Analysis on the Impact of Cattle Fattening Technology on Farmer Households in Atabae Timor-Leste

Agriculture is one of the priority sectors in Timor-Leste. Introducing new agriculture technology is crucial to enhance agricultural production. Practicing cattle fattening can increase beef cattle body weight and generate income to the beef cattle farmers. As farmers face problems including agricultural production decline, lack of forages and information and weather unfavourable. The study’s purpose was to examine the impact of adoption of cattle fattening technology on farmer households in Atabae administrative post, Bobonaro municipality in Timor-Leste. There were 200 beef cattle farmers households where randomly selected in four villages in Atabae. It consisted of 65 farmers practicing cattle fattening and 135 farmers non-practicing cattle fattening. Face to face interviews used structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis such as t-test and descriptive analysis were used to examine impact adoption of cattle fattening technology by farmers and factor constraints of cattle production and the solutions of it. The results indicated the average value of cattle and profit were significant different from zero and it is associated with practicing of cattle fattening. The average of labour used on cattle activities, the average of cattle sold, and total cost spent on cattle were not significant different from zero. The percentage of farmers said that factors constraints cattle production were shortage of water and forage (53%) and spend time on culture ceremony and lack of capital (33%). The number of farmers said that they collected water from river, feed cattle with sago and forage (55.3%) and cultivated forage (23.4%). This finding contributes information to the farmers, traders, and Timorese government to continue implementing cattle fattening activities as it enhances farmers’ income and developing cattle production.

Research on Factors Influencing Fertilizer Application of Farmer Households in Anhui Province

Known as the " food of grain",chemical fertilizer plays a very important role in increasing the output of agricultural products. In the meantime,its negative externalities such as soil and water environment pollutions as well as the quality and safety hazards caused to agricultural products have been revealed gradually. Taking 126 farmer households in 5 counties( districts) of Anhui Province as samples,the fertilizer application behaviors of farmer households are analyzed. Research shows that farmers applying fertilizer are generally older in age with relatively lower degree of education,inveterate farming habits and small area of cultivation. Besides,the farmer households wish to receive training and guidance on techniques of fertilization,but very few of them have attended the trainings on agricultural technology. Moreover,the individual characteristics and family factors of farmer households have a significant impact on their fertilizer application behaviors. And the degrees of impact are also different for the fertilizer applying behaviors in different stages. Therefore,improving the educational level of farmer households,strengthening the training and promotion of agricultural techniques and accelerating land transfer among farmer households will play a fundamental role in regularizing the fertilizer application behaviors of farmer households and improving the quality and safety of agricultural products.

Impact of farmer households＇ livelihood assets on their options of economic compensation patterns for cultivated land protection

With rapid urbanization and the socio-economic transformation, cultivated land protection has gradually become a major concern in China. The economic compensation plays a crucial role in promoting cultivated land protection and improving the utilization ratio of cultivated land. Farmer household＇s satisfaction has a great influence on the effectiveness of compensation. Therefore, households＇ willingness to select the economic compensation pattern for cultivated land protection has been considered and re-examined. By employing Participatory Rural Appraisal method （PRA）, 3 villages and 392 households were investigated and sampled in mesa and hilly areas of Chongqing. Then a quantitative analysis framework of household livelihood hexagon has been developed to quantify the livelihood assets of differ- ent farmer households. Finally, the Gray Relation Model and Probit Regression Model have been employed to explore the coupling relationship between the household livelihood assets and their compensation pattern options. The results show that there are both qualitative and spatial heterogeneity in household livelihood assets. We found that the inequality of livelihood assets is evident for five household types. There is a spatial trend that the higher the eleva- tion, the less livelihood assets are. In addition, their options of economic compensation pat- tern vary from Chengdu Pattern to Foshan Pattern due to their difference in livelihood assets and difference in location. In detail, there is a coupling relationship between household live- lihood assets and their compensation pattern; negative correlation is observed between natural assets value and household pattern options, while the other livelihood assets have positive impacts on compensation pattern in varying degrees, which from the top are psy- chological assets, human assets, physical assets, financial assets, and social assets respec- tively. A conceptual compensation pattern system has been designed to meet the demands for farmer households mainly according to their shortage in livelihood assets. In addition, compensation method, compensation standard, the basis of compensation and the source of compensation funds have been proposed accordingly.

