Welfare effects of rural-urban land conversion on different aged land-lost farmers:exemplified in Wuhan city

Rural-urban land conversion is a universal phenomenon in the rapid process of economic development and urban growth.The welfare of farmers who lost their farmland attracted a widespread concern within the society and academia.However,further research about differentiated policies according to the characteristics of different farmer groups is still need to be conducted.This article divides the land-lost farmers into three age groups:younger than 45,45-65,and more than 65.It proposes a welfare index system including eight functional areas based on different age groups of affected farmers,taking four districts of Wuhan City as case study area.Fuzzy mathematics method is used to derive the aggregated welfare effect index.Our analysis show that the overall welfare levels of land-lost farmers of all age groups declined,but with a varying degree,with the level of welfare in those farmers who are 45-65 years old,younger than 45 years old,and older than 65 years old decreased by 18.7%,16.6%,and 12.7%,respectively.The direction and degree of effects on the functional activity index varies among different groups.Economic conditions,living environment,health,and social participation of all age groups decrease while social security and housing conditions increase.On the other hand,development opportunities,social communication,and leisure have different changing directions in different age stages.These results call for differentiated and tailor-made compensation policies for land-lost farmers,towards improving the welfare levels of all farmers and reduce the disparity among them.

Impact of eco-efficiency compensation for public welfare forests on the incomes of farmers

The strategy of rural revitalization puts ecology and economic development at the same level,in order to explore whether the eco-efficiency compensation policy for public welfare forests can achieve a“win-win”for both ecology and people livelihood.This study probed into the consideration of income structure and used OLS analysis to conduct an empirical analysis on a sample of 443 households in Shaanxi Province.It was found that the eco-efficiency compensation for public welfare forests had not only a significantly positive effect on the forestry income and the total income of farm households,but also had a constructive influence on the non-forestry income,though smaller and less significant,which was closely attributed to the original income structures of these farm households.In addition,personal and household characteristics such as age,educational level and labor force size played decisive roles to nonforestry income and total income of farm households as well.

Empirical Study on the Effect of Abolishing Agricultural Tax on Farmers' Income

The panel dataset which covered the socio-economic data of 31 provinces （municipalities and autonomous region） in China from 2000-2007 was used to do empirical analysis on the effect of abolishing agricultural taxes on farmers＇ income by referring to the fixed effect estimation method. It found that the abolition of agricultural taxes increased farmer＇s net income per capita by 2%. Combining with the results of empirical analysis, related policy suggestions were put forward to increase farmers＇ income.

Taxing sugar-sweetened beverages in China:By volume or sugar content? A consumer welfare approach

Using scanner data on the consumption of packaged liquid beverages by Chinese urban households,we estimated the price elasticity of various beverages and compared the effects of volume-based versus sugar-content-based taxation strategies on consumer welfare.Compared to the volume-based tax,the sugar-content-based beverage tax was predicted to cost less in compensating variation under the same amount of sugar reduced,indicating that taxation based on sugar content may be more efficient in preserving consumer welfare.Further comparison across different socioeconomic groups reveals that,given current beverage consumption status in China,the efficiency advantage of the sugar-content-based taxation strategy is more pronounced than that of the volume-based taxation.Our conclusions can provide insights for the food industry and the government to reduce the sugar content in beverages.

Effect of Agricultural Comprehensive Development on Increasing Income of Farmers in Jiangsu Hilly and Mountainous Areas

To adapt to rural and agricultural economic development,Jiangsu Province adjusted main task of comprehensive development of hilly and mountainous areas to supporting and promoting agricultural structural adjustment of hilly and mountainous areas and promoting increase of agricultural benefits and farmers' income. Through typical survey,this paper made an objective evaluation of effect of agricultural comprehensive development of hilly and mountainous areas in Jiangsu Province from increasing farmers' income. Results indicated that agricultural comprehensive development investment projects in Jiangsu hilly and mountainous areas are closely coupled with local agricultural production structure; financial funds promote social capital input to construction of economic forest,fruit and grass planting,and livestock raising. Through demonstration and guidance of farmers,it promoted adjustment of agricultural production structure and increased farmers' income. Finally,it came up with pertinent policy recommendations.

