Prevention and Control Measures of Environmental Pollution Problem Caused by Dairy Farming in Inner Mongolia

Environmental pollution problem generated in dairy farming process is the bottleneck restricting development of animal husbandry. By using the investigation data from dairy farmers of Inner Mongolia,environmental pollution problem generated by dairy farming in Inner Mongolia and its cause were analyzed,and prevention and control measures were put forward. The research result showed that weak technology support of environmental treatment and environmental-protection awareness of dairy farmer and bad application effect of pollution control technology caused by lower education degree of dairy farmer were main reasons for environmental pollution problem. We should develop dairy circular economy,advocate a moderate scale,scientifically breed,and enhance training of pollution control technology and propaganda to protect environment.

Socio-economic, Environmental and Health Aspects of Farm Workers Engaged in Mango Plantations

A cross-sectional survey of 489 male subjects in the age group 15 to 65 years engageddirectly or indirectly in mango cultivation along with 208 control subjects was carried out to find their socio-economic, environmental and health conditions. The conditions like high illiteracy rate (49.5%), poverty (PCI less than Rs 100 per month, 52.2%), poor housing (mud houses, 66.7%) unsafe water supply (78.6%) were prevailing in the surveyed population. The high respiratory morbidity may be attributed to high prevalence of smoking andprolonged inhalation of organic dusts during farming operation associated with illiteracyand poor socio-economic status. Gastrointestinal disorders were related to poor hygienic conditions, smoking and consumption of contaminated water. The symptoms pertaining to CNS, skin and eyes were found to be associated with exposure to pesticides

Brackish Shrimp Farming in Northeastern Brazil: The Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts and Sustainability

Despite the economic importance of farmed shrimp, a number of technical, environmental, economic and social problems have been widely reported in the international literature. This paper focuses on the environmental and socio-economic impacts of semi-intensive and intensive shrimp farming in the coastal region of Northeastern Brazil and the identification of options for sustainable production. In this Region, the total area dedicated to shrimp farming is approximately 18,500 ha, of which 5750 ha are located in Ceará State. The estuary of Jaguaribe river has the largest number of shrimp farms in the state of Ceará. Currently, the industry has 64 participating farms with a total area dedicated to shrimp farming of 2411.3 ha. In 2011, the total production was 13,110 tons of shrimp with an average yield of 6330 kg ha1.year-1 in a pond area of 2071.2 ha. This industry employs 2350 people that represent 23.2% of jobs generated in the two municipalities where the Jaguaribe river estuary is inserted. Compared with other countries, Brazil has reduced its exports due to high cost inputs for shrimp farming. However, the Brazilian shrimp industry has benefited from high domestic prices, despite the decreases in international price of shrimp. In 2011, the prices for size category ranged between U$ 4.67 - 6.04 for 80/100 (count of head-on shrimp), U$ 4.95 - 6.60 for 70/80 and U$ 5.

Environmental Integration of Wind Farms: The Territorial Governance

This research arises from the need to investigate the phenomenon of the development of wind farms in Puglia and the aspects related to the environmental impact that these systems generate on the territory. This represents a sign of change and adaptation on landscapes for people and local governments. The demand and the need to install renewable energy systems must be mediated by the preservation of the landscape and governed by planning instruments, which in this case should be expanded with a strategic energy planning in the anthropized environment that is being examined. With a careful analysis of the current situation, this paper suggests, a model of integrated development in which technology, landscape and bureaucracy reach an almost perfect balance between the protection of the territory and the incessant vicious speculative and criminal process.

Variations of Farming Systems and Their Impacts on Surface Water Environment in Past 60 Years in Intensive Agricultural Area of Taihu Region, China

Based on agricultural nitrogen (N) balance model and field experiments, the impacts of farming system changes of Taihu Region of China on surface water environment were studied. During past 60 years, farming systems changed greatly in Taihu Region. The traditional method of manure collection and application was replaced by chemical fertilizer utilization gradually. Chemical N fertilization intensity decreased greatly due to the abolition of “3 crops per year” and reduction of cropland area in 1990-2010. Crops depleting soil fertility increased, while those improving soil fertility decreased, leading to an excessive dependence on chemical fertilizer application, which increased the risks of soil N loss to surface water environment in Taihu region. However, field experiments showed that the agricultural N loss with runoff only accounted for 2% of fertilizer N application rate. The majority of N was exported by crop harvesting. Our findings showed that the agricultural N loss might not be the main source of N pollution in Lake Tai after 2000. To control N pollution of Lake Tai, more attention should be paid to industrial and domestic wastewater from urban and rural areas, wastes from livestock and poultry breeding, bait input for aquaculture, etc in the Taihu Region, China.

