Analysis of Factors Influencing Forest Farmers' Enthusiasm for Forest Culture and Management after the Completion of Reform of Collective Forest Right System

Taking Jiangshan City in Zhejiang Province for example,this article uses the binary logit choice model based on the field survey data,to study the factors influencing forest farmers'enthusiasm for forest culture and management after the completion of reform of collective forest right.Finally the following recommendations are put forth:further improving and implementing the forest ecological benefit compensation fund system;reforming the felling management mode and gradually establishing the sustainable forest management system based on forest management plan;improving the technology,market and information services to strengthen the forestry science and technology support;developing the specialty industries such as the bamboo industry and oil-tea camellia industry;developing the under-forest economy and cultivating the underforest industries with characteristics based on the local circumstances.

Study on Farmers' Cognition and Willingness to Plant Trees during Collective Forest Right Reform Based on Data from Plain Areas of Henan Province

On the basis of the survey data from plain areas of Henan Province,farmers' cognition and willingness to plant trees in collective forest right reform are studied. According to statistical analysis and regression equation of binary logistic regress analysis,it is generally believed that different participants have various attitudes to the reform,with regard to if planting trees or more,reform variables have a distinct effect,as well as income variable and loaning or lending variable. At last,some advices are put forward,that is,the government should strengthen collective forest right reform,accelerate matching reform and increase policy and financial support to forestry farmers.

Protection of Collective Rights of Rural Members in the Process of Land Transfer under Shareholding Cooperative Systems

According to the legal definitions of land transfer under shareholding cooperative systems,rural groups,collective rights of members,and this paper discloses the necessity of protecting the collective rights of members.In terms of qualification definition of members,rights of fetus,married daughters and sons in law cannot be guaranteed.In terms of rights protection,partial rights cannot be assured,power of personal stake inthe collective members is imperfect which results in inadequate,unbalanced,shaky and unpunctuated benefits.Based on objective and subjectivecauses,the democratic management rights of members in land transfer process have been weakened or even deprived,the protection of the basiclife is hard to realize.The paper proposes that it is necessary to build the social protection mechanisms of rural land shareholding cooperative sys-tems.The first is to treat those members that own land,attending the shareholding cooperation but having not taken part in the land transfer proces-sion as the protection objects.The second is in the procession of land transfer,making it clear the compensation standards of land transfer,estab-lishing the intermediate agencies of land transfer and performing the collective economic organizing functions.The third is that the account capital ofsocial protection is contributed together by personal member,the land users(shareholding cooperative companies) and government.The fourth isto pay more attention to the added value and safety management of capital operation.

中国式现代化视域下农村集体经济组织成员身份认定规则解析

农村集体经济组织成员的身份认定、丧失及身份丧失后的权益保留,关系到农村居民的切身利益,科学的制度设计是引导乡村善治、助推共同富裕、实现中国式现代化的保障。《农村集体经济组织法(草案二次审议稿)》(以下简称《草案二次审议稿》)关于农村集体经济组织成员身份的定义及认定应以户籍为基础,但不宜强制要求成员的基本生活保障需以成员集体所有的土地等财产提供,也不应把二者之间形成稳定的权利义务关系作为成员身份定义的必要条件。丧失成员身份的规定中,可以用“户籍+财政负担工资福利”的类型划分方式,把公务员、事业编制人员等群体排除在组织成员之外。对于务工、经商、服役、就学等原因“暂时离开”的成员,其土地承包权、宅基地使用权等核心财产权益的保留时间不宜一概而论,可根据权益性质确定合理的保留期限。《草案二次审议稿》可通过细化、完善涉及成员身份的相关规定,保护农村居民合法权益,提升农村居民参与自我管理的积极性,促进乡村治理体系和治理能力现代化。

农村集体经济组织代表集体行使所有权的困境破解

对“农村集体经济组织代表集体行使所有权”问题的研究,有必要从制度阐释、制度评价和制度完善三个层面依次进行。运用文义解释、体系解释和目的解释方法明确“农村集体经济组织代表集体行使所有权”的规范内涵,即区分农民集体和农村集体经济组织——前者作为所有权归属主体,后者作为所有权行使主体。在主体多元、关系复杂的制度设计下,农村集体经济组织存在权限不清、定位不明、能力不足的三重困境。以“代表说”为基础,塑造农村集体经济组织与农民集体的法律关系,发掘代表的制度价值并予以完善。在组织权限方面,应消除集体产权“折股量化”范围限制的影响,明确农村集体经济组织对集体资产的全权管理;在法律定位上,从成员构成方面确保农村集体经济组织代表集体的资质,避免农村集体经济组织异化为以股权投资为基础的一般农业经营主体;在组织能力上,着重提高农村集体经济组织运行效率,并从资产收益取得和分配规则上充实其收入能力。

