Effects of Enclosure on Grassland Ecological and Economic Benefits in Northern China

Grasslands in northern China serve the country as both an ecological barrier and a livestock production base.There,installing enclosures has been becoming the major grassland restoration measure adopted by many local governments.However,the effects of restoration on both ecological and production benefits of grassland remain unclear for implemented grassland restoration policies.Therefore,a representative rangeland in northern China,the Maodeng pasture in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was selected as the study area,and remote sensing monitoring analyses were carried out to quantify the ecological benefits and economic benefits from 2015 to 2021.The results showed that:1) in terms of ecological benefits,the grassland area with a grassland coverage rate of more than 60% accounts for 32.3% of the regional area,and 86.4% of its grassland grew significantly better than the same period in2015,showing a significant improvement in grassland growth.Using the average amount of carbon per unit area as the ecological benefit evaluation index,it increased by 27.1% to 32.48Tg C/yr from 2015 to 2021.2) In terms of economic benefits,both theoretical grass production and livestock carrying capacity increased from 2015 to 2021.Compared to 2015,the theoretical grass production in 2021 increased by 24.8% to 71 900 t.The livestock carrying capacity reached 52 100 sheep units in 2021,nearly 11 000 sheep units more than that in 2015.During the study period,multiple economic indicators(on a per capita basis of permanent residents) for the pastoral area of Xilinhot City to which the Maodeng pasture belongs,have grown steadily.Per capita total income rose from 29 630 yuan(RMB) in2015 to 62 859 yuan(RMB) in 2021.Relying on grassland resources to develop the pastoral ecology also broadens the potential economic development space.Overall,the establishment of the reserve and the experiment of implanting an enclosure policy have had a significant and positive impact on Maodeng pasture’s development from both an ecological and economic perspective.With the support of scientific evidence,enclosure policy can be extended to more than 110 000 km~2 of grasslands in northern China with similar precipitation and temperature conditions,enhancing the productive and ecological potential of grasslands.The above research results will contribute to the scientific formulation of grassland pasture quality improvement plans in northern China.

Subsurface irrigation with ceramic emitters improves wolfberry yield and economic benefits on the Tibetan Plateau, China

Climate warming has led to the expansion of arable land at high altitudes,but it has also increased the demand for water use efficiency(WUE).To address this issue,the development of water-saving irrigation technology has become crucial in improving water productivity and economic returns.This study aimed to assess the impacts of three irrigation methods on water productivity and economic returns in wolfberry(Lycium barbarum L.)cultivation on the Tibetan Plateau,China during a two-year field trial.Results showed that subsurface irrigation with ceramic emitters(SICE)outperformed surface drip irrigation(DI)and subsurface drip irrigation(SDI)in terms of wolfberry yield.Over the two-year period,the average yield with SICE increased by 8.0%and 2.3%compared with DI and SDI,respectively.This improvement can be attributed to the stable soil moisture and higher temperature accumulation achieved with SICE.Furthermore,SICE exhibited higher WUE,with 14.6%and 4.5%increases compared with DI and SDI,respectively.In addition to the agronomic benefits,SICE also proved advantageous in terms of economic returns.Total average annual input costs of SICE were lower than the other two methods starting from the 8th year.Moreover,the benefit-cost ratio of SICE surpassed the other methods in the 4th year and continued to widen the gap with subsequent year.These findings highlight SICE as an economically viable water-saving irrigation strategy for wolfberry cultivation on the Tibetan Plateau.Thus,this research not only provides an effective water-saving irrigation strategy for wolfberry cultivation but also offers insights into addressing irrigation-related energy challenges in other crop production systems.