Evaluation and welfare effect of coordinated ecological development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region

Regional coordinated ecological development is a new form of regional coordinated development that aims to construct an ecological civilization in the“new normal”period.The coordinated ecological development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region is especially significant because this region is leading the overall coordinated development and reform in China.Based on complex system theory,synergetics,and the ecological civilization and green development ideas of the“new normal”period,we constructed a regional ecological synergy measurement model that scientifically evaluates the dynamic evolution of the BTH ecological synergy level from 2006 to 2018.Using an econometric model,we also analyzed the welfare effect and the regional heterogeneity of ecological synergy in regional development.First,it was found that in general,the degree of ecological synergy in BTH increased yearly up to 2018 with a strong development trend.The speed of ecological synergy in the Tianjin-Hebei and Beijing-Hebei subsystems was accelerating during that period,but the development potential of the ecological synergy in Beijing-Tianjin was insufficient and slow-growing.Second,whereas Beijing had entered the stage of moderate coordinated ecological development,Tianjin and Hebei remained in the low level of coordinated development;moreover,the coordinated development was unstable.The uneven development of the internal subsystems in BTH restricted the development of the cooperative effect and the overall development of the region.Third,improving the degree of ecological synergy significantly benefited the social and economic welfare in BTH.Finally,the welfare effect of the degree of ecological synergy showed a significant regional heterogeneity,being significantly higher in Tianjin and Hebei than in Beijing.This result indicates that improving the ecological synergy can narrow the development gaps between Tianjin,Hebei,and Beijing.To further improve the level of regional ecological synergy,we should innovate the coordinated model of regional development,implement the collaborative ecological development model,generate new growth drivers for the green development of BTH based on a reasonable division of labor,difference positioning,and active integration,create a soft environment for an innovation ecosystem that promotes regional ecological synergy,and build a regional innovation ecosystem led by Beijing and Xiongan.Next,we should establish a balanced regional-interest mechanism with ecological environmental protection that supports regional green and high-quality development.

Analysis of Hidden Danger in Farmer's Rights and Interests during Farmland Transfer——An Evaluation of Rights Safeguarding Effect of Farmland Transfer Contract

Taking Shuangliu County,Chengdu City,China as an example,evaluation index system for the rights protection effects of farmland transfer is established contract from three aspects of basic information,transfer agreement and legal safeguards in the contracts.According to the investigation data,weight of evaluation index is determined by both entropy weight and Analytic Hierarchy Process.Comprehensive index method is used to evaluate the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract in the flat dam,high hill and low hill in Shuangliu County,Chengdu,China.Result shows that the transfer agreement of farmland and the basic information of contract greatly affect the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract.There are differences in the five indices of the information of the signature of contract,pricing for payment,time limit for farmland transfer,transfer mode of farmland,and use range of farmland transfer.During the farmland transfer in reality,there are three hidden dangers in farmer's land rights and interests,which are the ill-formed transfer behavior,the relatively low income of farmers from farmland transfer,and the quality decline of farmland and difficult full reclamation in transfer period.Based on the evaluation result and investigation data,countermeasures are put forward to improve the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract.

Study on Increase of Farmers' Income in Tibet from an Ecological Tourism Perspective——A Case Study of Puqu Town in Nyingchi County

Based on investigation data of farmers＇ income in Puqu Town, Nyingchi County during 2008 -2013, sources of farmers＇ income and effects of ecological tourism on increase of farmers＇ income in Puqu Town were analyzed. The results show that crop farming and animal husbandry are still main sources of increase of farmers＇ income, and ecological tourism has played increasingly important roles in increase of farmers＇ income; household productive management income is dominant but increases slowly, but household service management income increases rapidly; all kinds of subsidies also contribute to increase of farmers＇ income; ecological tourism and increase of farmers＇ income show rational retum trends to a cer- tain degree; because of shortcomings in tourism management, ecological tourism in Puqu Town develops slowly; the overall development of ecolog- ical tourism is not consistent with increase of farmers＇ income.

