Technical efficiency of cocoa farms at varying elevation levels in Davao City, Philippines: implications to sustainable upland farming systems

Elevation is one of many components that influence agriculture, and this in turn affects the level of both inputs and outputs of farmers. This article focuses on the productivity and technical efficiency of 100 cocoa farms using cross-sectional data from areas ranging from 190 to 1021 m above sea level which were classified as low, medium, and high elevation in Davao City, considered as the chocolate capital of the Philippines. Using stochastic frontier analysis, the results showed that the cost of inputs per ha and the number of cocoa trees per ha significantly increase yield. Farms at high elevations were less technically efficient, as this entails lower temperatures and increased rainfall, and cocoa farming in those areas and conditions can be more challenging, especially with changes in farming practices, terrain, and distance to markets. Other significant variables were age of cocoa farms, married farmers, and age of the farmers. Older farms may be more developed, farmers who are married benefit from their spouses being able to readily contribute as farm labor, and lastly, older farmers' inefficiency may likely stem from nonadaptation of newer farming practices. With an average technical efficiency of 0.61, 0.63, and 0.26 in low, medium, and high elevation areas, respectively, farmers therefore have an incentive to improve farm practices and consider topographical variations found in high elevation areas. Recommendations for the improvement of technical efficiency of cocoa farms are better connectivity to markets, enhancing farm practices, and continuation and improvement of government programs on cocoa with an added emphasis on research. For farmers in high elevation areas, mitigating solutions such as sustainable agriculture practices and ecolabelling are key to improving efficiency and minimizing the potential negative impact on upland farming systems. Moreover, such adaptation measures may also contribute to sustainability of cocoa farming in high elevation areas.

Smart Farming for Sustainable Rice Production:An Insight into Application,Challenge,and Future Prospect

Rice has a huge impact on socio-economic growth,and ensuring its sustainability and optimal utilization is vital.This review provides an insight into the role of smart farming in enhancing rice productivity.The applications of smart farming in rice production including yield estimation,smart irrigation systems,monitoring disease and growth,and predicting rice quality and classifications are highlighted.The challenges of smart farming in sustainable rice production to enhance the understanding of researchers,policymakers,and stakeholders are discussed.Numerous efforts have been exerted to combat the issues in rice production in order to promote rice sector development.The effective implementation of smart farming in rice production has been facilitated by various technical advancements,particularly the integration of the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence.The future prospects of smart farming in transforming existing rice production practices are also elucidated.Through the utilization of smart farming,the rice industry can attain sustainable and resilient production systems that could mitigate environmental impact and safeguard food security.Thus,the rice industry holds a bright future in transforming current rice production practices into a new outlook in rice smart farming development.

Contour Farming Suitability of the Black Soil Region in Northeast China and Its Spatial Characteristics

Contour farming technology plays a key role in reducing soil erosion,enhancing water use efficiency,and fostering sustain-able agricultural development,Despite being a straightforward yet efficacious farming technique,it has not seen widespread implement-ation in China.Considering the deteriorating quality of arable lands in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China(BSR-NEC),it is ne-cessary to investigate spatial patterns and identify suitable areas for contour farming in this region.To achieve this objective,spatial autocorrelation and grouping analysis methods were employed to classify the land into four categories of suitability for contour farming:highly suitable,moderately suitable,generally suitable,and unsuitable.The results reveal that:1)the contour farming suitable area in BSR-NEC covers 89861.32 km^(2),accounting for 21.59%of arable land as of 2020.Heilongjiang Province owns the largest suitable area of 32853.68 km^(2),and Inner Mongolia has the highest proportion of 28.89%.2)In terms of the spatial distribution,regions with higher suitability for contour farming are concentrated in the Da Hinggan Mountains region,particularly Nenjiang City(Heilongjiang Province),which has the highest area of 2593.07 km^(2).Areas with a high proportion of suitable arable lands for contour farming are mainly found in the Da Hinggan Mountains and Changbai Mountains regions,with Ergun City(Inner Mongolia)having the highest pro-portion at 47.2%.Regions with higher suitability and proportion are concentrated in the Da Hinggan Mountains region,primarily cover-ing the Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang.3)Regarding spatial clustering,both the area and proportion of suitable contour farming areas exhibit noticeable clustering effects,though not entirely consistent.4)Group analysis results designate 148 counties in BSR-NEC as highly suitable areas,predominantly located in the Changbai Mountains region,Liaodong Peninsula,Hulun Buir Plateau,and the north and south regions of the Da Hinggan Mountains.The zoning of suitable areas for contour farming in BSR-NEC informs the strategic de-velopment of policies and measures,allowing for the implementation of targeted policies in distinct areas suitable for contour farming.This provides a valuable reference for promoting contour farming technology more effectively and efficiently.re effectively and effi-ciently.