Environmental emigration stress of slope farmland in the Three Gorges area

The project of ‘grain for green’, to restore woodland and grass by retreating from slope farmland, as a fundamental measure of eco-environmental rehabilitation, is being conducted in the reservoir area of the Three Gorges gradually. However, the de-farming of slope farmland will reduce the amount of farmland in de-farmed areas, especially in the areas with concentrated slope farmland, which would cause the problems of environmental emigration. The people who cannot regain enough farmland by relocating farmlands within village after de-farming and have to emigrate to other places are called environmental emigrants or ecological emigrants. In the research, a de-farming stress index model and an environmental emigration model are developed based on GRID data, and the potential amount of environmental emigration caused by de-farming of slope farmland in the reservoir area is simulated aided with GIS. The simulation indicates that the potential emigration amount caused by de-farming is quite large. When the de-farming stress index reaches 40%, the amount is as large as 890,000 people, which is equivalent to the emigrants caused by the submergence of the Three Gorges reservoir. So it should be considered as a big problem during the eco-environmental rehabilitation in this area. Some suggestions are raised to tackle the problem. Firstly, the emigration plan should be included in the de-farming plan. Secondly, some provinces, especially those located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, should accommodate part of the environmental emigrants.

Environmental Impacts of Farm Waste Treatment Methods and Perspectives of Valorization by Composting: The Case of the Farm “Sociétéde Provenderies du Cameroun (SPC)” of Foumbot

Waste recovery is an environmental, agronomic and economic asset. The farm “Société de Provenderies du Cameroun” (SPC) processes its wastes by incineration and landfill. During this study, environmental impacts of these two treatment methods were assessed in this farm and a composting experiment was also conducted. For the experiment, chicken carcasses and droppings mixed with wood shavings, straw, incineration ash, egg shells and cattle dung were distributed differently in four experimental composters C1, C2, C3 and C4 with the same starting weight. C1 consisted of the first three waste types, for C2, C3 and C4 a new waste was added in the order they are listed above. The results show that the major impacts associated with the incineration and landfilling of SPC waste are the degradation of the health of workers and surrounding populations, the occurrence of conflicts, and the pollution of the air, soil and groundwater of the site. As far as composting is concerned, the characteristics of three of the four composts obtained are usable as soil fertilisers. Indeed, at the end of the experiment, the pH of the four composters was basic (8), the temperature values were between 24°C and 34°C and the humidity values were between 37% and 41%. However, the last parameter, the C/N ratio, was not satisfactory for C1 (13.42), which eliminated it from mature and ready-to-use composts according to FAO standards. The C/N ratios of C2 (15.71), C3 (16.30), and C4 (18) composters were found to be good for mature and ready-to-use compost.

Bioassay of Estrogenic Activity of Effluent and Influent in a Farm Wastewater Treatment Plant Using an in vitro Recombinant Assay with Yeast Cells