An Evaluation of the Introduction of Modified Cropping Practices in Yunnan Province,China,Using Surveys of Farmers’ Households

Problems associated with land degradation are serious in China. Sloping land in South China has experienced a decline in crop productivity by 30-60% due to soil erosion and it has been predicted that most topsoil will be lost within the next 100 years if current erosion rates continue. Considering these situations, an agro-environmental research and development project （Sustainable Highland Agriculture in South-East Asia- SHASEA） was conducted in a catchment in Yunnan Province, China, to address the objectives of increasing crop productivity in sustainable and environmentally-friendly ways. A range of cropping practices was developed and implemented in a rural upland catchment （Wang Jia）. At the end of the project, farmers were surveyed to evaluate project effectiveness. All farmers from Wang Jia Catchment, who were involved in project implementation, were surveyed. A sample of farmers working in an adjacent catchment （not associated with the project） was surveyed for comparative purposes. Farmers had different perceptions of the cropping practices employed. Contour cultivation was preferred and likely to be adopted. Others practices such as straw mulching and intercropping were seen as less appropriate and unlikely to be adopted. Polythene mulch was recognized as effective, but likely to be adopted only if financial returns were favourable. The availability of relevant information had an important impact on the extent of technology testing by farmers and their willingness to adopt the practices in the future.

唐前期对农“四位一体”制度建构及其废毁

唐朝前期制定推行了控制广大均田农户的均田制、赋役制、计帐户籍制和州县乡里制。这四项制度密切关联,协调配套,建构起一个整体制度体系,形成“四位一体”组合结构。这是针对农户和农民制定的基本制度,也是维护国家治理的重要制度保障。但这一制度体系和组合结构具有理想化特色,在实际的关联配套中出现了多方面脱节失调,表现在均田制与赋役制脱节日益严重,全国性农户逃亡脱籍持续恶化,计帐户籍编制日渐紊乱,州县乡里官司腐败残暴等,这些造成了制度体系的结构性运行日趋失序混乱。到玄宗开天时期,实际结构性运行陷入废弛失效,整体制度体系也陷入废毁瓦解。唐朝前期对农“四位一体”制度建构由完善到废毁的过程,反映了唐王朝对农制度体系建构的兴废沿革和国家治理的由盛转衰。

劳动投入水平、要素禀赋与农户行为可分性检验——基于南方稻农地块层次数据的验证

生产和消费行为交织在一起是农户的重要特征。农户的生产和消费行为是否可分成为众多农户行为模型的基本假设前提,直接影响农户行为分析的结论和政策建议的合理性。通过构建农户模型,从农户农业生产劳动投入水平与家庭人地禀赋关系的视角切入,分析不同要素市场条件下农户行为可分和不可分特征。在此基础上,利用2015、2019年对中国南方稻农地块层次调研的混合截面数据对农户行为可分性进行实证检验。结果表明,当前中国南方稻农行为呈现出可分性特征,在处理了内生性、替换核心解释变量、替换被解释变量,结果依然稳健。进一步分析表明,劳动力市场越完善,农户行为可分性特征越明显;随着时间的推移,农户行为由不可分性向可分性发生转变。与前期关于农户行为可分性检验从劳动力配置视角切入不同,从劳动力投入强度和要素禀赋之间的关系来验证农户可分性,并利用一手调研的地块层面数据进行验证,为基于要素市场识别农户行为可分与不可分的具体情境研究提供了新的视角和经验证据。