建构主义视角下农民集体行动研究——基于鄂北两村的调查

乡村治理现代化的程度,关乎乡村振兴战略实施和农村基层治理全局,也直接影响着国家治理现代化的进程与成效,而农民集体行动能力则是乡村治理现代化的重要指标。本研究从建构主义的视角出发,在动态关系中洞悉农民集体行动的生成机制与行动逻辑,发现农民集体行动归根结底就是情境实践,即农民集体行动是在制度情境、本土情境、事件情境下,以共同利益为基础促进成员组织化参与,在不同的主体互动中达成行动目标的共识,借助公共权威、社会信任、社会网络等建立协作配合的合作关系,构建起基层治理共同体的过程。

论进城落户农民承包地权益的法治保障

在统筹新型城镇化和乡村振兴、推动城乡融合及共同富裕的时代背景下,保障进城落户农民承包地权益是涉农改革的关键。集体成员身份的保留,是阐释进城落户农民承包地权益保障正当依据和法律边界的前提。当前,进城落户农民承包地权益保障面临权益冲突及身份认定、承包地财产权实现、承包地权益救济三大法治挑战。为此,应健全进城落户农民成员身份的认定与权益冲突的协调规则,兼顾进城落户农民承包地财产权益与保障功能的充分实现,构建以诉讼救济为兜底的多元救济机制。

农村集体经济发展促进农民共同富裕的实现机制研究——陕西省袁家村的经验

发展壮大农村集体经济是实现农民共同富裕的关键路径,也是促进农民共同富裕的经济基础,但要实现农民共同富裕的目标,还必须有良好的制度保障和环境保障作为支撑。本文通过对陕西省袁家村走向共同富裕的案例进行解剖,讨论在共同富裕的微观实践中农村集体经济高质量发展如何推动农民走向共同富裕。研究表明:(1)农村集体经济发展壮大是促进农民共同富裕的物质基础,但这并不构成农民实现共同富裕的必然条件,要想实现“村庄强”和“农民富”的双重目标,还必须在发展壮大农村集体经济的前提下,构建科学的分配机制与治理环境;(2)农村集体经济发展受乡土社会结构和社会关系影响,因而在进行农村集体经济发展成果分配时必须充分吸收乡土社会运行规则,通过逆市场化的方式来推动分配机制创新,促进集体经济发展成果在村域内实现公平分配;(3)良好的村庄治理生态是实现经济可持续发展和集体成果公平分配的保障,因而在推动经济发展和集体收益分配的过程中,必须重视改善村庄治理生态,以此构建集体经济发展、农民共同富裕和村庄实现善治的良好格局。

集体经营性建设用地入市农户满意度影响因素研究——基于Logistic-ISM模型的分析

农户满意程度可以反映政策改革成效,探究农户集体经营性建设用地入市满意度影响因素,有助于评价政策实施效果,同时对提升农村发展和农民幸福感也有一定的现实意义.采用问卷调查和访谈的方式,选取重庆市大足区作为研究区域,基于Logistic模型确定农户满意度的影响因素,结合ISM模型分析各影响因素之间的层次关系,对农民的政策实施满意度影响因素进行实证分析.研究结果显示:(1)针对入市实施效果,绝大部分农户持满意态度,不满意的地方集中在收益分配不及时和环境污染方面;(2)家中是否有村干部、生态环境变化情况、是否参与表决、分配公平性、入市实际收益、程序透明性、入市风险存在情况、对入市土地所有者的认知对入市农户满意度有显著影响.其中对入市土地所有者的认知、入市风险存在情况、入市实际收益为表层直接因素,中层间接因素有生态环境变化情况、是否参与表决、分配公平性以及程序透明性,家中是否有村干部为深层根源因素.应进一步完善土地产权制度,明晰入市到期后土地权属问题;健全监督管理机制,建立集体经营性建设用地入市单位的产业目录和准入标准制度;完善收益分配机制,制定集体土地入市指导性分配意见;将村集体负责人纳入政府基层领导队伍体系,提高程序透明性.