Effects of Maize Silage Harvest Stage on Growth Performance and Economic Benefits of Beef Cattle

[Objectives]This study aimed to investigate the effects of whole-crop maize silage harvested at different stages on growth and economic benefits of beef cattle.[Methods]A total of 30 Simmental crossbred cattle weighing about 378 kg were randomly divided into three groups,respectively fed for 70 days with whole-crop maize silage harvested at milk stage(GroupⅠ),dough stage(GroupⅡ)and physiological maturity stage(GroupⅢ).Moreover,the cattle in all groups were given the same concentrate diet.[Results]There were significant differences in dry matter,crude protein and neutral detergent fiber between whole-crop maize silages harvested at different stages(P<0.05).The dry matter in GroupⅡandⅢwas significantly higher than that in GroupⅠ(P<0.05).The crude protein content peaked in GroupⅡ,up to 6.37%,which was significantly higher than that in GroupⅠ(by 12.74%,P<0.05)and GroupⅢ(by 9.26%,P<0.05).Starch content significantly increased with the postponing of maize harvest(P<0.05).The content of neutral detergent fiber in Group I was significantly higher than that in GroupⅡ(P<0.05)and GroupⅢ(P<0.05).The average daily weight gain in GroupⅡwas 8.53%higher than that in GroupⅠ(P<0.05)and 3.70%higher than that in GroupⅢ(P>0.05).The dry matter intake in GroupⅡwas significantly higher than that in GroupⅠ(P<0.05)and GroupⅢ(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in feed/gain ratio between the groups(P>0.05).The economic benefit in GroupⅡwas the highest,up to 9.99 yuan/day per capita.,followed by that in GroupⅢ,9.79 yuan/day per capita,and that in GroupⅠwas the lowest,only 8.03 yuan/day per capita.[Conclusions]The whole-crop maize silage harvested at dough stage has the best quality and produces the highest economic returns for beef cattle.

Economic Analysis on Protection of Farmers' Benefits Based on Market of Agricultural Means of Production and Agricultural Products

Influenced by many factors,farmers remain very unfavorable position in market transaction and thus fail to ensure their reasonable benefits.In accordance with basic theory of microeconomics,this paper analyzes mutual relation between market of agricultural means of production and agricultural product market,compares economic decisions of agricultural means of production enterprises and agricultural product circulation service providers in monopoly condition and perfect competitive market,expounds influence of monopoly position of agricultural means of production enterprises and agricultural products service providers on economic benefits of farmers,and elaborates weak position and economic damage of farmers in transaction with various economic entities.Through analysis,it further recognizes necessity for protection of farmers'benefits and puts forward corresponding countermeasures:(1)regulating providers of agricultural means of production;(2)strengthening construction of agricultural product market circulation system;(3)improving organization of farmers;(4)setting up and improving production subsidy system of farmers.

Study on Environmental Risk and Economic Benefits of Rotation Systems in Farmland of Erhai Lake Basin

This study was designed to find out an optimised planting system of reducing non-point （source） pollution by analyzing the reasons and the factors of influence non-point pollution in farmland of Erhai Lake basin. The results showed that incomes, residual nitrogen in soil, and the loss of nitrogen in surface water in rice-garlic system were higher than those in rice-fava bean system. There were positive correlations between the nitrogen loss of farmland, nitrogen inputs, residual nitrogen in soil, and incomes of farmland. Economic benefits and environment benefits are both appropriate, if the area of rice-garlic system would be reduced to 53% and the area of rice-fava bean system increased to 36% of total cropping area in the investigated watershed. Adjustment of planting structure and introduction of reasonable rotation systems is considered an effective measure of controlling agricultural non-point pollution in watersheds of Erhai Lake.

External Costs and Optimum Use of Nitrogen Fertilizer Based on the Balance of Economic and Ecological Benefits in the Paddy Field System of the Dongting Lake Area, China