新发展阶段粮食安全与农民增收路径

运用2010-2021年我国26个省份的面板数据,以粮食产量为产出变量,以劳动力、资本、水资源、土地资源、农药、化肥为投入变量,计算粮食生产效率,运用回归模型分析粮食生产效率对农民收入的影响。回归分析结果显示粮食生产效率对农民收入具有正的影响,据此提出降低农业生产成本、促进城镇化与农业现代化协同发展、优化财政支农形式等建议,以提高粮食生产效率,促进农民增收。

Agricultural Policy, Climate Factors and Grain Output: Evidence From Household Survey Data in Rural China

This paper estimates a stochastic frontier function using a panel data set that includes 4 961 farmer households for the period of 2005-2009 to decompose the growth of grain production and the total factor productivity （TFP） growth at the farmer level. The empirical results show that the major contributor to the grain output growth for farmers is input growth and that its average contribution accounts for 60.92% of farmer’s grain production growth in the period of 2006-2009, whereas the average contributions sourced from TFP growth and residuals are only 17.30 and 21.78%, respectively. The growth of intermediate inputs is a top contributor with an average contribution of 44.46%, followed by the planted area （18.16%）, investment in fixed assets （1.05%）, and labor input （-2.75%）, indicating that the contribution from the farmer’s input growth is mainly due to the growth of intermediate inputs and that the decline in labor inputs has become an obstacle for farmers in seeking grain output growth. Among the elements consisting of TFP growth, the contribution of technical progress is the largest （32.04%）, followed by grain subsidies （8.55%）, the average monthly temperature （4.26%）, the average monthly precipitation （-0.88%）, the adjusted scale effect （-5.66%）, and growth in technical efficiency （-21.01%）. In general, the contribution of climate factors and agricultural policy factor are positive and significant.

农户参与农耕文化保护和传承意愿研究

农耕文化作为中华文明发展的根基,对文化强国和农业强国建设具有重大意义和关键价值。基于计划行为理论剖析影响农户参与农耕文化保护和传承意愿的因素,以蚌埠市五河县刘朵村为研究区域,通过走访调查收集数据,利用二元Logistic回归模型进行实证分析。研究结果表明:农耕文化的经济价值、社会价值、邻居朋友的带动、基层政府的宣传、参与农耕文化活动的精力和能力以及受教育水平对于农户参与农耕文化保护和传承意愿有显著的正向影响。因此,在推动农耕文化发展中,要切实增强农户的主体意识,加强政府的宣传和推广力度,显现农耕文化的经济价值和社会价值,鼓励农户参与农耕文化发展事业,发挥村干部的示范带头作用,提高农户的自我效能感,调动农户的参与积极性,保障农耕文化稳步有序发展。

Vegetable production under COVID-19 pandemic in China: An analysis based on the data of 526 households

The COVID-19 pandemic had an enormous impact on the vegetable supply chain in China.Effective evaluation of the pandemic’s influences on vegetable production is vital for policy settings to enhance the security of vegetable supply.Based on first-hand data from 526 households,we explored regional differences in different types of loss and potential factors affecting the severity farmer households suffered during the pandemic.The results underline that sales contraction and price volatility in the context of interruption of supply chain dominate the total losses during the pandemic.Such losses differ across provinces and are more substantial in provinces with stricter confinement measures.Farmer households’participation in local market and modern marketing methods helps mitigate the negative effects of the COVID-19 shock,while labor hiring and facilities adoption in production widen the losses due to the shortage in the workforce.In the future,the vegetable industry practitioners and relevant government departments should work together to coordinate the development of short and long supply chains and strengthen the stability and security of the vegetable supply chain.