The Claimed Revolution to Understand Consciousness:Information Plays the Driving/Essential Role for the Structuration and Behavior of the Living Organisms

A prestigious conference claimed recently a revolution in neuroscience to understand consciousness.In this paper it is shown that this revolution already came,revealing the determinant role of information for human and living structures,both for their structuration and behavior,explaining consciousness at human as the result of the activity of the Informational System of Human and Living Structures.For this,it is emphasized and discussed the informational structure of the eukaryotic cell,the basic/representative composing unit of the multicellular body of human,animals,and plants,showing that the composition and functions of the informational system are basically similar with that of human.To reveal the driving role of informational mechanisms in human and subhuman organisms,it is introduced the concept of matter-related information,showing that information can be hidden/“embodied”or released/“disembodied”in or from the elemental micro/macro components of the body,during the multiple chain/cascade interactions including transduction processes.It is shown that such interactions are initiated from two main categories of informational sources:implicit(genetic)and explicit(external/internal)sources,the first category leading to structuration of the body and the second the reactive behavior.Consciousness in human and subhuman organisms,expressed by two corresponding informational relations,is the result of the release of information by the mind,acting as an informational operator/device,the development degree of mind and consciousness depending on the complexity degree and adaptation.An analogy of this Informational Model of Human and Living Structures(IMHLS)with the ancient model of chakras is highlighted,showing that these models support each other,applied with beneficial effects in Reiki technique and music-based cognitive multi-task therapy for neuro-rehabilitation.

The Axiology of Consciousness in Mocombeian Consciousness Field Theory

This work explores the axiology of consciousness in Mocombe’s consciousness field in the material world.The paper critically assesses Mocombe’s consciousness field theory(CFT)within the larger body of contemporary ontological debates regarding the nature,origin,and constitution of consciousness in the universe.The work goes on to highlight the manifestation of Mocombe’s consciousness field in the material resource framework that is the earth,and the nature and origins of ethics and values.

Analysis of Commuting Modal Shift in Consideration of Social Interaction of Consciousness for Environment

It is the matter for achievement of the low carbon transport system that the excessive use of private vehicles can be controlled appropriately.Not only improvement of service level of modes except private vehicle,but also consciousness for environmental problem of individual trip maker is important for eco-commuting promotion.On the other hand,consciousness for environment would be changed by influence of other person.Accordingly,it is aimed in the study that the structure of decision-making process for modal shift to the eco-commuting mode in the local city is described considering environmental consciousness and social interaction.For the purpose,the consciousness for the environment problem and the travel behavior of the commuter at the suburban area in the local city are investigated by the questionnaire survey.The covariance structure about the eco-consciousness is analyzed with the database of the questionnaire survey by structural equation modeling.As the result,it can be confirmed with the structural equation model that the individual environmental consciousness is strongly related with the intention of self-sacrifice and is influenced with the local interaction of the individual connections.On the other hand,the intention of modal shift for the commuting mode is analyzed with the database of the questionnaire survey.It can be found out that the environmental consciousness is not statistically significant for commuting mode choice with the present poor level of service of public transport.However,the intention of self-sacrifice for the prevention of the global warming is statistically confirmed as the factor of modal shift with the operation of eco-commuting bus service with the RP/SP integrated estimation method.As the result,the multi-agent simulation system with social interaction model for eco consciousness is developed to measure the effect of the eco-commuting promotion.For the purpose,the carbon dioxide emission is estimated based on traffic demand and road network condition in the traffic environment model.On the other hand,the relation between agents is defined based on the small world network.The proposed multi-agent simulation is applied to measure the effect of the eco-commuting promotion such as improvement of level of service on the public transport or education of eco-consciousness.The effect of the promotion plan can be observed with the proposed multi-agent system.Finally,it can be concluded that the proposed multi-agent simulation with social interaction for eco-consciousness is useful for planning of eco-commuting promotion.

