of China between 2007 and 2008

The cloud-to-ground lightning data between 2007 and 2008 were collected by lightning detection and location system,which was composed of four lightning detectors in four different sites of Dalian area.The spatio-temporal distribution of cloud-to-ground lightning in surrounding areas of Dalian was analyzed from several aspects of polarity distribution,diurnal variation,lightning intensity and lightning density.The results showed that the number of negative lightning accounted for 93.9% of the total number of lightning,and its average lightning intensity was 27.99 kA.The number of positive lightning accounted for 6.1% of the total number of lightning,and its average lightning intensity was 35.56 kA.The diurnal variation of lightning frequency showed an obvious structure of two peaks (17:00-18:00 and 04:00-05:00) and two valleys (09:00-10:00 and 00:00-01:00).The number of lightning between May and September was 91.5% of the annual number,and the lightning occurred the most frequently between June and August.Most of positive and negative lightning was at the intensity of 15-35 kA,80.0% lower than 40 kA,and 99.3% lower than 100 kA.The lightning density had obvious regional differences in distribution,high in the Liaodong Bay and the Dalian Bay and low in inland areas.Therefore,coastal areas should attract more attention in lightning disaster defense in the surrounding areas of Dalian.

Spatial and temporal distribution of forest fire frequency and forest area burnt in Jilin Province, Northeast China

Forest fires caused by natural forces or human activities are one of the major natural risks in Northeast China.The incidence and spatial distribution of these fires vary over time and across the forested areas in Jilin Province,Northeast China.In this study,the incidence and distribution of 6519 forest fires from 1969 to 2013 in the province were investigated.The results indicated that the spatiotemporal distribution of the burnt forest area and the fire frequency varied significantly by month,year,and region.Fire occurrence displayed notable temporal patterns in the years after forest fire prevention measures were strictly implemented by the provincial government.Generally,forest fires in Jilin occurred in months when stubble and straw were burned and human activities were intense during traditional Chinese festivals.Baishan city,Jilin city,and Yanbian were defined as fire-prone regions for their high fire frequency.Yanbian had the highest frequency,and the fires tended to be large with the highest burned area per fire.Yanbian should thus be listed as the key target area by the fire management agency in Jilin Province for better fire prevention.

Diameter distribution of trees in natural stands managed on polycyclic cutting system

Diameter frequency distribution in a specific stand provides basic information for forest resources management. In this study, four probability models were applied to analyze diameter distribution of natural forests after selective cutting with different intensities （low intensity of 13.0% in volume, medium intensity of 29.1%, high intensity of 45.8%, and extra-high intensity of 67.1%） The results show that the skewness and kurtosis of the four models are positive except that of low intensity selective cutting, which suggest that the number of small-size trees dominate the stand. The more intensity of selective cutting, the wider range of diameter distributions. The diameter structure of selective cutting with low intensity met Weibull and Beta distributions; that of medium intensity met Weibull, negative exponential as well as Gamma distributions; that of high intensity cutting met Weibull and negative exponential distributions, but that of extra-high intensity could not meet any above model. Weibull distribution model fits better than others regarding the structure of diameter distribution in natural forests managed on polycyclic cutting system. The results will provide basic information for sustainable management for mixed natural stands managed on a polycyclic cutting system.

Distribution of Electrical Field Energy for Conversion of Methane to C_2 Hydrocarbons via Dissymmetrical Electric Field Enhanced Plasma

Direct conversion of methane into C2 hydrocarbons through alternating current electric field enhanced plasma was studied under room temperature, atmospheric pressure and low power conditions. The distribution of electrical field intensity and distribution of energy were calculated with software that was developed by us according to the charge simulation method. The results indicated that the energy of tip of electrode was 0.36 J/mm^3 and it was higher than the methane dissociation energy （0.0553 J/mm^3）. The methane located at this area can be activated easily. The higher-energy particles produced by dissociation collided with molecules around them and initiated consecutive reactions between free radicals and molecules. The method was proved to be valided and could be taken as a basis for the electrical field study concerned.

Species spatial distributions in a warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest in China

Spatial distribution is fundamental for understanding species coexistence mechanisms in forest communities.Here we comprehensively explored fine-scale spatial patterns of tree species in a secondary warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest community in north China.Aggregated distribution patterns were predominant.Species functional traits had no significant effects on their spatial patterns.The aggregation intensity decreased with increasing DBH and abundance.The multivariate linear stepwise regression showed that abundance and maximum DBH were correlated with the aggregation intensity.Our results partially confirm that species attributes(abundance,DBH)and habitat heterogeneity may primarily contribute to spatial patterns and species coexistence in this secondary forest.

Dose Distribution Verifications of IMRT for NPC

In order to explore a dose distribution verification procedure of intensity modulated radiation therapy （IMRT） for nasopharyngeal carcinoma （NPC） and establish its evaluation criteria, we performed 35 two-dimensional （2D） patient-specific IMRT verifications over the year i006. The percent of pixels passing 7 and the normalized agreement test （NAT） index were mainly used to represent the agreement between the measured and computed dose distributions with three criteria （2%/2 mm, 3%/3 mm and 5%/3 mm） as recommended in the literature. The results were that all cases passed through verifications with three criteria except that the NAT index of one case was beyond the limitation, and the three tolerance levels of 2%/2mm, 3%/3 mm and 5%/3 mm produced similar clinical verification results but led to different percent of pixels passing Y and NAT index. Our data showed that the percent of pixels passing y and the NAT index were complementary to evaluate future IMRT verifications as two significant metrics. Due to the influence of the noise and the trait of the software, we considered an IMRT plan as acceptable in case of the percent ofpixels passing y 〉95% and the NAT index 〈5 with the 5%/3 mm criteria for IMRT patient-specific quality assurance （QA）.

Hemispheric Distribution of Lower-band Chorus Waves Observed by Van Allen Probes

Whistler mode chorus waves are important electromagnetic emissions due to their dual roles in acceleration and loss processes of Earth's radiation belt electrons.A detailed global survey of lower-band chorus is performed using EMFISIS data from Van Allen Probes in near-equatorial orbits.In addition to the confirmation of the positive correlation of chorus wave intensities to geomagnetic activity and dayside-nightside distribution asymmetry of wave amplitude and occurrence probability,the analysis results find that in statistics lower-band chorus emissions exhibit higher wave occurrence rates and larger normalized peak wave frequencies in the magnetically northern hemisphere but somehow stronger peak wave intensities in the magnetically southern hemisphere.While overall the differences between the two magnetically hemispheric distributions tend to be not significant,it is important to establish the magnetically hemispheric distribution profiles of lowerband chorus with respect to L-shell,magnetic local time,and geomagnetic latitude for improved understanding of chorus-induced dynamics of radiation belt electrons.