农村人居环境整治中妇女参与的组织路径与实践机制——以赣州“清洁家园”活动为例

农村人居环境整治是满足人民对美好生活的向往,实施乡村振兴战略的重要任务。作为面向农民生活的治理,其在实践中遭遇农民冷漠和不满的困境,需要激活和重建农民主体性,实现外部行政力量与内部自治力量的融合。在村妇女的“主内”特性及上升地位使其成为重要的治理主体资源,赣州“清洁家园”活动表明借助制度吸纳、事务匹配和双重激励等方式将妇女组织起来后,妇女能够通过调动村内治理资源,明确治理单元,累积自身治理权威等方式参与农村人居环境整治,实现治理的低成本与高效能。基于此,面向农民生活的治理要充分重视并推动在村妇女参与,但同时也应警惕生活化治理事务带来的固化女性家庭角色的风险,真正推动妇女参与公共事务,让妇女在村庄治理中发挥更大治理效用。

小农户融入现代农业路径研究——以广东开平市为例

小农户衔接现代农业是实现农业现代化的重要基础。目前,小农户融入现代农业面临诸多挑战,如综合素质不高、生产经营弱势、生产条件不完善等,影响小农户综合生产能力提升,阻碍小农户与现代农业有机衔接。对此,以国家现代农业示范区之一的广东开平市为例,对小农户融入现代农业的困境进行研究,分析现代农业生产要素配置,提出有助于开平小农户有序融入现代农业发展的路径,即政府应大力发展人才战略,完善农业基础设施建设和科技支撑,改善小农户发展环境;新型农业经营主体应多措并举,增强对小农户带动能力;小农户应加强现代农业知识学习,转变农业经营方式,提高对接现代农业能力。

农户分化视角下小农户农业社会化服务需求研究

本文从农户分化视角出发,基于甘肃省四个农业社会化服务创新试点县的样本数据,借助二元logistic模型对不同农户对农业社会化服务需求情况进行分析。结果表明,不同分化类型农户农业社会化服务需求存在差异;农户分化在农业社会化服务需求意愿上呈显著正向影响,即农户分化程度越高,对农业社会化服务的需求意愿越大。据此,本文提出培育新型农业经营主体,推动农业社会化服务多元化;完善农户政策支持,建立风险保障机制;提高农户专业素养,培育新型职业农民;健全农业社会化服务体系,提高服务监管力等建议,以期促进农户增收和农村经济可持续发展。

人际信任和制度信任对农户生活垃圾分类处理的影响

农村生活垃圾分类处理是实现乡村振兴战略“生态宜居”重大任务的核心内容,对推进农村经济社会可持续发展具有重要意义。本文基于CLES2022的调研数据,以农村生活垃圾分类处理为切入点,采用二元有序Logit模型进行回归分析,实证分析了人际信任和制度信任对农户参与垃圾分类决策的影响。研究发现,信任的两个维度四个变量在很大程度上正向影响农户的生活垃圾分类处理决策选择,农户的年龄、环境责任主体感知程度及家庭成员的情况也在不同程度上影响着农户参与生活垃圾分类处理。在此基础上,本研究建议通过扩展农民的社会关系,健全乡村环保信息披露体系,提高农民参与生活垃圾分类处理工作的积极性。

生计资本对农户贫困代际传递的影响——以女性劳动参与的中介效应为典型

基于2018年中国家庭追踪调查数据(CFPS),构建Probit模型和中介效应模型,实证检验了生计资本对农户贫困代际传递的影响以及女性劳动参与的中介效应。研究发现,生计资本显著阻断农户贫困代际传递,女性劳动参与降低了多维贫困概率,在生计资本阻断农户贫困代际传递中具有显著的中介效应。因此,要加大对农户生活与生产的扶持力度,重视农村教育投资和教育公平,建立多层次社会支持网络,创造更加灵活的就业和创业方式,多举措阻断农户的贫困代际传递。

农户主观感知因素对数字普惠金融接受度的影响

通过调查问卷数据,运用偏最小二乘的结构方程模型,研究农户主观感知因素对数字普惠金融接受度的影响机理和路径,结果发现:农户的感知利得和感知安全对数字普惠金融接受度有显著的正向影响,感知威胁对数字普惠金融接受度有显著的负向影响,其中感知利得的影响要大于感知风险的影响,感知安全的影响大于感知威胁的影响。基于社会交换理论的一般原理,农户对数字普惠金融整体产生“利大于弊”的主观感知,预示农户的数字普惠金融接受度将不断提高。同时发现,感知利得对高学历、高收入及东部地区农民的数字普惠金融接受度的正向促进作用更大。因此,对于此类群体应侧重产品效用的宣传;感知安全对低收入、低学历及中西部农民的正向促进作用更大,对于此类群体应侧重系统安全性的宣传。

