The importance and necessity of implementing the balance system of farmland requisition and compensation are reasoned.The changing path of the balance system of farmland requisition-compensation is overviewed.In addit...The importance and necessity of implementing the balance system of farmland requisition and compensation are reasoned.The changing path of the balance system of farmland requisition-compensation is overviewed.In addition,the problems exist in the implementation of the balance system of farmland requisition-compensation are analyzed as well,covering the increasing demands on land in the process of economic development;the serious phenomenon of wasting land in urban construction;part of farmlands should be revoked from the perspective of ecological construction and environmental protection,which lead to the shortage of reserved farmland and it is hard to implement the balance system of farmland requisition-compensation;the problems of "occupying more but compensating less,occupying good land but compensating bad land" are universal;the development and reclamation of farmlands have taken certain threats to ecological environment;the differences of various regions have not been taken into consideration in implementing the balance system of farmland requisition-compensation.Some notes on the developing trend of farmlands requisition-compensation balance system are put forward.The farmlands should be occupied after being compensated first,so as to ensure the dynamic balance of the total amount of farmlands;the government should encourage the improvement of farmland with mediocre and low output,so as to enhance its production capability;the potential of urban and rural construction land use should be fully developed and the occupation of farmland should be reduced as few as possible;various aspects should be cooperated to increase the possibility of requisition-compensation among different regions.展开更多
The article puts forward the process and means of regional water and land balance research, and then from two scenarios which are the balances under natural regulation and human intervention, calculated and analysed t...The article puts forward the process and means of regional water and land balance research, and then from two scenarios which are the balances under natural regulation and human intervention, calculated and analysed the balance between water and land on Ningxia Plain. For the balance under natural regulation named farmland water balance, using farmland water resource balance equation, the research estimated the monthly farmland water balance of 8 major crops for all of the 12 counties on Ningxia Plain in the period of 1960-2001; for the balance under human intervention, the research estimated land-use water balance equation of the counties in 2000, and calculated the balance between land use and water resources including irrigating water of all the 12 counties on Ningxia Plain. Results showed that①precipitation can not meet the water demand of the crops for growth and development on Ningxia Plain, and water shortage is the primary character of farmland water balance under natural regulation,②the diversity of water and land balance of different counties is distinctly influenced by the crop structure, water quantity for irrigation and irrigation level.③Irrigation water could meet the crop water demand on Ningxia Plain in 2000, but there was not much space to expand irrigating cultivated land.展开更多
To evaluate the nitrogen pollution load in an aquifer, a water and nitrogen balance analysis was conducted over a thirty-five year period at five yearly intervals. First, we established a two-horizon model comprising ...To evaluate the nitrogen pollution load in an aquifer, a water and nitrogen balance analysis was conducted over a thirty-five year period at five yearly intervals. First, we established a two-horizon model comprising a channel/soil horizon, and an aquifer horizon, with exchange of water between the aquifer and river. The nitrogen balance was estimated from the product of nitrogen concentration and water flow obtained from the water balance analysis. The aquifer nitrogen balance results were as follows: 1) In the aquifer horizon, the total nitrogen pollution load potential (NPLP) peaked in the period 1981-1990 at 1800 t·yr-1;following this the NPLP rapidly decreased to about 600 t·yr-1 in the period 2006-2010. The largest NPLP input component of 1000 t·yr-1 in the period 1976-1990 was from farmland. Subsequently, farmland NPLP decreased to only 400 t·yr-1 between 2006 and 2010. The second largest input component, 600 t·yr-1, was effluent from wastewater treatment works (WWTWs) in the period 1986-1990;this also decreased markedly to about 100 t·yr-1 between 2006 and 2010;2) The difference between input and output in the aquifer horizon, used as an index of groundwater pollution, peaked in the period 1986-1990 at about 1200 t·yr-1. This gradually decreased to about 200 t·yr-1 by 2006-2010. 3) The temporal change in NPLP coincided with the nitrogen concentration of the rivers in the study area. In addition, nitrogen concentrations in two test wells were 1.0 mg·l-1 at a depth of 150 m and only 0.25 mg·l-1 at 50 m, suggesting gradual percolation of the nitrogen polluted water deeper in the aquifer.展开更多
蒸散是水量平衡和能量平衡的重要组成部分,也是农田生态系统水分消耗的主要途径。为探究黄土塬区农田蒸散的日动态变化规律,运用涡度相关法、土壤水分及常规微气象观测系统等,于2013年作物生长季（4—10月）对试验区农田作物（冬小麦、...蒸散是水量平衡和能量平衡的重要组成部分,也是农田生态系统水分消耗的主要途径。为探究黄土塬区农田蒸散的日动态变化规律,运用涡度相关法、土壤水分及常规微气象观测系统等,于2013年作物生长季（4—10月）对试验区农田作物（冬小麦、春玉米）蒸散特征及影响因素进行分析。结果表明,降水对蒸散的影响较为显著,降水过后的日蒸散量较降水前会有所增加;农田0~100 cm土壤含水量变异系数较大,土壤水分变化剧烈,作物根系的集中分布范围在0~80 cm之间,因此0~100 cm土壤水分主要参与蒸散过程;晴天蒸散的累积量大于阴天,晴天和阴天的日均蒸散量分别为4.5、3.8 mm d-1,相差0.7 mm d-1。阴天蒸散开始的时间较晴天晚,阴天条件下的蒸散更易受到气象因子的扰动;不同天气条件下净辐射均为蒸散的主要影响因子,蒸散速率与净辐射变化趋势一致,但在时间上滞后于净辐射;在不同的土壤水分环境条件下,蒸散的过程和强度差异较大,水分胁迫条件下,全天蒸散量水平较低,＂蒸散高地＂的持续时间较长;而水分相对充足时,全天蒸散水平较高,＂蒸散高地＂持续时间较短,维持较高的蒸散速率的时间较长。展开更多
文摘The importance and necessity of implementing the balance system of farmland requisition and compensation are reasoned.The changing path of the balance system of farmland requisition-compensation is overviewed.In addition,the problems exist in the implementation of the balance system of farmland requisition-compensation are analyzed as well,covering the increasing demands on land in the process of economic development;the serious phenomenon of wasting land in urban construction;part of farmlands should be revoked from the perspective of ecological construction and environmental protection,which lead to the shortage of reserved farmland and it is hard to implement the balance system of farmland requisition-compensation;the problems of "occupying more but compensating less,occupying good land but compensating bad land" are universal;the development and reclamation of farmlands have taken certain threats to ecological environment;the differences of various regions have not been taken into consideration in implementing the balance system of farmland requisition-compensation.Some notes on the developing trend of farmlands requisition-compensation balance system are put forward.The farmlands should be occupied after being compensated first,so as to ensure the dynamic balance of the total amount of farmlands;the government should encourage the improvement of farmland with mediocre and low output,so as to enhance its production capability;the potential of urban and rural construction land use should be fully developed and the occupation of farmland should be reduced as few as possible;various aspects should be cooperated to increase the possibility of requisition-compensation among different regions.
