Can Multiple Livelihood Interventions Improve Livelihood Resilience of Out-of-poverty Farmers in Mountain Areas?A Case Study of Longnan Mountain Area,China

Clarifying the impact of livelihood interventions on the livelihood resilience of farmers in undeveloped mountain areas can not only optimize interventions,but also provide experiential support for global poverty alleviation.To analyze the impact of multiple livelihood interventions on livelihood resilience,we constructed an analytical framework and analyzed the enjoyment of livelihood interventions and the heterogeneity of livelihood resilience among out-of-poverty farmers in the Longnan mountain areas,China.Then,we studied the impact of intervention intensity on livelihood resilience through the multiple linear regression model.The results revealed that:1)the livelihood interventions enjoyed by out-of-poverty farmer in mountain areas were multiple.The proportion of farmers enjoyed diversified livelihood interventions was in descending order of high mountain areas,semi-mountain area and Chuanba valley areas.2)The overall livelihood resilience of farmers in Longnan mountain areas was generally low,with an average of 0.299.There were significant differences in the livelihood resilience of farmers across different geographic areas in the study area and types of interventions.3)The effects of industry interventions,employment interventions and education interventions were significant.The endogenous power of farmers not only had a significant positive effect on livelihood resilience,but also positively moderated the impact of the intensity of interventions on livelihood resilience.In addition,the household dependency ratio and the average altitude of the village area had a significant negative impact on their livelihood resilience.

Livelihood vulnerability of smallholder farmers to climate change: A comparative analysis based on irrigation access in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Bulukumba Regency is one of the major rice-producing areas in South Sulawesi,Indonesia and has experienced frequent climate disasters over the past decade.Several downstream villages within the Bettu River irrigation area have been affected by the drought,culminating in reduced lowland rice production and increasing the vulnerability of farmers’livelihoods.This study aims to evaluate the vulnerability of the livelihood system among rice farmers in the Bettu River irrigation area by classifying the area into two zones based on the distance from the main irrigation canal,namely the upstream area and downstream area.The livelihood vulnerability index(LVI)framework and livelihood vulnerability index-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(LVI-IPCC)approach were applied by selecting geographic and socio-demographic indicators that affected the farmer households,including 8 major components and 26 sup-components.The data for LVI-IPCC estimation were collected by randomly selecting 132 households from villages in the two areas.The empirical results showed that farmers in the downstream area were more vulnerable to climate change than farmers in the upstream area.The major components causing the livelihood vulnerability of the downstream farmers were livelihood strategy,food,water,land,and health,as well as natural disasters and climate variability.In particular,the sub-components of agricultural livelihood diversification,consistent water supply for farming,and drought events were important in the downstream area.Farmers in the upstream area were vulnerable to socio-demographic profile and social network components.The LVI-IPCC findings suggested that the government should prioritize farmers in the downstream area to develop resilience strategies,particularly by increasing irrigation infrastructure and the number of reservoirs and drilling holes.Furthermore,to increase their adaptive capacity in terms of diversification of agricultural livelihood systems,the government and donor agencies need to provide trainings on the development of home food industries for poor farmers and vulnerable households that were affected by disasters.

The Pulses of the Mekong River Basin: Rivers and the Livelihoods of Farmers and Fishers

The transboundary Mekong River is shared by six SE Asia countries (China, Myanmar, Thailand, Lao PDR, Cambodia, and Vietnam). In this paper the livelihoods of farmers and fishers of Lao PDR, Cambodia and Vietnam are examined to assess impacts of Mekong River development and modernization projects on the rural peoples of the Mekong River and Delta. A high proportion of the 190 million rural people of the Mekong basin are dependent on the diverse and abundant resources of the Mekong River and its tributaries for food security and basic necessities, livelihoods, and cultural identities. Although rice farming and fisheries occupations are primary income sources, many livelihoods involve a diversity of on-farm and off-farm activities. Agricultural specialization and intensification and hydropower dam construction on the Mekong main stem and tributaries are altering traditional rural patterns of household food security, income, and cultural ways of living at an increasingly rapid pace. Rural transformation projects must better assess how these modernization efforts change the ecology of the Mekong River and in turn affect the capacity of rural people to adapt in ways that ensure food security and improve household livelihoods. It will be critical that development efforts recognize, value, and invest in rural people’s roles in producing a stable, affordable food system and managing the integrity of river ecosystems upon which future prosperity depends. Interventions are needed to prevent degradation of the Mekong Basin soil and water resources from large-scale agricultural intensification, water diversion and overbuilding of hydropower dams which are threats to small-scale land holdings and farmers and fishers capacities to provide daily food for their own consumption and to feed SE Asia’s growing urban populations.