The external costs and the optimum use of nitrogen fertilizer based on the balance of economic and ecological benefits was studied with the paddy field system of Dongting Lake area, one of the main food production regions in China. The environmental impact was economically evaluated using methods of the environmental impact economical evaluation. The optimum use of nitrogen fertilizer was calculated based on the exterior diseconomy theory and by using the production function model. Both ecological benefits and farmers＇ economic benefits were considered. It was calculated on the data from 2002 that the losses caused by inappropriate utilization of nitrogen fertilizer in the process of food production were fishery, 0.1 × 10^7 RMB yuan; water treatment, 1.02 × 10^8 RMB yuan; tour business, 0.11 ×10^8 RMB yuan, and habitation environment, 0.3 × 10^7 RMB yuan, totally equivalent to 0.41 RMB yuan kg^-1 N. The economically satisfactory and the ecological agronomic nitrogen fertilizer dose for current production was 138 and 137 kg ha^-1, respectively. The research showed that the actual nitrogen fertilizer application amount in the paddy field system of the Dongting Lake area already reached or exceeded the farmers＇ economic satisfaction and the ecological agronomic nitrogen fertilizer dose for current production. An environmental tax is suggested to impose on over-use of nitrogen fertilizer.

Effect of Labor Skills Training on Industrial Development and Economic Benefits of Winter Potato in Regions Inhabited by Ethnic Minorities : A Case Study of Lancang Lahu Autonomous County

Using three kinds of labor skills training methods(expert team training,recruit training and local agricultural extension center training),based on enterprise planting and farmer planting,this paper analyzes the impact of training methods on the development of potato industry,such as yield,income and planting extension.The results show that the expert team training,recruit training and labor skills training of local agricultural extension center can significantly improve the labor quality and skills,and increase the yield and income of winter potatoes.The expert team training,recruit training and local agricultural extension center training can lift growers out of poverty and improve the willingness of people to plant and extend.The winter potato industry has become one of the pillar industries to shake off poverty and become rich,increasing local economic benefits.Through labor skills training,the winter potato industry has become one of the main industries to improve the quality of the local people and increase economic income,promoting the local people to shake off poverty and become well-off.

Economic Benefits of Energy Efficiency to the Petroleum Refineries in Ghana: A Case of Tema Oil Refinery (TOR)

<span style="font-family:Verdana;">This study investigates the economic benefits of energy efficiency to petroleum refineries regarding Tema Oil Refinery (TOR), Ghana. The study explores lessons relating to the cost of production, energy recovery levels and economic fortunes of the refinery activities and designs a conceptual framework for improving the energy efficiency of Tema Oil Refinery (TOR). The study adopted a descriptive design using a quantitative approach to provide a statistical background to investigate the economic benefits of energy efficiency. A sample of 84 was adopted for study from a staff population of 520 working at Tema Oil refinery. In addition to primary data, secondary data on energy supply and consumption values from 2008 to 2019 was gathered. For the primary survey, 84 respondents were sampled from TOR and a structured questionnaire was used to retrieve information. A correlation analysis at P < 0.05 was conducted to test the relationship and significance of energy efficiency and economic benefits to the refinery. The study concludes that there is a linear trend between energy production (supply) and energy consumption. The energy generated in the entire economy of Ghana far exceeds the amount of energy consumed thus raising issues of waste or excesses that calls for better policies and management plan to improve EE. The study also identified that issues of lost energy are critical to the operations of the petroleum industry as the situation is compounded by the inability of the refineries to explore better ways to reduce and manage the waste. The study concludes that a significant and positive correlation between energy efficiency and the economic fortunes of Tema Oil Refinery is necessary for its economic fortunes. The supply of energy should have equivalence to the public consumption of energy.

Research on Benefit Distribution Mechanism of Farmers’ Specialized Cooperative Economic Organization

On the basis of conducting survey in Jiaonan City,the thesis analyzes benefit distribution mechanism of farmers’ specialized cooperative economic organizations:firstly,the benefit correlation is mainly the contract correlation;secondly,the profit distribution is mainly the dividend;thirdly,patronage refund has many connotations;fourthly,the public accumulation has not yet been quantified to individual;fifthly,the government support capital is ill-defined.Based on these,the measures are put forward in order to improve benefit distribution pattern of farmers’ specialized cooperative economic organizations:firstly,reform structure of property rights and realize farmers’ ownership;secondly,change mode of decision-making,and realize farmers’ control;thirdly,increase turnover rebate and realize farmers’ benefiting;fourthly,quantify public accumulation and government support fund.