基于遗传Data Farming的公共政策优化仿真模型

为了解决公共政策优化仿真时考察点不全面及耗费时间大的问题,提出了基于遗传Data Farming的公共政策优化仿真模型。所提出的模型中,Data Farming被用于全面地考察输入参数空间中各输入参数水平对应的输出响应,通过把仿真过程的输出过程看作适应度的计算,遗传算法被用于优化仿真过程,提高优化效率。分析了公共政策作用效果的影响因素,并介绍了传统的Data Farming技术,然后从仿真目标、模型框架、算法等三方面介绍了所提出的优化仿真模型。最后进行了实验,证明了所提出模型的有效性。

区域经济发展Data Farming决策支持技术及其应用

为解决现有的决策支持技术不能解决的区域经济历史数据稀少的问题,提出了区域经济发展Data Farming决策支持技术。所提出的技术采用基于智能体仿真的Data Farming技术,对参数空间进行遍历搜索,以利用各个参数值对应的仿真结果来获取大量的数据,使决策者可以有效地识别到系统的最优控制值,并了解在控制值下的系统风险性。最后,以江门市社会消费品零售总额的控制优化为例,说明了该技术的有效性。

现象意识研究的方法论困境与出路

现象意识问题是当前哲学研究的重要话题,但如何研究却是相当棘手。通常要确定现象意识状态不可避免的需要报告,如果没有了报告,现象意识是否还存在?对于认知取用是否部分地构成了现象意识,相关性研究的NCC①进路表明主动报告与无报告的范式都存在不同类别的混淆风险;因果性研究的自然类进路则在簇数量识别问题上过于理想化。但是,相比之下,自然类进路可以容纳更多的理论发展空间,且对经验领域保持开放。文章最后,我将对自然类进路反驳予以回应,表明自然类进路在研究现象意识问题上是适用的。

Fenlong Cultivation-the Fourth Set of Farming Methods Invented in China

The basic theory and effect of the new farming method of ＂Fenlong＂ cultivation which has been included in the main extension technology of Ministry of Agriculture of the People＇s Republic of China is fully illustrated for the first time, and it is the fourth set （generation） of farming modes and methods following manpower, animal and mechanical （tractor） farming. It follows the natural law to achieve soil activation, water saving, oxygen increase, warming and desalination through the active use of natural resources like soil, rainfall and solar energy, thereby promoting a new round of natural agricultural production and quality improvement and water con- servation, which has crop yield increase by 10%-30%, quality improvement of 5%, natural precipitation retaining increase by100%. The characteristics and mechanism are the use of spiral drill for one-time completion of the land preparation by drilling vertically to 30-50 cm of soil layer through high speed peeling. After instant high temperature and many fierce impacts, mechanical frictions, it could achieve the multiplication of the number of loose soil, soil physical modification and expansion of the soil nutrients, reservoirs, oxygen, microorganisms （＂Four pools＂）. Fenlong cultivation can give birth to new farming culture and civilization, and it can achieve the physical ＂desalinized＂ transformation and utilization of saline soil. The formation of Fenlong green farming technology system makes it possible to invent the farming tools of ＂serf-propelled Fenlong machinery＂ that has got the patent, and it is the method for farmland （dry land, paddy field） Fenlong cultivation, saline-alkali soil smash-ridging cultivation and for the abundance of grass ecology on degraded grassland. The application of Fenlong ＂4＋1＂ （arable, saline-alkali soil, grasslands, Sponge City＋rivers） green development in China can achieve the ＂double safety＂ of food and living space.

荷兰的有机农业（Organicfarming）

本文简要介绍了荷兰的有机农业状况。同时，介绍了荷兰的有机农业、有机农业农场及有机农产品等概念，并展望了有机农业在荷兰的发展前景。

Economic Analysis of Pollution Caused by Animal Farming in China

The research introduced pollution caused by animal farming on waters,agricultural lands,and atmosphere,as well as environment pollution and economic causes.Furthermore,a series of economic policies were proposed on preventing animal farming,such as definition of rights property,economic impetus and circular farming.