Objective Environmental estrogens at an elevated concentration are known to produce adverse effects on human and animal life. However, the majority of researches have been focused on industrial discharges, while the impact of livestock wastes as a source of endocrine disrupters in aquatic environments has been rarely elucidated. In order to investigate the contribution of environmental estrogens from livestock, the estrogenic activity in water samples from a farm wastewater treatment plant was analyzed by a recombinant yeast screening method. Methods The extracts prepared from 15 selected water samples from the farm wastewater treatment plant, among which 6 samples were from pre-treatment section （influents） and 9 from post-treatment section （effluents）, were analyzed for estrogenic activity by cellar bioassay. Yeast cells transfected with the expression plasmid of human estrogen receptor and the Lac Z reporter plasmid encoding β-galactossidase, were used to measure the estrogen-like compounds in the farm wastewater treatment plant. Results The wastewater samples from influents showed a higher estrogenic potency than the effluent samples showing a low induction of β-galactossidase relative to solvent control condition. By comparison with a standard curve for 17β-estradiol （E2）, estrogenic potency in water samples from the influents was calculated as E2-equivalent and ranged from 0.1 to 150 pM E2-equivalent. The estrogenic potency in water samples from the effluents was significantly lower than that in the influents, and 7 water samples had less detectable limit in the total of 9 samples. Conclusion Yeast bioassay of estrogenic activity in most of the samples from the farm wastewater after disposal by traditional sewage treatment showed negative results.

Acoustic Impact Studies (AIS) of Wind Farms in Uruguay: A Methodology Proposal

The fast growing development of wind power in Uruguay has encouraged research on many issues regarding environmental acoustics, especially those related to wind turbines operation. As every new power generation device of 10 MW or larger has to have an environmental license approval before building it, a methodology for Acoustic Impact Studies (AIS) was needed. This paper presents a methodology proposal to carry out AIS, taking into account the peculiarities of the Uruguayan status. Determining the area where the studies should be done, demands for the base line of sound pressure levels, predicting sound pressure levels during the operation of future wind farm and main lines for the environmental management plan are included in this proposal. Uruguayan current national guidelines to noise pollution levels are also presented.

Chemical and Biological Properties of Apple Orchard Soils under Natural, Organic, Hybrid, and Conventional Farming Methods

Apples in Japan are generally cultivated under management systems that use chemical fertilizers and synthetic chemical pesticides. However, the continuous use of these fertilizers and pesticides damages the soil environment and reduces the number of soil microorganisms. In this study, we compared the chemical and biological properties of 12 soils from apple orchards in Aomori and Nagano Prefectures under four types of management systems, namely, natural conditions, with no cultivation, fertilizers, or pesticides;organic farming methods, using organic materials and pesticides approved by the Japanese Agricultural Standard organic certification system;hybrid farming methods, using a mix of organic and chemical fertilizers;and conventional farming, using chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Soil total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), nitrate-nitrogen (NO? 3), and available phosphoric acid (SP) contents were generally found to be the highest where organic farming methods were used. Similarly, bacterial biomass, nitrification (N) circulation activity, ammonia (NH+ 4) oxidation activity, nitrite (NO? 2) oxidation activity, and phosphoric (P) circulation activity were the highest under organic farming, especially in comparison with conventional farming. This study indicated that the differences in apple sugar content, acidity, and sugar/acidity ratio between different orchard management systems were due to different soil conditions, and soil conditions under organic farming management system in apple cultivation increased bacterial biomass while enhancing N and P circulation activity and high TC. On the other hand, the soil of conventional farming has the lowest total number of bacterial biomass and lowest material cycle such as N and P circulation activity. Analysis of the chemical and biological properties of these orchard soils indicated that soil conditions under organic farming management are the most suitable for increasing microbial numbers and enhancing N and P circulation activity.

Assessment of the Acoustic Impact of Wind Farm Projects: Methodology and Case

Wind energy is a clean renewable and its benefits are considered greater than the disadvantages. However, even though wind farms represent environmentally friendly projects, they frequently generate public resistance. Wind turbines are socially controversial because of their visual and acoustic impacts. The aim of this work was to design a methodology for the preliminary evaluation of potential acoustic impact of wind farms. Three steps have been proposed: identification, characterization and assessment of the acoustic impact during the construction, operation and decommissioning phase. Obtained results in the studied area suggested that at a maximum power, at 500 meters of wind turbines, noise level is lower than the reference level established in the legislation. In summary, proposed methodology could help to determine and to evaluate the best location for new wind farm projects. Proposed methodology could help to determine and to evaluate the best location for new wind farm projects. Moreover, this method could be used as a consulting tool for public organizations and private institutions, being quick, concise and clear. Obtained results for the studied wind farm project suggested that almost all the area showed noise levels lower than established background noise level.