Analysis of the Southern China Tilapia Production and Economic Benefits of Different Breeding Patterns in 2018

Cost-benefit analysis and breakeven point were used to analyze the production cost and economic benefit of tilapia pond monoculture and polyculture.From the aspects of tilapia production and economic benefit,this paper summarized the current production status and the characteristics of tilapia industry development and analyzed its developing trend.The results indicated that feed cost,pond rates and labor cost are the main production costs,and the production cost of polyculture is significantly lower than that of monoculture.Through comparative analysis,it is proposed that the tilapia industry should be reasonably guided to the intensive,standardized and pollution-free direction.Specifically,it is necessary to improve the coverage of improved varieties,strengthen disease prevention and control and promote the healthy farming model of tilapia.We also should strengthen the training of tilapia production techniques and the quality and safety testing of tilapia products,and accelerate the development of tilapia industrialization,so as to promote the sustainable and healthy development of tilapia industry.

Evaluating Economic Benefits of Water Diversion Project for Environment Improvement: A Case Study

The research in this paper was based on the project of water diversion from the Yangtze River to the Taihu Lake which significantly improves water environment of the lake and brings obvious economic benefits for surrounding areas. An analytical framework is developed on evaluating benefits of water supply to Huzhou city from project of water diversion from Yangtze River to Taihu Lake, including: (1) the value-added of water supply on the project are divided into four parts according to the characteristics of Hangzhou- Jiax-ing-Huzhou Plain area. (2) The utilization ratio of water diversion is defined based on the features of water resources. (3) The water supply effects on industries and residents’ living are explored using partition coeffi-cient method in Huzhou city. Grey relation technique is used to examine the relationship between water use and industrial development in Huzhou, which aims to clarify the rationality of partition coefficient method. The results indicate that benefit of water diversion from Yangtze River to Taihu Lake to tertiary industry of Huzhou city is the highest, while that of industry is the lowest.

On Approach of Quantifying Economic Benefits of Urban Green Space:A Case Study of Wuxi City

Urban green space has its important social, economic and ecological benefits. Quantifying of those benefits helps healthy development of urban green space. The essay discusses approach of quantifying direct economic benefits of land utilizing and construction derivated from urban green space system itself through the optimization of space structure and ecological function. It is the affirmation and promotion of the achievements of urban greening industry.

The Environmental Impacts and Economic Benefits on Comprehensively Promoting Alternative Fuel Buses in China: Life-Cycle and Scenario Analysis Based on LEAP Model

With the continuous development of urban public transportation, the harmful GHG emissions and pollutants generated by itself and the consequent issues such as the losses of residents’ health, economic value and residents’ welfare have become the focus of social attention. In order to study the impacts of promoting new energy vehicles on public transportation pollution mitigation and residents’ health benefits, this paper adopts the LEAP model to build some scenarios that fulfill different development needs to quantitatively analyze the ownership of new energy buses, the reduction of pollutants and the losses of residents’ health welfare. It is concluded that promoting new energy buses comprehensively can significantly reduce the emissions of atmospheric pollutants and the economic losses of residents’ health, but cannot fully realize the targets of greenhouse gas reduction under Life Cycle Analysis.

An Assessment of Potential Economic Gain from Weather Forecast Based Irrigation Scheduling for Marginal Farmers in Karnataka, Southern State in India

This study is aimed to assess the usefulness of weather forecasts for irrigation scheduling in crops to economize water use. The short-term gains for the farmers come from reducing costs of irrigation with the help of advisory for when not to irrigate because rain is predicted (risk-free because the wrong forecast only delays irrigation within tolerance). Here, a quantitative assessment of saving (indirect income) if irrigation is avoided as rain is imminent (as per forecast), using a five-year archived forecast data over Karnataka state at hobli (a cluster of small villages) level is presented. Estimates showed that the economic benefits to the farmers from such advisories were significant. The potential gain in annual income from such forecast-based irrigation scheduling was of the order of 10% - 15%. Our analysis also indicated that the use of advisory by a small percentage of more than 10 million marginal farmers (landholding < 3 acres) in Karnataka could lead to huge cumulative savings of the order of many crores.