Consciousness—raising教学法对高职高专非英语专业教学研究

随着社会经济的高速发展，人们对于教育投入更多的目光，尤其是在高职高专非英语专业的教学过程当中，借助于Consciousness—raising教学法的使用，往往能够获得比较良好的效果，文章对于这一课题的研究，对于相关课题的研究有着一定的借鉴意义。

重庆市县域乡村三产融合与农户福祉的耦合协调关系研究——基于宜居宜业和美乡村视角

建设宜居宜业和美乡村是推进乡村全面振兴的阶段性任务。基于宜居宜业和美乡村视角,构建乡村三产融合与农户福祉的评价体系。通过分析二者的空间格局以及耦合协调关系,探讨了重庆市县域乡村的发展路径。研究结果表明:①重庆市县域乡村三产融合发展过程中受到农户福祉协同增进的作用,二者的耦合协调性较好,以适度协调和初级协调为主,整体上呈现出从过渡发展阶段向协调发展阶段转变的趋势。②分维度看,乡村三产融合行为的农业产业链延伸、乡村业态多元化与农业多功能性3个维度与农户福祉各维度间的耦合协调关系以农户福祉为刚性主导,而乡村三产融合成效的经济与社会效益两个维度与农户福祉各维度间的耦合协调关系以乡村三产融合为刚性主导;两者的高值区与低值区分布相对一致,高值区主要集中在渝西地区,低值区主要集中在渝东北片区偏东北边缘区域和渝东南片区偏东南边缘区域,二者之间呈现出显著的空间协同。③基于乡村三产融合与农户福祉的耦合协调关系,重庆市县域乡村可划分为3种耦合类型:乡村三产滞后型、同步型与农户福祉滞后型。据此,提出了建设宜业乡村、助推产业发展,宜居宜业乡村协同推进,建设宜居乡村、保障农户福祉3种路径,旨在促进乡村三产融合与农户福祉协调发展,让农民能够通过在农村从事农业及相关生产活动,享受到更加幸福的生活。

国家级大连刺参原种场核心区生态环境质量和微生物群落结构周年变化及其相关性分析

水产原种是良种培育的种质基础和保护生物多样性的核心,为全面掌握我国首家国家级刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)原种场核心保种区状况,本研究于2022年7月至2023年5月对该核心保种区的水环境、沉积物环境进行了周年检测,同时利用高通量测序方法分析了海水和沉积物微生物群落结构周年变化,进一步完成生态环境因子与微生物群落结构相关性分析。结果显示,海水水质良好,除春季活性磷酸盐,夏、秋、冬季铅元素和秋季镍元素含量符合Ⅱ类水质标准外,其他水质指标均符合Ⅰ类水质标准,保种区水体属于贫营养级;沉积物中除了秋季铬元素含量未达到Ⅰ类沉积物标准外,其他全部指标均符合Ⅰ类沉积物标准,表明保种区生态环境保护良好。对海水和沉积物四季微生物群落结构分析结果显示,核心区水体共获得3796个OTUs,4个季节水体中的Shannon指数在5.90±0.04~6.84±0.01之间,秋季最高,夏季最低;沉积物中共获得4151个OTUs,四个季节沉积物的Shannon指数在6.06±1.44~7.88±0.22之间,夏季最高,春季最低。PcoA分析显示,水体和沉积物在四季的菌群结构存在差异,且水体的菌群结构受季节影响变化相对于沉积物而言更为显著。对不同季节的水体和沉积物菌群LEfSe分析结果显示,在不同季节的水体和沉积物样品中分别筛选到73和66个显著差异菌群(P<0.05),其中冬季沉积物中的代表性差异菌群包含弧菌科(Vibrionaceae)、冷单胞菌科(Psychromonadaceae),需要警惕冬季弧菌对刺参健康的潜在威胁。环境因子与菌群结构的相关性分析结果表明,温度、pH、盐度是影响水体菌群结构的主要环境因子,有机碳、硫化物、重金属(铜、铅)是影响沉积物菌群结构的主要环境因子。上述研究结果为评估保种核心区生态环境、解析其风险因子和影响因素提供支撑,为我国刺参原种的高效保种提供科学依据。