耕读文化与环境土壤学课程实践教育融合探析

新时代高校开展耕读教育是推进乡村振兴的文化自觉,也是深化实践教育的内涵延伸。该文通过3年环境土壤学实践教育与耕读文化的融合,结合地域特色、建设实践基地,阐述在融合过程中,如何通过耕读文化培养学生学农、爱农、弘农的责任感与使命感。以期激发学生主动学习的热情和兴趣,将理论扎根于实践,使耕读文化贯穿教学环节,实现专业课与耕读文化的有机统一。

奶牛智慧养殖关键技术研究与应用

奶牛养殖业是我国农业产业的重要组成部分,也是支撑我国乳制品加工企业发展的关键产业。然而,传统的粗放式养殖模式下,需要大量的人力和物力投入,导致奶牛生产效率低下,牛奶质量也无法保证。随着物联网、人工智能等新一代信息技术的快速发展,中国的奶牛养殖业正逐步从过去的粗放型养殖模式向规模化、集约化、智能化的养殖模式发展。本文通过查阅文献,结合生产实际,综述了智能环境控制、个体识别、精准饲喂、生理和行为监测等智慧养殖关键技术的研究进展及其在奶牛生产中的应用,并为本文提到的关键技术绘制了一幅智慧养殖模式图,以期为我国奶牛养殖业提高生产效益和转型升级提供理论和技术支持。

湖北省2个规模化蛋鸡养殖场环境细菌监测分析

为了解蛋鸡养殖场环境中病原菌流行情况,试验采集湖北省不同地区2个规模化蛋鸡养殖场不同位置的空气、水线和饲料样品进行病原菌检测,并采用16S rDNA测序分析样品中的优势病原菌。结果显示:饲料样品中细菌总数符合《GB 13078—2017饲料卫生标准》,而鸡舍风机附近空气及水线中细菌总数均较高;空气中优势病原菌是芽孢杆菌和葡萄球菌,饲料和水线优势菌为芽孢杆菌。结果表明,规模化蛋鸡养殖场饲料中的芽孢杆菌易污染水线和空气,风机附近是细菌污染重点区域,应定期消毒。

长江流域2种水产养殖模式的生命周期环境影响评价

本研究以长江流域内的池塘养殖和稻渔综合种养2种水产养殖模式为对象,应用生命周期评价方法,分析2种养殖模式对能源消耗(EU)、全球变暖潜势(GWP)、酸化潜势(AP)、富营养化潜势(EP)以及水资源消耗(WU)5种环境指标的影响,并探究2种主要输入因子(饲料和电力供应)和养殖过程对各环境指标的影响,从而评价2种养殖模式对环境影响的差异。生命周期评价结果标准化处理和加权评估显示,稻渔综合种养模式的WU、EP、GWP、AP和EU值分别为11.650、0.770、0.141、0.096和0.003,总环境影响指数(TEII)为12.660;池塘养殖模式的WU、EP、GWP、AP和EU值分别为31.453、1.187、0.210、0.174和0.007,TEII为33.031。与稻渔综合种养模式相比,池塘养殖模式的各项环境指标均较高。对环境影响的贡献率分析表明,饲料供应对EU、GWP和AP的贡献率最高,EP主要受饲料供应和养殖过程的共同影响,而WU主要集中在养殖过程中,电力供应主要影响EU、GWP和AP。生命周期评价的结果表明,与池塘养殖模式相比,稻渔综合种养模式显示出更友好的环境效益,在我国长江流域具有较大的发展空间。2种养殖模式的贡献率分析表明,改进饲料生产工艺、建立精准投喂技术、应用先进的尾水处理技术和适当提高养殖密度是我国长江流域水产养殖环境友好生产的关键。

规模蛋鸡场环境监测数智化养殖技术方案

针对蛋鸡养殖过程中环境监测智能化程度低等问题,结合养殖经验,提供了一套规模化蛋鸡场数智环境控技术方案与运行维护方案。该方案通过安全可靠的设施设备,能够及时获取鸡舍环境参数,并在权限范围内控制执行系统完成相应的调控指令,同时具备故障自检、预警、自我保护等功能,实现节约养殖成本、提升生产效率、提高鸡蛋品质、促进增收。