Profitability Analysis of Small Scale Irrigation Technology Adoption to Farmers in Nasho Sector, Rwanda

The study aims to assess the effect of small scale irrigation adoption to farmers in Nasho sector, Kirehe District in Rwanda. The average yield was 12,309.73 Kg/2.62 ha or 4698.73 Kg/ha for adopters with the mean difference between adopters and non adopters ranged from 2819.63 Kg to 4766.59 Kg per unit area of production. For food security status, the average mean quantity of maize consumed at home level was 615.54 Kg with the mean difference ranged from 377.29 Kg to 474.68 Kg. For market participation, the average treatment effect of the treated (ATT) of quantity of maize sold was 11,694.24 Kg while the mean difference ranged from 7165.98 Kg to 9015.60 Kg. The Average Treatment Effect of the Treated market price was 213 Frws/Kg while the mean difference ranged from 44.51 Frws/Kg to 48.3053 Frws/Kg. The Average Treatment Effect of the Treated of farmer’s revenues for the users was 938,772 Frws/ha, however, the mean difference between adopters and non adopters ranged from 1,732,942 Frws to 2,007,039 Frws. The Average Treatment Effect of the Treated of farmer’s net farm income was 1,066,393 Frws while mean difference between users and non users ranged from 803,967 Frws to 854,141 Frws. For profitability analysis, the cost benefit ratio (CBR) was taken into account. The total benefit per unit area was 2,434,509 Frws and total average mean cost of 1,382,313 Frws and CBR = 1.761 > 1. The findings of this study will help the policy makers for deeper sector planning and also, it will facilitate other stakeholders to invest in irrigation technology to improve the livelihoods of Rwandan farmers and other surroundings.

Farmers' Cooperatives'Poverty-Reducing Roles in Agricultural Supply Chain Finance

Agricultural supply chain finance(SCF)plays a vital role in reducing poverty and linking smallholders with broader markets.By creating a multi-dimensional poverty index(MPI)for farmer households with A-F binary boundary method,this paper employs the propensity score matching and difference-in-difference(PSM-DID)method to estimate how farmers’cooperatives run by various entities affect farmer households’multi-dimensional poverty status.Our findings suggest that:(i)Each percentage of increase in the probability of farmers’access to SCF credit from their cooperatives makes it 8%and 10%more likely for farmers’MPI and multi-dimensional poverty order to decrease with a signi ficant poverty-reducing effect.(2)SCF credit from farmers’cooperatives run by large farmers,agribusinesses and the village cadres are signi ficantly poverty-reducing for full-time poor farmers.(iii)The higher non-farm incomes as a share of farmers’total income,the less poverty-reducing SCF credit from farmers’cooperatives run by large farmers and villagers becomes,and the more poverty-reducing SCF credit for agribusiness everyone cooperatives becomes.These findings highlight the importance of policy guidance for farmers’cooperatives to offer appropriate credit products and solutions according to local conditions,which is vital to maximizing the effects of targeted financial poverty reduction.

Evaluation Model of Farmer Training Effect Based on AHP–A Case Study of Hainan Province

On the basis of studying the influencing factors of training effect evaluation,this paper constructs an AHP-fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model for farmers’vocational training activities in Hainan Province to evaluate farmers’training effect,which overcomes the limitations of traditional methods.Firstly,the content and index system of farmer training effect evaluation are established by analytic hierarchy process,and the weight value of each index is determined.Then,the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation(FCE)of farmer training effect is carried out by using multi-level FCE.The joint use of AHP and FCE improves the reliability and effectiveness of the evaluation process and results.The overall comprehensive evaluation result of the farmer training effect evaluation is“good”.

Farmer Income Differential in Regions

China＇s success in reform and opening up policy for twenty years is regarded as China＇s miracles in the world, whereas the income differential widening phenomenon has been the focus of the policymakers and researchers. This article researches 1994-2003 China＇s rural regions income differential and its decomposition. The method this paper used to measure the disparity is Gini Index. There are many ways to compute it, so the easiest way to decompose Gini Index-Matrix method is adopted. And based on it, farmer＇s income could be divided into wage income, fanning income, transfer income and property income according to its composition. The conclusion is that all of the indexes are between 0.2 and 0.3, at the comparatively average level. From the fluctuation trend, it increased from 1994 to 1995, while reduced from 1995 to 1996, fluctuated in 1997, and then diminished again. In general, farmer＇s regions income differential stays at comparatively average level, but it has the widening trend with time. Through decomposing Gini Index, wage income is the most important increasing factor, while fanning income is the reducing factor.