The influencing factors and Development Countermeasures of Large Farming Household in Jiangxi Province

As an important part of the new agricultural business entities, large-scale grain-production households play a significantly positive role in improving the land resource utilization, improving agricultural productivity, increasing agricultural output and farmers＂ income, and making a certain contribution to stabilize grain production. This paper analyzed the current situation of large-scale grain-production household in Jiangxi Province, as well as the problems in land transfer, farmland infrastructure, production and management, capital and other risks. At last, the paper proposed targeted countermeasures.

农田作业车的RBF-PID横向路径跟踪控制研究

针对农业现代化背景下大块农田环境的农用车辆路径跟踪作业的需求,采用RBF神经网络自整定PID控制参数的方法优化传统的基于增量式PID的车辆横向路径跟踪算法,建立3-6-1结构的RBF神经网络,以目标路径位置、实际行驶位置和上一周期方向盘转角为输入量,隐藏层设置6个神经元,输出量为方向盘转角,通过梯度下降法对PID的参数实时调整。最后,利用CarSim/Simulink对基于约翰迪尔825i Gator车型改造的农田取土采样车进行建模和仿真,结果表明:在低速(10 km/h)的U形(蛇形)路径下,平均误差为3.89 cm,最大误差为16.61 cm,标准差为5.99 cm,跟踪效果优于传统增量式PID控制,鲁棒性良好,能满足常见的农田作业车辆路径跟踪工况的作业需求。

The Psychological Base of Stream of Consciousness:Explained through Ulysses

This article aims to study the psychological base of the stream of consciousness through an analysis of William James' principles and Freud's theories.

Vladimir Nabokov's Political Consciousness

This study consists of three parts. PartⅠ, entitled ' Nabokov’ s Women,' concentrates on the analysis of Nabokov’ s major women identities of different types. My purpose is to demonstrate that in his creation of the women characters, Nabokov’ s political consciousness—mainly his vindication of individual freedom—is unmistakably, although indirectly, exemplified. Due to the different types of women discussed in this study, and also due to the different aspect of his political consciousness that is emphasized in different women identities, this part is subdivided into three chapters. Chapter One, entitled 'Women in the Triangle: Martha and Margot,' focuses on the two women characters in Nabokov’ s early novels. King, Queen, Knave and Laughter in the Dark, aiming to provide an in-depth analysis of the two, and to show that Nabokov has be stowed his special purpose on the creation of Martha and Margot, that is, his condemnation on those who reduce the free and active individual into objects, and such condemnation echoing with Nabokov’ s later direct vindication of individual freedom. Chapter Two, entitled 'The Eternal Feminine:Lolita and Ada,' analyzes the two title characters in Lolita and Ada, or Ardor:A Family Chronicle, illustrating that Lolita is the victim in that her free consciousness is purposefully neglected by the other, man in that case;while Ada enjoys her life totally because she can conduct her free consciousness in her own life. Chapter Three, entitled ' Other Types and Women in His Mind’ s Eye,' deals with Elisabeth, another woman character in Laughter in the Dark, who is a good traditional wife, and Liza, ex-wife of Pnin in Pnin, who is what Nabokov terms as poshlost. In addition, this chapter also provides an examination of Nabokov’ s attitude toward women. Through this analysis, Nabokov’ s Russian Complex is to a degree illustrated.

A Woman Who Refused to Be Tamed——An Analysis on Female Consciousness of Jane Eyre

Jane Eyre,rebellious woman in the Victorian Age,holds her remarkable status in the English literature as the one who dare to fight against the patriarchal society.Unlike her contemporaries,Jane Eyre believes that men and women are born to be equal and women should never be tamed by the male-centered world or feminist ego.Under the tremendous pressure,she still guards her own dignity and determines to achieve self-actualization instead of being an accessory of men.It’s her female consciousness that lead her to be an unusual figure that enjoys both the financial self-reliance and social equality.Self-respect,selfreliance and self-actualization comprise Jane’s female consciousness that is instructive to women and worths a further exploration.