差异化非农就业比例对农村家庭返贫风险的影响分析

基于2021年陕西省吴起县342个农户调查数据,利用PSM方法实证分析了非农就业对农户返贫风险的影响。结果显示:当前非农就业家庭贫困脆弱性指数比未参与非农就业家庭低;非农就业并不必然会消除未来贫困,当家庭非农就业受限于被动就业或农业社会保障缺失时,非农就业与贫困脆弱性呈正相关关系;非农就业可以显著弱化未来贫困风险。从提升过低非农就业家庭的就业比例,合理调整过高非农就业家庭的风险等方面提出了对策建议。

农户资源差异性程度及其对农民专业合作社本质的认知影响研究——以湖南省益阳市赫山区和衡东县为例

农民专业合作社是小农户链接大市场以及实现农业规模经营的有效载体,农户之间资源差异性程度显著与否,极大地影响着农户对合作社本质的认知。运用访谈式调查和问卷调查法对湖南省衡东县和益阳市赫山区泥江口镇范围内农户的人力、自然、资金和社会等资源进行了调查,测定出其资源差异性平均指数、组合指数和综合指数均在5倍左右,表明当地农户资源差异性程度较大。采用有序Probit模型回归分析得出:影响农户对合作社本质的认知的资源因素中,外出务工经历、所处地区对其认知产生了正向的显著影响,而户主性别、收入水平则对其有着负向的显著影响。此外,农户社会资源与对村委会的态度等因素也有明显影响。最后从基层政府、村委会和农户自身三方面为提高农户对合作社本质的认知提出了相关建议。

家庭禀赋、价值感知对农户秸秆综合利用的影响

基于全国10个省份2020年中国乡村振兴综合调查(CRRS)1072家农户的微观数据,运用二元Logistic模型实证分析家庭禀赋对农户秸秆综合利用的影响,并探讨价值感知的调节效应。结果表明:家庭禀赋对农户秸秆综合利用有显著正向影响,其中人力资本和自然资本的影响更为显著;家庭禀赋各要素的劳动力数量、健康水平、家庭收入结构、地势特征和社会参与均对农户秸秆综合利用有正向作用,而土地细碎化程度对农户秸秆综合利用有显著的抑制作用;价值感知在人力资本、社会资本对农户秸秆综合利用的影响中发挥正向调节作用,在自然资本的农地规模、土地细碎化程度对农户秸秆综合利用的影响中有负向调节作用。

江苏农户生活垃圾分类意愿与行为悖离研究

农村生活垃圾分类中农户分类意愿与行为的差异,制约着农村人居环境改善和乡村振兴战略进程。本研究以江苏13个地级市农户生活垃圾分类意愿与行为为研究对象,基于二元Logit模型实证研究农户生活垃圾分类意愿与行为悖离的影响因素。结果表明:90%的农户有生活垃圾分类意愿,但实际进行生活垃圾分类的农户仅占48%,悖离率高达42%;分类知识的了解程度、政府奖惩措施、垃圾分类改善作用、垃圾治理满意程度、村庄环境感知、其他村民环保态度以及农户性别、年龄是影响农户生活垃圾分类意愿与行为悖离的主要因素;经济发展水平不同的地区,农户生活垃圾分类意愿与行为悖离存在异质性。在此基础上提出完善农村垃圾分类治理机制、提高农户垃圾分类认知水平、重视社会网络辐射带动作用、差异化制定农村生活垃圾分类政策等建议,以期为农村人居环境改善和乡村振兴提供参考。