奶牛场污染物处理方法浅谈

随着奶牛规模化养殖的发展,养殖污染更趋集中和严重,本文通过对奶牛场污染源的调查分析,提出了减少挤奶厅污水、夏季喷淋污水及奶牛粪尿排放的源头减量;推广生物降解养殖及干粪回用的场内消纳;干粪生产有机肥,污水好氧结合厌氧处理降解排放等奶牛场污染物处理途径,并提出了从奶牛场设计的源头就综合考虑奶牛场动物防疫条件和污染物减排设施,降低奶牛场微生物和排泄物污染,减少奶牛养殖过程中的污染物排放,改善生态环境,推进奶牛养殖的可持续发展。

农业文化遗产地农户文化资本与其亲环境行为关系研究:以敖汉旱作农业系统为例

农业文化遗产地拥有独特的自然与文化资本禀赋,文化资本是这些地区获得农业文化遗产地称号的文化资源,也是区别于其他社群的文化符号,构成了当地农户生计资本的一部分,保障了人与自然的兼容互惠、和谐共生。基于敖汉旗农户的实地调研数据,在可持续生计分析框架下加入文化资本,定量分析农业文化遗产地农户文化资本对其亲环境行为的影响。主要结论有:(1)在农户资本结构中,文化资本和人力资本得分占比较高,金融资本和物质资本偏低。(2)文化资本、人力资本和自然资本均正向显著影响其亲环境程度。(3)当农户对土地依赖程度较低时,在农户农牧业收入占比较低的状况下,文化资本的增加会抑制其亲环境行为。在自然资本水平较低的情况下,农户物质资本、金融资本和社会资本的增加会负向影响其亲环境生产。对土地依赖程度较高时,农户文化资本显著正向影响其亲环境行为。在此基础上提出关注传统农业文化力量、提升农户农牧业收入、积极推进农地适度规模化经营、实现农户文化资本在亲环境生产方面的持续性促进作用等建议。

环境规制对我国肉牛规模化养殖的影响及空间效应分析

选取2011-2021年的省级面板数据,运用Moran's I指数和双固定效应的SDM模型,基于环境规制与肉牛规模化养殖的空间相关性,分析环境规制对我国肉牛规模化养殖的影响及其空间溢出效应。研究表明:(1)环境规制与我国肉牛规模化养殖均具有显著的空间相关性,且随着时间的推移,各省份的环境规制强度和肉牛规模化养殖水平的集聚程度不断加强。(2)环境规制对我国肉牛规模化养殖的影响呈先抑制后促进的“U”型特征,同时还存在明显的空间溢出效应;提升饲草生产能力、城镇化水平和肉牛出栏率能够有效促进肉牛规模化养殖。基于此,提出加强环境规制、打造肉牛产业集聚地和促进区域间肉牛产业合作交流的建议。

中国奶牛规模养殖环境效率及影响因素分析

深入探讨我国奶牛规模养殖环境效率及影响因素,能够有效减少养殖业环境污染与资源浪费,实现农业可持续发展。依据2011—2023年奶牛规模养殖省级层面数据,选用Super-SBM模型,从大、中、小规模3个方面出发,分析我国30个省域奶牛规模养殖环境效率、空间演化特征与影响因素。研究表明,2011—2023年我国大、中、小规模奶牛养殖环境效率整体趋势为先下降后上升。从空间维度来看,东部地区小规模奶牛养殖环境效率最高;中部、西部大规模奶牛养殖环境效率最高;东北部地区中规模奶牛养殖环境效率最高。从影响因素来看,技术投入、养殖方式、奶牛个体特征、环境规制均对奶牛规模养殖环境效率产生显著正向影响,而非生态行为对奶牛规模养殖环境效率具有显著负向作用。文章从健全养殖环境治理体系、完善饲料喂养模式、制定奶牛养殖规模差异化战略方面,提出优化中国奶牛规模养殖环境效率的建议,以期为促进奶牛养殖产业高质量发展提供有益借鉴。