农村集体经济组织法人的内在逻辑与制度表达

农村集体经济组织是实现乡村振兴战略的重要主体,《民法典》确认其特别法人地位,奠定了未来中国土地改革的基础。农村集体经济组织具有存续期间的先在性、组织职能的双重性、成员资格的封闭性和集体资产的公有性等特别属性,亦正是该特别属性导致农村集体经济组织陷入外延边界不清、组织职能分配不均衡、组织内农民难以受益和面临市场风险等制度困境,亟需进行法律上合理的制度表达。应厘清农村集体经济组织与村民委员会的角色定位并实现“政经分离”,适当剥离公共事业服务职能并强化生产经营性职能,在适度开放集体成员资格的同时设立成员双层结构,承认农村集体经济组织的破产能力,但应将集体土地所有权及非经营性资产本身从责任财产范围中予以剔除。

检察机关支持农村集体经济起诉制度探究

中国式检察机关支持起诉制度对于保障农村集体经济组织及其成员权益具有重要意义。仅具备框架性的法律依据,是导致农村集体经济领域支持起诉制度适用不足、效果不彰的根源。应从顶层设计完善民事诉讼法,明确支持起诉制度中检察机关的诉讼地位,细化诉讼规则。具体路径为:(1)明确支持起诉中检察机关定性限度;(2)完善支持起诉方式;(3)改变支持起诉启动模式;(4)支持起诉制度衔接相关法律,构建“诉前支持、诉中参与、诉后监督”的三阶递进民事支持体系。

集体土地房屋征收补偿对象和补偿标准问题研究

2019年修正的《中华人民共和国土地管理法》第四十八条规定了集体土地房屋征收补偿原则和补偿方式,但是没有明确补偿对象和补偿标准,目前只有部分省市对此进行了细化。但是这些地方立法存在立法权限不足、补偿对象认定标准混乱以及补偿标准不尽合理的问题,有待制定行政法规,统一补偿对象以及补偿标准的计算方式等。原则上安置补偿对象以法律界定的集体经济组织成员为限。安置房补偿应以一户一宅限定的合法宅基地面积认定为前提,同时确定一户内人均安置房面积的最低和最高标准,以保障被补偿人的居住条件。货币补偿标准应当坚持市场评估导向,保障房屋权利人的财产权。

数字农业中农民保障的制度创新

近年来,数字农业在我国高速发展,受到政策支持,而目前研究更多关注数字技术给农业带来的效率提升,而忽略了其对农民的负面影响。数字农业发展与其他领域的技术转型影响不同,农业公司更容易实现从数据控制到知识替代,再到身份固化的转变。在这种情况下,我国原有的农村土地保障能力受到数据生产地位提升的削弱,知识替代使农民在农业生产中被边缘化,集体经济组织的保障能力受到农业公司的削弱。所以,我国应在推广数字农业技术的同时对农民保障制度进行创新,这包括在数据形成过程中为农民设定保障,满足一定条件的大型农业公司股权中应设农民集体特留份,农业公司应承担本地用工义务。

抓实农牧民党员教育助力乡村振兴——以新疆昌吉市为例

农牧民党员是乡村振兴的领导者、组织者、推进者、示范者、引领者,在乡村振兴中发挥至关重要的作用。对乡村振兴背景下新疆昌吉市农牧民党员教育现状进行分析,找出存在问题及原因,并从以下几方面提出建议。切实把农牧民党员教育纳入重要工作日程、加强农牧民党员教育针对性、促进农牧民党员教育与乡村振兴相统一、营造干事创业良好氛围。

Effect Evaluation of Collective Forestry Tenure Reform and Forest Farmers' Willingness to Participate in the Reform: A Case Study of Shaowu, Fujian Province

Since 2003, China has carried out the pilot of collective forest tenure reform (CFTR). Inrecent years, there have been lots of researches about evaluation of the CFTR, which are, however,mostly qualitative research with little focus on the quantitative research. This paper used the AnalyticHierarchy Process (AHP) and expert assignment method to define the comprehensive evaluation indexes and monitoring indexes of the CFTR. In this study, the authors did a quantitative evaluation of the CFTR in Shaowu, Fujian Province, which was scored as 0.844, indicating more significant effect. The authors investigated 100 farmer households there, and the data showed that the average household income has grown by 49.2% in the 6 years after the CFTR implementation, while the forestry incomehas grown by 108.3%, indicating that farmers’ income increased significantly after the CFTR. Factor analysis shows that CFTR has been the key factor to increase farmers’ income.