ROK, China Strive for Mutual Economic and Trade Benefits

The President of the Republic of Korea (ROK) Roh Moo-hyun announced that Ko- rea fully recognized China’s market economy status. Roh’s announcement was made during a joint press conference with Chinese President Hu Jintao. who was on a state visit to ROK in November. China is now the largest trading part- ner of ROK, with trade volume between the two countries expected to reach 100 billion US dollars this year. The two leaders agreed that the bilat- eral trade volume should be doubled to 200 billion US dollars by 2012. A significant milestone having been reached between the two countries, what kind of impact can be expected to follow from the events in regards to the bilateral economic and trade relations between China and ROK? With such questions in mind. China’s Foreign Trade reporters in- terviewed Kim Ha-joong. Ambassador of ROK to China.

Development and Economic Effect of Farmers' Specialized Cooperatives

The paper introduces the present development of farmers' specialized cooperatives in China, points out that although the cooperatives in China develop rapidly, they are generally small and their advantages cannot be given into full play, and then analyzes the development achievements of the cooperatives, for example, they have realized scale benefits, their management system tends to more mature, the economic value of their brands is improved and they have created great economic benefits. The paper also points out the stable development path for the cooperatives, that is, the cooperatives should cooperate with local villages, and take a path of combined village and cooperative development so that the cooperative members can get a stable income; the cooperatives can also cooperate with local leading enterprises, which can help the cooperatives to manage, sell and form their products brands, thus the cooperatives can get loans easily to solve the capital bottleneck of cooperative development and improve the members' incomes.

Construction of Dynamic Evaluation Model for Economic Benefits under Development of Low-Carbon New Energy

Because the static evaluation is unable to reflect the dynamic features of economic benefits and the contribution of sustainable development of low-carbon new energy to economic benefits is huge,this article puts forward the dynamic evaluation model of economic benefits under the development of low-carbon new energy.Total energy,energy consumption structure,industrial structure,GDP,total population and energy supply structure were taken as independent variables,and the carbon intensity was taken as the dependent variable.Through t-test and decision coefficient,total energy,energy consumption structure,GDP and total population were determined as the main factors of influencing low-carbon economy.Based on these four main factors,the dynamic evaluation index system of economic benefits was constructed.Experimental results show that the proposed model can comprehensively reflect the economic benefit level and the contribution of low-carbon new energy.Therefore,this method has high evaluation accuracy,which can provide scientific reference for the economic benefit management of relevant management departments.

Economic Benefits of Land Use in Hefei-Nanjing Expressway Service Stations

Economic benefits of land use in Feidong,Wenji,Dashu and Wuzhuang service stations at Hefei-Nanjing Expressway were analyzed from total output value of unit land and the tertiary industry added value of unit land.Results indicate that economic benefits of land use in Hefei-Nanjing Expressway service stations are lower than average economic benefits of urban land use in Anhui Province.Through analyzing existing problems in land use and operation and management of service stations,it came up with recommendations for increasing economic benefits of land use in Hefei-Nanjing Expressway service stations.

Beijing Residents Share Benefits from Economic Growth

Residents in the Chinese capital received one more boon as winter sets in free inoculations of a vaccine against influenza for people at 60 or older the day the ruling Communist Party of China opened its 17th Congress. From October 15 to November 15, 2007, according to the Beijing Municipal Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, any person born before October 1, 1947 and registered as a permanent resident in the city may visit any hospital or clinic near his or her home for the inoculation free of charge.

Bank of Communications Benefits from Economic Reforms

TheBankofCommunications.foundedin1908,isoneofChina'sfirstbanks.Itstartedasaspecializedbankservicingmainlywaterandlandtrans-portationindustries,energyindustries,andpostalservices.Later,theBankofCorn-municationsdevelopedintoacommercialbankprovidinggene...