Effects of Conservation Tillage on Crop Yield: a Case Study in the Part of Typical Ecological Zones in China

To evaluate the effects of different conservation tillage modes on crop yield in various ecological regions, we interviewed peasant households in the Northeast China Plain, North China Plain, Chengdu Plain, and Northwest China Oasis, China, to analyze the influencing factors of the tillage methods on crop yield. An index set was determined from seven yield parameters based on expert consultation and relevant literature. A comprehensive evaluation of conservation tillage methods in the various ecological regions was carried out using fuzzy theory. The approaches with the highest scores were identified for each region： wide and narrow rotation planting with high stubble standing retention in the Northeast China Plain; seeding after rotary tilled of wheat under corn straw mulching and no-tillage seeding of corn and other crops under wheat straw mulching in the North China Plain; no tillage with high stubble retention in the Northwest China Oasis; and no-tillage seeding of wheat and other crops under rice straw mulching in Chengdu Plain. These research data provide a useful guide for the selection of conservation tillage methods for optimum yields in different regions of China.

数字乡村建设影响农户创业吗?

数字乡村建设不仅重塑了农户的生产生活方式,而且催生了如电商、直播等全新的商业模式和创业形态,展现出对农户创业的深刻影响。基于社会认知理论,采用县域数字乡村指数和中国家庭追踪调查数据(CFPS)研究数字乡村建设对农户创业的影响及作用机制。研究发现:数字乡村建设能够促进农户创业;东部地区、男性、中青年和低数字素养群体促进作用更加显著;西部地区阻碍作用更显著。机制分析发现,数字乡村建设通过资源效应和信息效应提高农户创业。研究结论为大力推进数字乡村战略对农户创业带来的具体影响提供了经验证据,为农村地区贯彻“大众创业、万众创新”激活农民创新创业找到了新动力源泉,也启示决策部门应因人施策、因地制宜推进数字乡村建设,以避免“运动式”“一刀切式”数字乡村建设对农户创业的不利影响。

喀斯特地区土地流转如何促进农户增收?——基于8省3678户的经验证据

充分发挥喀斯特地区土地流转的农户增收效应是推进山地农业高质量发展的有效渠道。基于中国喀斯特地区8个省区市3 678户农户微观调研数据,采用有序Logit模型、倾向得分匹配法、KHB方法等,考察土地流转对农户收入的影响和作用机制。结果表明:(1)土地流转显著提升了喀斯特地区农户家庭总收入水平,土地流转户收入水平较未参与流转户约高出12.86%;(2)相比于土地转入户,土地转出对农户收入增长的影响更为显著;(3)外出务工和家庭创业在土地转出影响农户收入关系中起中介作用,解释比例分别为17.18%和4.63%;农业机械化在耕地较为平整的转入户对收入的影响中起中介作用,解释比例为16.93%;(4)土地流转对种植经济作物、耕地较为平整、灌溉条件较好的农户家庭总收入影响显著为正。为此,建议进一步健全喀斯特地区土地流转机制,促进非农产业发展,加强丘陵山区农业机械化和农田水利设施建设,发展喀斯特地区特色高效农业,鼓励更多农户积极参与土地流转。

农业生产托管对小麦种植户福利效应的实证分析

【目的】分析河南省小麦种植户的农业生产托管行为对农户家庭人均收入的影响,验证农业生产托管对农户的福利效应。【方法】在理论分析农业生产托管对农户福利效应影响的基础上,基于河南省918个小麦种植户调研数据,采用倾向得分匹配法实证分析了农业生产托管行为对农户的福利效应,并用农户受教育程度和经营规模两个特征变量对农户福利效应进行了分组分析。【结果】农业生产托管对农户福利效应具有显著的促进作用,但在不同群体间存在差异,受教育程度越高、生产规模越小的农户,其农业生产托管的福利效应水平越高。进一步分析影响农户选择农业生产托管驱动因素发现,家庭非农就业人口数量对农户农业生产托管选择有显著正向影响,家庭农业机械价值、地块数量和农户距中心城区距离对其选择农业生产托管有显著负向影响。【结论】为促进农户福利水平的提升,应当大力发展农业生产托管服务,多种渠道引导农户外出务工就业,适当调整当前农机补贴政策,采取适当方式开展地块整理合并。

