Background Bt technology has played significant role in controlling bollworms and increasing cotton yield in earlier days of its introduction,a subsequent decline in yield became apparent over time.This decline may be...Background Bt technology has played significant role in controlling bollworms and increasing cotton yield in earlier days of its introduction,a subsequent decline in yield became apparent over time.This decline may be attributed to various environmental factors,pest dynamics,or combination of both.Therefore,the present biophysical survey and questionnaire were designed to evaluate the impact of Bt cotton on bollworms management and its effect on reducing spray costs,targeting farmers with varied landholdings and educational backgrounds.Additionally,data on farmers'cultivated varieties and the prevalence of bollworms and sucking insects in their fields were recorded.Subsequently,about eleven thousand cotton samples from farmer fields were tested for Cry1Ac,Cry2Ab and Vip3A genes by strip test.Results In this analysis,83% of the farmers planting approved varieties believe that Bt technology control bollworms,while 17% hold contradictory views.Similarly,among farmers cultivating unapproved varieties,77% agree on effectiveness of Bt technology against bollworms,while 23% disagree.On the other hand,67% of farmers planting approved varieties believe that Bt technology does not reduce spray costs,while 33% agree with the effectiveness.Similarly,78% of farmers cultivating unapproved varieties express doubt regarding its role to reduce spray costs,while 22% are in favour of this notion.Differences in opinions on the effectiveness of Bt cotton in controlling bollworms and reducing spray cost between farmers planting unapproved and approved varieties may stem from several factors.One major cause is the heavy infestation of sucking insects,which is probably due to the narrow genetic variation of the cultivated varieties.Additionally,the widespread cultivation of unapproved varieties(21.67%)is also an important factor to cause different opinions on the effectiveness of Bt cotton.Conclusion Based on our findings,we propose that the ineffective control of pests on cotton crop may be attributed to large scale cultivation of unapproved varieties and non-inclusion of double and triple transgene technologies in country's sowing plan.On the basis of our findings,we suggest cotton breeders,regulatory bodies and legislative bodies to discourage the cultivation of unapproved varieties and impure seed.Moreover,the adoption of double and triple Bt genes in cottons with a broad genetic variation could facilitate the revival of the cotton industry,and presenting a promising way forward.展开更多
Taking Shuangliu County,Chengdu City,China as an example,evaluation index system for the rights protection effects of farmland transfer is established contract from three aspects of basic information,transfer agreemen...Taking Shuangliu County,Chengdu City,China as an example,evaluation index system for the rights protection effects of farmland transfer is established contract from three aspects of basic information,transfer agreement and legal safeguards in the contracts.According to the investigation data,weight of evaluation index is determined by both entropy weight and Analytic Hierarchy Process.Comprehensive index method is used to evaluate the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract in the flat dam,high hill and low hill in Shuangliu County,Chengdu,China.Result shows that the transfer agreement of farmland and the basic information of contract greatly affect the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract.There are differences in the five indices of the information of the signature of contract,pricing for payment,time limit for farmland transfer,transfer mode of farmland,and use range of farmland transfer.During the farmland transfer in reality,there are three hidden dangers in farmer's land rights and interests,which are the ill-formed transfer behavior,the relatively low income of farmers from farmland transfer,and the quality decline of farmland and difficult full reclamation in transfer period.Based on the evaluation result and investigation data,countermeasures are put forward to improve the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract.展开更多
基金supported by Punjab Agriculture Research Board,Grant numbers PARB No.890received research support from Punjab Agriculture Board。
文摘Background Bt technology has played significant role in controlling bollworms and increasing cotton yield in earlier days of its introduction,a subsequent decline in yield became apparent over time.This decline may be attributed to various environmental factors,pest dynamics,or combination of both.Therefore,the present biophysical survey and questionnaire were designed to evaluate the impact of Bt cotton on bollworms management and its effect on reducing spray costs,targeting farmers with varied landholdings and educational backgrounds.Additionally,data on farmers'cultivated varieties and the prevalence of bollworms and sucking insects in their fields were recorded.Subsequently,about eleven thousand cotton samples from farmer fields were tested for Cry1Ac,Cry2Ab and Vip3A genes by strip test.Results In this analysis,83% of the farmers planting approved varieties believe that Bt technology control bollworms,while 17% hold contradictory views.Similarly,among farmers cultivating unapproved varieties,77% agree on effectiveness of Bt technology against bollworms,while 23% disagree.On the other hand,67% of farmers planting approved varieties believe that Bt technology does not reduce spray costs,while 33% agree with the effectiveness.Similarly,78% of farmers cultivating unapproved varieties express doubt regarding its role to reduce spray costs,while 22% are in favour of this notion.Differences in opinions on the effectiveness of Bt cotton in controlling bollworms and reducing spray cost between farmers planting unapproved and approved varieties may stem from several factors.One major cause is the heavy infestation of sucking insects,which is probably due to the narrow genetic variation of the cultivated varieties.Additionally,the widespread cultivation of unapproved varieties(21.67%)is also an important factor to cause different opinions on the effectiveness of Bt cotton.Conclusion Based on our findings,we propose that the ineffective control of pests on cotton crop may be attributed to large scale cultivation of unapproved varieties and non-inclusion of double and triple transgene technologies in country's sowing plan.On the basis of our findings,we suggest cotton breeders,regulatory bodies and legislative bodies to discourage the cultivation of unapproved varieties and impure seed.Moreover,the adoption of double and triple Bt genes in cottons with a broad genetic variation could facilitate the revival of the cotton industry,and presenting a promising way forward.
文摘Taking Shuangliu County,Chengdu City,China as an example,evaluation index system for the rights protection effects of farmland transfer is established contract from three aspects of basic information,transfer agreement and legal safeguards in the contracts.According to the investigation data,weight of evaluation index is determined by both entropy weight and Analytic Hierarchy Process.Comprehensive index method is used to evaluate the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract in the flat dam,high hill and low hill in Shuangliu County,Chengdu,China.Result shows that the transfer agreement of farmland and the basic information of contract greatly affect the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract.There are differences in the five indices of the information of the signature of contract,pricing for payment,time limit for farmland transfer,transfer mode of farmland,and use range of farmland transfer.During the farmland transfer in reality,there are three hidden dangers in farmer's land rights and interests,which are the ill-formed transfer behavior,the relatively low income of farmers from farmland transfer,and the quality decline of farmland and difficult full reclamation in transfer period.Based on the evaluation result and investigation data,countermeasures are put forward to improve the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract.