Compliance of Milk Quality and Safety Measures Among Milk Producers and Milk Collection Centers in South Region of Punjab Province,Pakistan

The present study was conducted in four districts of Punjab Province to examine the attitude of milk producers and milk collection agents toward compliance of milk quality and safety parameters. In current scenario, the attitude of consumers for safe food in accordance to quality standards is ever increasing. The dairy industry in Pakistan is confronting many challenges to adapt these food safety and quality measures. This study was purposely conducted in the south region of Punjab Province, as this region has rich population of livestock and milk production. To collect essential data, field study was carded out in selected four districts of Punjab Province. Field survey for dairy farmers and milk collection centers was performed in two phases. The analysis of primary data was carried out by calculating the Likert scale mean value, analysis of variance （one-way） and other descriptive statistics tools. The results showed that 76.4% milk producers had no awareness about Punjab food quality laws; as Likert-scale mean value was 1.93. The compliance level for the management practices such as Hazard Analysis of Critical Control Point （HCCAP）, Good Animal Practices （GAP） and Good Veterinary Practices （GVP） etc. was also very poor. Approximately, 32.57% milk collectors （very frequently） applied milk quality testing parameters whereas 50.72% milk collectors merely used sensory quality inspection methods at the time of milk purchase from dairy farmers. For a sustainable supply of good quality raw milk to the dairy industry in Pakistan, it was recommended that the departments for hygiene and food inspection should be vigilant. The prescribed food safety laws relating to milk production and marketing activities should be enforced properly to improve the situation.

农村集体资产股权配置的法理分析与立法抉择

农村集体资产股权配置是构建农村集体经济组织法人治理结构的核心内容,故农村集体经济组织法人的目的决定了农村集体资产股权配置的制度目标。在农村集体产权制度改革过程中,股权设置包括成员股和集体股两种形式,而股权配置的客体应当为全部农村集体资产。成员股是农村集体经济组织成员参加集体收益分配的依据,其因包含了成员的个体价值而具有人身属性,故成员股不得流转、不得继承,且在成员增减时需对成员股进行动态调整。通过立法明确规定集体股的设置,可以发挥法律的教育功能,将农村集体经济组织是农村集体所有制实现主体的观念强加给农村集体经济组织成员及相关主体,并纠正各界对农村集体资产股权配置中的“股”的本质属性的错误理解。在农村集体经济组织成员增减时,集体股可以发挥股份配置的“蓄水池”功能,从而避免成员股随成员变动而调整的复杂情况。

乡村振兴背景下农村集体经营性建设用地入市的困境与纾解

乡村振兴战略对农村集体经营性建设用地的入市提出了平等式权利保护、交易式效率提升、规划式秩序维护、保障式收益分配、完善式配套建设等需求。针对农村集体经营性建设用地入市存在的主体、客体、交易、分配和配套制度等方面的制度困境,需要以乡村振兴战略的需求为指引进行纾解。在主体方面,需要厘清入市流转主体,统一入市实施主体。在客体方面,需要入市征收妥当分置,充分贯彻经营目的。在交易方面,需要统一入市交易方式,明晰入市交易规则。在分配方面,需要厘清政府与集体之间的外部分配和集体与成员之间的内部分配。在配套制度方面,需要促进土地登记确定化、土地规划科学化和利益保障完善化。

Study on the Impact of Collective Commercial Construction Land Entering the Market on Rural Residents’Income:Taking Deqing County,Zhejiang Province as an Example

The entry of collective construction land for business purposes is an important measure for deepening the reform of the rural land system,promoting the flow of urban and rural factors,and realizing rural revitalization.Since the production of the first batch of pilot projects in 2015,33 county-level cities have participated in the pilot policy by 2023.Deqing County,Zhejiang Province,as the first area to participate in the pilot project,aims to achieve more fruitful results.This paper first examines how promoting farmers’income through the market entry of agricultural land can be achieved,then uses the synthetic control method to quantitatively study the impact of collective operational construction land on farmers’income using panel data from 2011 to 2019,and finally proposes relevant suggestions from the perspective of system reform.

农村集体成员与集体成员关系的规范分析与司法裁判

对集体成员资格的认定,不应采用构成要件理论,而应采用动态系统理论,给司法裁判更大的灵活性。集体土地所有权行使中的集体成员与集体成员关系,可以参照适用《民法典》按份共有的相关规定。集体成员等额享有集体土地权益,也可以基于章程、决议或者法律规定的不同事由而份额有所不同。有些家庭成员并不是集体成员,也不是农村承包经营户的成员或宅基地使用户的成员。第二轮土地承包时农户内的集体成员,按份享有土地承包经营权。向集体申请宅基地时或宅基地确权发证时农户内的集体成员,按份享有宅基地使用权。集体成员流转承包地、宅基地时,同一集体的其他成员享有同等条件下的优先权。司法裁判应当积极回应改革政策,非同一集体的成员之间转让土地承包经营权和宅基地使用权,合同并不当然无效。