绿色生态技术采纳提高了农民福利水平吗?--基于654份香蕉种植户的数据调查

农业绿色发展道路是我国农业现代化发展的必经之路。基于云南、海南、广西以及广东四个香蕉主产省农村的654份实地入户调研数据,采用内生转换模型分析农民绿色生态技术采纳行为及其对农民综合福利水平的影响,研究发现:(1)农民采纳绿色生态技术后福利水平能够得到显著提升。(2)农民自身资源禀赋会影响其绿色生态技术的采纳决策,不同资源禀赋的农民在采纳绿色生态技术时的福利水平提升效应具有差异性,有贷款以及加入合作社的农民在采纳绿色生态技术时福利水平的提升效应更高。(3)基于反事实假设,研究发现采纳绿色生态技术的农民若不采纳该技术,其福利水平会下降1.64%,而未采纳绿色生态技术的农户采纳该技术时,其福利水平能够提升21.97%,说明绿色生态技术采纳对农民综合福利有提升效应。根据以上结论提出因地制宜推广普及绿色生态技术,资金扶持推动采纳绿色生态技术,加强引导提升农民组织化程度等政策建议。

何以提升参训农民主体积极性?——以高素质农民培训实践为例

高素质农民培训是破解乡村振兴内生动力不足的关键,而实践中农民培训面临着参训农民主体性缺失问题,主要表现在参训农民在培训需求研究中处在“旁观者”地位、培训目标设计时居于“局外人”身份、培训内容创生中缺乏“话语权”、培训效果评价时饰演“虚无化”角色等,这是农民的主体特征与主观意愿、培训设计、组织与实施等内外因素共同作用的结果。解决这些问题可以通过为农民赋能、赋利、赋权等内外结合的方式,激发农民参训的积极性与主动性,提升农民培训效能。

新型农业经营主体促进山区小农户机械化的“滴涓效应”研究——以云南山区为例

本文旨在研究促进山区小农户与现代农业衔接的路径和机理。通过对云南省山区小农户的调查数据,采用回归和调节模型进行实证分析,验证促进山区小农户机械化水平的外部和内部路径以及相关机理的有效性,并探讨新型农业主体对山区小农户机械化水平影响的“涓滴效应”。研究结果表明,山区小农户的机械化水平主要受其社会和自然资源的影响以及内部互助行为的作用。新型农业经营主体在提升山区小农户整体机械化水平方面并不显著,但在提升部分山区小农户的机械化水平方面具有显著作用。农业企业的带动效应对于提升“非合作社社员”和“未获得免费培训”的山区小农户机械化水平起到明显的促进作用。而农民合作社仅在提升合作社社员的机械化水平方面发挥显著作用。因此,建议加大山地农业机械的研发投入,增强新型农业经营主体在提升小农户整体现代农业水平方面的作用,以促进小农户与现代农业的有机衔接。

RCEP下中日农产品贸易自由化的经济效应

利用单一市场局部均衡分析模型(WITS-SMART),模拟了RCEP下中日农产品贸易自由化的经济效应。结果表明:中日两国所有农产品的贸易创造效应均大于贸易转移效应,且随着降税幅度的加大,贸易效应显著提升,其中种植业降税给两国创造的贸易效应最突出;虽然中日两国关税收入会下降,但整体福利均将获得提升,且两国均是种植业降税的福利效应最大,随着减税力度的加大,福利效应进一步扩大;中日两国优势农产品均在关税减让中获得更多发展机遇,中国的麦芽等种植业产品和腌制鱼等水产品降税的贸易效应与福利效应均比较突出,但谷物、烟草等种植业产品将面临竞争压力。研究为更好把握RCEP下中日农产品贸易自由化带来的机遇及积极应对产生的挑战提供了参考。