The 1998 Conference of Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity asked national governments to demonstrate the importance of biological diversity in supporting rural communities. This paper introduces‘agrodiv...The 1998 Conference of Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity asked national governments to demonstrate the importance of biological diversity in supporting rural communities. This paper introduces‘agrodiversity’as the primary way in which farmers use biological diversity and, more generally, the natural diversity of the environment for production, including their choice of crops, and management of land, water and biota as a whole. Promoting agrodiversity and understanding how it functions in tropical smallholder farming systems is the best way that importance may be shown. A win-win scenario is presented which links agrodiversity to land degradation control and sustainable rural livelihoods as evidenced by food security. It is argued that policies that encourage biological diversity in areas of land use will not only meet countries’ responsibilities under the Convention but will also address land degradation problems and support to rural livelihoods. The human significance of various types of biological diversity is shown. Sustainable rural livelihoods are presented in the new capital assets framework to demonstrate how rural households may use various components to control land degradation. To enable agrodiversity to be implemented practically, it has been codified into core elements of: biophysical diversity, the diversity of the natural environment that controls the resource base for food production; management diversity that embraces the practices (many of them indigenous) of farmers such as live hedges, soil amendments and ridge tillage techniques; agro-biodiversity which is the diversity of crop, plant and animal combinations; and organisational diversity, the way that farms are owned and operated, and the way that capital assets are allocated. Each element is then systematically related to show how agrodiversity controls land degradation and how it promotes food security. The example of the maize-Mucuna system in South America is cited as an evident demonstration of the value of agrodiversity to both soil conservation and to smallholder farmers’ livelihoods.展开更多
Invasive alien species （IAS） are considered as an overlooked forest resources in Nepal, despite its rapid expansion is considered as one of the main drivers of Nepal＇s forest degradation and deforestation. In this ...Invasive alien species （IAS） are considered as an overlooked forest resources in Nepal, despite its rapid expansion is considered as one of the main drivers of Nepal＇s forest degradation and deforestation. In this study, stratified systematic sampling, with nested circular plots of 500 m2, was performed in Sindhupalchowk to find out whether the removal of IAS contributes for an increase in plant diversity, Interaction with more than 310 entrepreneurs was carded to investigate the economic benefits in terms of income and employment of converting IAS into charcoal through pyrolysis in ＂bio-energy kilns＂. The study showed a higher Shannon-Weiner plant diversity index at regeneration level in IAS removed area （2.43） than that in control （1.95）. Similarly, the number of seedlings and saplings was significantly higher （P 〈 0.05） in the treatment block than the number of trees in the control one. Also, the pyrolysis of 7,500 million tons （MT） of IAS in bio-energy kilns produced 1,500 MT of charcoal powder which generated a total additional income of Nepali Rupees （NRs.） 18,900,000 to 1,050 poor and disadvantaged people in ! 6 districts of Terai and Midhills. In spite of that, some policy hurdles, such as charcoal transportation, were observed at the operational level. It is suggested that the plant diversity could be increased through the removal of IAS, and considerable economic benefits could be achieved if charcoal is substantially produced and utilized.展开更多
Indigenous people around the Kerinci Seblat National Park(KSNP),Indonesia,have a high dependence on forest resources as their main source of livelihood.This study addressed the vulnerability of Rejang indigenous peopl...Indigenous people around the Kerinci Seblat National Park(KSNP),Indonesia,have a high dependence on forest resources as their main source of livelihood.This study addressed the vulnerability of Rejang indigenous people around the KSNP to climate change.The popular livelihood vulnerability index(LVI)model was adapted by adding and modifying subcomponents suitable for the study area.Primary data were collected through household surveys in two communities:Embong and Topos.In total,146 samples were selected for this study using stratified random sampling.The results showed that Embong was more vulnerable to climate change than Topos.Embong exhibited a higher level of vulnerability to the effects of socio-demographic profile,social network,health,and natural disasters and climate variability,whereas Topos was more vulnerable to livelihood strategy,food,and water.Furthermore,Embong was more exposed to natural disasters and climate variability than Topos,but it demonstrated higher adaptive capacity and lower sensitivity than Topos.Nevertheless,socio-demographic profile influenced adaptive capacity in both communities.Sensitivity was influenced most by health in Embong,and sensitivity was influenced most by food in Topos.Although the vulnerability levels were not high in the two communities,several subcomponents must be specifically considered.Overall,this study can help the government make informed decisions to enhance adaptive capacity of the KSNP to climate change.展开更多