How to Improve Tea Farmers' Livelihoods in the Sightseeing Place along Lijiang River Valley?

The unbalance of tourism development and comparative superiority of the tea industry brings new opportunities to the poor groups along Lijiang River Valley for improving their livelihoods. From the perspective of sustainable livelihoods,we analyze the problems in tea farmers' livelihoods,such as lack of fund,low capacity in price negotiation,and high cost of resisting various risks. Recommendations are put forward for tea farmers to improve their livelihoods through ways of enterprise cooperation,innovative marketing,brand cultivation,industrial integration and so on.

Toward Modelling of Transformational Change Processes in Farm Decision-Making

In the coming decades, agricultural systems will have to adapt to tremendous challenges. Behavioral models have important potential to better understand and steer changes toward sustainability brought about by this context. Relying on a literature review, we distinguish incremental changes (extensions of what is already done) and transformational changes, which involve the reorientation of a considerable amount of farming activities. Transformational changes are particularly important in the context of global change. Existing integrated modelling frameworks based on behavioral theories are suited for incremental changes, but remain limited for transformational changes. Qualitative studies provide important insights on two key aspects of transformational changes, learning and social relations, but they have not been explicitly oriented toward computer modelling yet. Based on this literature and three seminal decision-making approaches, we propose a description of transformational change processes in farm decision-making, as a first step toward an implementation in agent-based models.

Professionalization of Farmers Is the Key to Solution of China's Rural Issues

There are essential differences between the current status of farmers in China and "farmer" as a profession; this disparity remains to be a barrier to agricultural modernization. Since reform and opening up, changes in social economic structure have prompted the professionalization of farmers. To realize this trend and promote this transformation will be of significant importance to Chinese agricultural modernization.

乡村文化振兴视角下脱贫户可持续生计能力提升路径探析

乡村振兴面临着满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要的新挑战,同时也肩负着确保不发生规模性返贫的底线任务。乡村振兴战略实施以来,脱贫群众精神风貌有了很大改观,生活水平显著提升。但目前一些农户仍面临生计脆弱、内生动力不足等问题,需要注重提升其自主、自助、自为的可持续生计能力。文化振兴是乡村振兴的精神内核,也是提升脱贫户可持续生计能力的有效途径。从乡村文化振兴的视角看,提升农户自身抗逆能力和发展能力,一要激发其内生发展动力,为可持续生计提供动力源泉;二要提升其科学文化素质,为可持续生计提供智力源泉;三要加大乡村文化的供给力度,为可持续性生计提供政策保障。

中国山区旅游地农户生计韧性评价指标体系的构建与实证——以湖北省恩施州为例

山区旅游地兼具旅游资源丰富、生态环境脆弱、贫困人口集聚等多重特性,对中国山区旅游地农户生计韧性的科学评价有助于守护脱贫攻坚成果.本研究在农户生计韧性理论认知的基础上,结合区域特征构建了中国山区旅游地农户生计韧性评价指标体系,采用均值法对恩施州18个旅游村进行实证分析.研究结果表明:①以Speranza为代表的生计韧性评价指标体系较好地表达了农户应对冲击、实现更好结果的特性,但存在评价对象不明晰、指标选取不够严谨、评价体系构建不完整及本土适应性不够等问题;②结合中国山区旅游地特性对Speranza的评价指标进行了在地优化,通过Ω系数检验发现优化后的评价指标体系具有合理性;③恩施州旅游地农户的生计韧性总体处于低水平.从3大维度来看,除缓冲能力处于中等水平之外,学习能力和自组织能力均处于低水平,自组织能力水平最低.从地域分布来看,农户的生计韧性水平在不同地区或者同一地区的不同村落间都存在较大差异,其中宣恩县的农户生计韧性水平整体最低.