基金porject KZCX3-SW-333 Supponted by Chinese Academy of Saience
文摘The article puts forward the process and means of regional water and land balance research, and then from two scenarios which are the balances under natural regulation and human intervention, calculated and analysed the balance between water and land on Ningxia Plain. For the balance under natural regulation named farmland water balance, using farmland water resource balance equation, the research estimated the monthly farmland water balance of 8 major crops for all of the 12 counties on Ningxia Plain in the period of 1960-2001; for the balance under human intervention, the research estimated land-use water balance equation of the counties in 2000, and calculated the balance between land use and water resources including irrigating water of all the 12 counties on Ningxia Plain. Results showed that①precipitation can not meet the water demand of the crops for growth and development on Ningxia Plain, and water shortage is the primary character of farmland water balance under natural regulation,②the diversity of water and land balance of different counties is distinctly influenced by the crop structure, water quantity for irrigation and irrigation level.③Irrigation water could meet the crop water demand on Ningxia Plain in 2000, but there was not much space to expand irrigating cultivated land.
文摘To evaluate the nitrogen pollution load in an aquifer, a water and nitrogen balance analysis was conducted over a thirty-five year period at five yearly intervals. First, we established a two-horizon model comprising a channel/soil horizon, and an aquifer horizon, with exchange of water between the aquifer and river. The nitrogen balance was estimated from the product of nitrogen concentration and water flow obtained from the water balance analysis. The aquifer nitrogen balance results were as follows: 1) In the aquifer horizon, the total nitrogen pollution load potential (NPLP) peaked in the period 1981-1990 at 1800 t·yr-1;following this the NPLP rapidly decreased to about 600 t·yr-1 in the period 2006-2010. The largest NPLP input component of 1000 t·yr-1 in the period 1976-1990 was from farmland. Subsequently, farmland NPLP decreased to only 400 t·yr-1 between 2006 and 2010. The second largest input component, 600 t·yr-1, was effluent from wastewater treatment works (WWTWs) in the period 1986-1990;this also decreased markedly to about 100 t·yr-1 between 2006 and 2010;2) The difference between input and output in the aquifer horizon, used as an index of groundwater pollution, peaked in the period 1986-1990 at about 1200 t·yr-1. This gradually decreased to about 200 t·yr-1 by 2006-2010. 3) The temporal change in NPLP coincided with the nitrogen concentration of the rivers in the study area. In addition, nitrogen concentrations in two test wells were 1.0 mg·l-1 at a depth of 150 m and only 0.25 mg·l-1 at 50 m, suggesting gradual percolation of the nitrogen polluted water deeper in the aquifer.
文摘蒸散是水量平衡和能量平衡的重要组成部分,也是农田生态系统水分消耗的主要途径。为探究黄土塬区农田蒸散的日动态变化规律,运用涡度相关法、土壤水分及常规微气象观测系统等,于2013年作物生长季（4—10月）对试验区农田作物（冬小麦、春玉米）蒸散特征及影响因素进行分析。结果表明,降水对蒸散的影响较为显著,降水过后的日蒸散量较降水前会有所增加;农田0~100 cm土壤含水量变异系数较大,土壤水分变化剧烈,作物根系的集中分布范围在0~80 cm之间,因此0~100 cm土壤水分主要参与蒸散过程;晴天蒸散的累积量大于阴天,晴天和阴天的日均蒸散量分别为4.5、3.8 mm d-1,相差0.7 mm d-1。阴天蒸散开始的时间较晴天晚,阴天条件下的蒸散更易受到气象因子的扰动;不同天气条件下净辐射均为蒸散的主要影响因子,蒸散速率与净辐射变化趋势一致,但在时间上滞后于净辐射;在不同的土壤水分环境条件下,蒸散的过程和强度差异较大,水分胁迫条件下,全天蒸散量水平较低,＂蒸散高地＂的持续时间较长;而水分相对充足时,全天蒸散水平较高,＂蒸散高地＂持续时间较短,维持较高的蒸散速率的时间较长。