文摘The 1998 Conference of Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity asked national governments to demonstrate the importance of biological diversity in supporting rural communities. This paper introduces‘agrodiversity’as the primary way in which farmers use biological diversity and, more generally, the natural diversity of the environment for production, including their choice of crops, and management of land, water and biota as a whole. Promoting agrodiversity and understanding how it functions in tropical smallholder farming systems is the best way that importance may be shown. A win-win scenario is presented which links agrodiversity to land degradation control and sustainable rural livelihoods as evidenced by food security. It is argued that policies that encourage biological diversity in areas of land use will not only meet countries’ responsibilities under the Convention but will also address land degradation problems and support to rural livelihoods. The human significance of various types of biological diversity is shown. Sustainable rural livelihoods are presented in the new capital assets framework to demonstrate how rural households may use various components to control land degradation. To enable agrodiversity to be implemented practically, it has been codified into core elements of: biophysical diversity, the diversity of the natural environment that controls the resource base for food production; management diversity that embraces the practices (many of them indigenous) of farmers such as live hedges, soil amendments and ridge tillage techniques; agro-biodiversity which is the diversity of crop, plant and animal combinations; and organisational diversity, the way that farms are owned and operated, and the way that capital assets are allocated. Each element is then systematically related to show how agrodiversity controls land degradation and how it promotes food security. The example of the maize-Mucuna system in South America is cited as an evident demonstration of the value of agrodiversity to both soil conservation and to smallholder farmers’ livelihoods.
文摘Invasive alien species （IAS） are considered as an overlooked forest resources in Nepal, despite its rapid expansion is considered as one of the main drivers of Nepal＇s forest degradation and deforestation. In this study, stratified systematic sampling, with nested circular plots of 500 m2, was performed in Sindhupalchowk to find out whether the removal of IAS contributes for an increase in plant diversity, Interaction with more than 310 entrepreneurs was carded to investigate the economic benefits in terms of income and employment of converting IAS into charcoal through pyrolysis in ＂bio-energy kilns＂. The study showed a higher Shannon-Weiner plant diversity index at regeneration level in IAS removed area （2.43） than that in control （1.95）. Similarly, the number of seedlings and saplings was significantly higher （P 〈 0.05） in the treatment block than the number of trees in the control one. Also, the pyrolysis of 7,500 million tons （MT） of IAS in bio-energy kilns produced 1,500 MT of charcoal powder which generated a total additional income of Nepali Rupees （NRs.） 18,900,000 to 1,050 poor and disadvantaged people in ! 6 districts of Terai and Midhills. In spite of that, some policy hurdles, such as charcoal transportation, were observed at the operational level. It is suggested that the plant diversity could be increased through the removal of IAS, and considerable economic benefits could be achieved if charcoal is substantially produced and utilized.
基金the Indonesian Endowment Fund for Education(20201221105629)for funding this study。
文摘Indigenous people around the Kerinci Seblat National Park(KSNP),Indonesia,have a high dependence on forest resources as their main source of livelihood.This study addressed the vulnerability of Rejang indigenous people around the KSNP to climate change.The popular livelihood vulnerability index(LVI)model was adapted by adding and modifying subcomponents suitable for the study area.Primary data were collected through household surveys in two communities:Embong and Topos.In total,146 samples were selected for this study using stratified random sampling.The results showed that Embong was more vulnerable to climate change than Topos.Embong exhibited a higher level of vulnerability to the effects of socio-demographic profile,social network,health,and natural disasters and climate variability,whereas Topos was more vulnerable to livelihood strategy,food,and water.Furthermore,Embong was more exposed to natural disasters and climate variability than Topos,but it demonstrated higher adaptive capacity and lower sensitivity than Topos.Nevertheless,socio-demographic profile influenced adaptive capacity in both communities.Sensitivity was influenced most by health in Embong,and sensitivity was influenced most by food in Topos.Although the vulnerability levels were not high in the two communities,several subcomponents must be specifically considered.Overall,this study can help the government make informed decisions to enhance adaptive capacity of the KSNP to climate change.