复杂视角下乡村旅游地农户可持续生计组态影响研究——以成都市幸福村为例

乡村旅游地农户可持续生计是一个多元因素共同作用的复杂系统,其组态影响研究对于转变当前研究的简单线性思维、深化推动农户生计可持续发展和全面推进乡村振兴具有重要意义。文章基于社会-生态系统理论构建组态影响理论模型,以成都市典型乡村旅游地幸福村的农户为案例,应用模糊集定性比较分析法探究复杂视角下乡村旅游地农户可持续生计组态影响,以揭示农户可持续生计发展背后更为深刻的效应机理。研究发现:1)乡村旅游地农户可持续生计受经济、社会、生态等外因与内因的组态影响,单一因素难以构成影响乡村旅游地农户可持续生计的必要条件,内生动力、旅游产业、土地利用、政策制度、社区治理和自然环境是组态路径中的6大核心影响因素;2)乡村旅游地农户可持续生计组态路径包括4类正向驱动路径和3类负向抑制路径,同向组态路径彼此等价且条件之间具有互补和替代关系,异向组态路径间具有因果关系的非对称性;3)乡村旅游地农户可持续生计多重并发路径的形成受旅游区位和主客观条件的影响。最后基于研究发现提出管理启示,旨在为乡村旅游地农户可持续生计影响机制研究提供复杂组态思路和借鉴。

小农户联结新型农业经营主体的实践逻辑

基于可持续生计理论,从联结导向和治理机制两个维度出发,构建不同联结导向及其差异化治理机制的分析框架,探究小农户联结新型农业经营主体的实践逻辑。研究揭示了4种不同的联结类型及其治理机制:类型A(能力导向型联结-市场治理机制)强调市场机制在提升小农户生计能力中的作用;类型B(能力导向型联结-行政治理机制)通过政策扶持和环境优化提升小农户生计能力;类型C(权利导向型联结-市场治理机制)侧重于市场化方式激活农地“三权分置”改革红利,保障小农户生计权利;类型D(权利导向型联结-行政治理机制)则采用行政主导方式强化小农户生计权利保障。同时,小农户联结新型农业经营主体应以巩固拓展农地“三权分置”改革成效为契机,发挥“有效市场”和“有为政府”在联结过程中的作用,优化合作经营与可持续生计的协同制度体系。但是,小农户联结新型农业经营主体过程中,必须有效防范因生计能力不足和生计权利缺失导致的经营效能低下及其衍生风险。

水源保护下搬迁农户生计脆弱性评估框架分析——以韶关南水湖搬迁安置区为例

为了促进水源保护,水源地农户常被搬迁安置和限渔退捕,其生计脆弱性较为突出。以韶关南水湖搬迁安置区为例,基于“暴露性-敏感性-适应性”框架,构建了农户生计脆弱性评价框架,对农民生计脆弱性进行实证分析。结果表明:农户生计脆弱性总体较高,突出体现在生计适应性和生计暴露性两个方面;不同类型农户脆弱性存在差异,农户生计脆弱性会因村子和县城的距离、非渔业经营技能、职业类型的不同而存在差异;农户生计脆弱性受到就业机会、转产技能、生计多样性等因素的影响。

“双碳”目标下农户兼业与农村生活能源消费转型

促进农村生活能源消费转型对于我国能源消费结构优化以及“双碳”目标实现具有重要意义。基于2022年实地调研数据,实证分析农户兼业对农村生活能源消费转型的影响效应及作用机制。结果表明,农户兼业对农村生活能源消费转型有显著促进作用,推动农村能源消费结构逐渐由以生物质能源为主向以商品能源为主转变。进一步机制分析显示,农户兼业通过提升家庭收入及优化收入结构、土地资本挤出、人力资本挤出和生态自觉性提升促进农村生活能源消费转型。此外,农户兼业促进农村生活能源消费转型存在代际、兼业地区和行业差异。因此,提出进一步破除城乡资源流动壁垒,完善农民工省外流动机制;加强生态文明建设,大力培育农户生态自觉性;推动乡村产业升级,促进农民收入量、质提升的对策建议。

高标准农田建设参与对农民种粮收益的影响——基于农业新质生产力的中介作用

基于全国10省1032份农户的微观调查数据,使用内生转换回归模型实证分析了高标准农田建设参与对农民种粮收益的影响。研究发现:(1)高标准农田建设参与显著提升农民种粮收益,且平均处理效应表明,参与高标准农田建设可使农民种粮收益提高2.77%。(2)异质性分析表明,相较于小农户,规模户参与高标准农田建设能够提升种粮收益;高标准农田建设参与不仅促进兼业农户增加种粮收益,而且促进纯农户增加种粮收益;相较于非粮食主产区,粮食主产区农户参与高标准农田建设的种粮收益提升效果更明显。(3)机制分析表明,高标准农田建设参与通过提升农业新质生产力水平,从而提高农民种粮收益。据此,鼓励农民积极参与高标准农田建设管理工作,制定出台农户参与高标准农田建设的差异化政策,同时加快培育和发展农业新质生产力,以实现农民种粮收益提升。

风险流动务工是否增加了农户生计韧性——基于西南地区832份易地搬迁移民数据

本文利用西南地区832户移民农户调研数据,运用OLS回归、有序Logit模型等方法实证研究了风险流动务工对农户生计韧性的影响。结果表明:就近流动与外出流动务工正向显著促进了移民的生计韧性发展;从长远角度来看,短期流动务工与稳定流动务工对移民生计韧性产生了明显的促进效果;异质性分析发现,就近与外出流动务工对新生代与老一辈移民生计韧性均产生了显著的正向影响,而对于分散安置的移民群体产生了负向作用。基于此,提出应增强移民自我发展能力与内生动力,合理引导移民劳动力务工流动,并从源头上增强不同安置方式、安置时间、安置地点的移民幸福感与满足感等建议,为乡村全面振兴提供引导。

主客观比较视角下农户福祉差异与提升路径研究

福祉是一种幸福、健康或繁荣的状态,提升居民福祉是未来发展的根本目的和终极目标。依据实地调研与访谈数据,以农户生活满意度衡量农户主观福祉,以农户生计资本解析农户客观福祉,划分农户福祉水平,同时针对不同类型和不同生计策略的农户,对其福祉水平进行解译,为白家村农户发展提供优化路径。研究表明:1)白家村农户主观福祉与客观福祉匹配结果以“中-中”类型聚集明显,尚需整体提升。2)具体而言,客观福祉中以金融资本和自然资本滞后性较明显。主观福祉中乡村生产生活保障满意度较低,当地农户对自身医疗、卫生、教育存在意见。3)未来应首先整体提升策略水平指引白家村乡村农户福祉向“高-高”理想状态发展。其次,重点突破建设短板明确白家村乡村农户福祉建设方向。受访农户中,脱贫不稳定户与边缘户基础资源禀赋不足,发展内生力不足,针对此情况亟需政府进行对应帮扶。同时,当地政府应针对外出务工农户,开展非农职业培训,提升外出农户非农就业能力,为留村农户农业资产变现提供政策支持,确保农户在取得非农收入的同时,还能获得稳定的财产性收入。

农户视角下农业生产经营模式转型研究——基于宁夏M县土地流转的思考

以M县的农业转型实践为例,从农户分化和农户思考的视角出发,在土地流转背景下思考农业生产经营模式的转型,探索其转型动力。研究发现:土地流转有自发性流转、政策导向加速流转、资本导向型流转、市场驱动型流转4种模式,农业生产经营主体经历了4种变革;农业生产经营方式在实践中呈现出适度规模经营、联合经营、托管经营、新型农业经营并存的多元化发展趋势;政策助推、市场引导、科技支持在推动农业生产经营模式转型上起到了重要作用。

政府介入能否诱导小农户废弃物规范化治理?——基于要素改造视角的分析

规范化小农户的绿色生产行为是改造传统农业的应有之义。本文首先构建了政府介入影响小农户废弃物治理行为的理论框架;其次,基于微观调研数据,实证分析了政府介入对小农户废弃物治理的影响及其影响机制。结果表明:激励型政府介入对小农户废弃物规范化治理没有显著影响;引导型和约束型政府介入通过“改造”小农户生产要素来影响其废弃物治理行为。其中,引导型政府介入通过提高小农户生产性固定资产投资和技术应用水平来推动废弃物的规范化治理,而约束型政府介入则主要通过提高生产性固定资产投资来发挥作用。越是高年龄组小农户,其生产性固定资产投资对废弃物治理的影响越大,越是低年龄组小农户,其技术应用水平的影响越大。未来需重点完善废弃物资源化利用的补贴政策对小农户的扶持作用,同时要继续强化政府引导型与约束型介入的“造血”功能,诱导小农户改造传统生产要素,提升规范化治理水平。

农地转出户生计资本对生计策略选择的影响——基于CFPS数据的微观实证

在合理筛选变量并对农户生计策略进行细分的基础上,基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)全国整合样本的数据,构建自然资本、人力资本、物质资本、金融资本、社会资本及心理资本的6维生计资本量化指标体系,采用多项Logit模型实证分析生计资本对生计策略选择的影响规律。结果表明,不同生计策略类型的农地转出户的生计资本指标及总指数存在差异化的分化特征。自然资本、物质资本、金融资本越大的农户,越倾向选择农业主导型生计策略;自然资本、人力资本、社会资本越大的农户,越倾向选择农业兼业型生计策略;自然资本、人力资本、社会资本、心理资本越大的农户,越倾向选择务工兼业型生计策略;人力资本、社会资本、心理资本越大的农户,越倾向选择务工主导型生计策略。各影响因素对农户生计策略选择相对风险比具有差异性。据此提出政府要引导农户耕地规模化经营,健全社会化保障服务,完善农村金融体系,普及非农技能培训等差异化政策。

乡村旅游对农户生计韧性的影响研究——以贵州紫云县为例

基于贵州紫云县392份农户调研数据,构建“缓冲力-组织力-学习力”的理论框架,运用熵值法、综合指数法、倾向得分匹配(PSM)的方法,测算了农户生计韧性和农户参与乡村旅游行为对农户生计韧性提升的影响。结果表明:①农户的维度测评结果为学习能力(0.089)>缓冲能力(0.087)>组织能力(0.043),研究区域农户组织能力较低。②参与乡村旅游行为有效提升农户生计韧性,且处于30~60岁这个区间和高中以上学历的户主参与乡村旅游对农户生计韧性影响效应更为显著。

生态屏障建设与农牧民可持续生计资本积累的互促研究——以《规划》在西藏农牧社区的实施为例

以《西藏生态安全屏障保护与建设规划》的实施为线索,基于田野调查第一手资料并从可持续生计资本的视角,从以下几点探析了《规划》实施对西藏农牧区环境改善与农牧民生计资本积累的影响。其一,通过法制建设、生态保护与治理工程以及农村生活能源的替代,有效遏制农牧民生计对自然资本的过度索取。其二,统筹生态治理与贫困治理,尤其是通过给予贫困农户生计角色转换的机会,减轻农牧户对自然资本的过度依赖。其三,对农牧民因生态安全屏障建设而造成的生计损益进行补偿。上述措施大幅提升了农牧民可持续资本的积累,为西藏生态环境的持续改善提供了动力。研究认为,西藏之所以能通过《规划》实施,将生态安全屏障建设与生计改善两难全的事业共同推向成功,新中国的制度理念和制度优势发挥了重要作用,不仅引领了《规划》的实施并为其提供了充足的财力,而且为农牧民增加绿色收入营造了良好的外部环境。