Fast compressed sensing spectral measurement with adaptive gradient multiscale resolution

We propose a fast,adaptive multiscale resolution spectral measurement method based on compressed sensing.The method can apply variable measurement resolution over the entire spectral range to reduce the measurement time by over 75%compared to a global high-resolution measurement.Mimicking the characteristics of the human retina system,the resolution distribution follows the principle of gradually decreasing.The system allows the spectral peaks of interest to be captured dynamically or to be specified a priori by a user.The system was tested by measuring single and dual spectral peaks,and the results of spectral peaks are consistent with those of global high-resolution measurements.

A fast forward computational method for nuclear measurement using volumetric detection constraints

Owing to the complex lithology of unconventional reservoirs,field interpreters usually need to provide a basis for interpretation using logging simulation models.Among the various detection tools that use nuclear sources,the detector response can reflect various types of information of the medium.The Monte Carlo method is one of the primary methods used to obtain nuclear detection responses in complex environments.However,this requires a computational process with extensive random sampling,consumes considerable resources,and does not provide real-time response results.Therefore,a novel fast forward computational method(FFCM)for nuclear measurement that uses volumetric detection constraints to rapidly calculate the detector response in various complex environments is proposed.First,the data library required for the FFCM is built by collecting the detection volume,detector counts,and flux sensitivity functions through a Monte Carlo simulation.Then,based on perturbation theory and the Rytov approximation,a model for the detector response is derived using the flux sensitivity function method and a one-group diffusion model.The environmental perturbation is constrained to optimize the model according to the tool structure and the impact of the formation and borehole within the effective detection volume.Finally,the method is applied to a neutron porosity tool for verification.In various complex simulation environments,the maximum relative error between the calculated porosity results of Monte Carlo and FFCM was 6.80%,with a rootmean-square error of 0.62 p.u.In field well applications,the formation porosity model obtained using FFCM was in good agreement with the model obtained by interpreters,which demonstrates the validity and accuracy of the proposed method.

A multi-sensor-based distributed real-time measurement system for glacier deformation

Glacier disasters occur frequently in alpine regions around the world,but the current conventional geological disaster measurement technology cannot be directly used for glacier disaster measurement.Hence,in this study,a distributed multi-sensor measurement system for glacier deformation was established by integrating piezoelectric sensing,coded sensing,attitude sensing technology and wireless communication technology.The traditional Modbus protocol was optimized to solve the problem of data identification confusion of different acquisition nodes.Through indoor wireless transmission,adaptive performance analysis,error measurement experiment and landslide simulation experiment,the performance of the measurement system was analyzed and evaluated.Using unmanned aerial vehicle technology,the reliability and effectiveness of the measurement system were verified on the site of Galongla glacier in southeastern Tibet,China.The results show that the mean absolute percentage errors were only 1.13%and 2.09%for the displacement and temperature,respectively.The distributed glacier deformation real-time measurement system provides a new means for the assessment of the development process of glacier disasters and disaster prevention and mitigation.

Real-Time Black Carbon Emissions from Light-Duty Passenger Vehicles Using a Portable Emissions Measurement System

Black carbon(BC)is considered the second largest anthropogenic climate forcer,but the radiative effects of BC are highly correlated with its combustion sources.On-road vehicles are an important source of anthropogenic BC.However,there are major uncertainties in the estimates of the BC emissions from on-road light-duty passenger vehicles(LDPVs),and results obtained with the portable emissions measurement system(PEMS)method are particularly lacking.We developed a PEMS platform and evaluated the on-road BC emissions from ten in-use LDPVs.We demonstrated that the BC emission factors(EFs)of gasoline direction injection(GDI)engine vehicles range from 1.10 to 1.56 mg.km^(-1),which are higher than the EFs of port fuel injection(PFI)engine vehicles(0.10–0.17 mg.km^(-1))by a factor of 11.The BC emissions during the cold-start phase contributed 2%–33%to the total emissions.A strong correlation(R^(2)=0.70)was observed between the relative BC EFs and average vehicle speed,indicating that traffic congestion alleviation could effectively mitigate BC emissions.Moreover,BC and particle number(PN)emissions were linearly correlated(R^(2)=0.90),and compared to PFI engine vehicles,the instantaneous PN-to-BC emission rates of GDI engine vehicles were less sensitive to vehicle specific power-to-velocity(VSPV)increase in all speed ranges.

Real-time forward modeling and inversion of logging-while-drilling electromagnetic measurements in horizontal wells

Based on the pseudo-analytical equation of electromagnetic log for layered formation,an optimal boundary match method is proposed to adaptively truncate the encountered formation structures.An efficient integral method is put forward to significantly accelerate the convergence of Sommerfeld integral.By asymptotically approximating and subtracting the first reflection/transmission waves from the scattered field,the new Sommerfeld integral method has addressed difficulties encountered by the traditional digital filtering method,such as low computational precision and limited operating range,and realized the acceleration of the computation speed of logging-while-drilling electromagnetic measurements(LWD EM).By making use of the priori information from the offset/pilot wells and interactively adjusting the formation model,the optimum initial guesses of the inversion model is determined in order to predict the nearby formation boundaries.The gradient optimization algorithm is developed and an interactive inversion system for the LWD EM data from the horizontal wells is established.The inverted results of field data demonstrated that the real-time interactive inversion method is capable of providing the accurate boundaries of layers around the wellbore from the LWD EM,and it will benefit the wellbore trajectory optimization and reservoir interpretation.

RFI measurements and mitigation for FAST

Radio Frequency Interference(RFI)mitigation is essential for supporting the science output of Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope(FAST)due to its high sensitivity.In order to protect FAST from RFI,an Electromagnetic Compatibility(EMC)study has been carried out and the operation of a Radio Quiet Zone(RQZ)is ongoing.RFI measurements of the telescope instruments and monitoring of the active radio services outside the site have revealed the radiation properties of the RFI sources.Based on the measurement results and theoretical analysis,various EMC methods have been implemented for the telescope to decrease the RFIs.Meanwhile,the main RFI sources in the FAST RQZ,such as mobile stations,broadcast stations and navigation instruments,have been identified,and the technical measures have been adopted to protect the quiet radio environment around the site.The early science outputs of FAST have demonstrated the efficiency of RFI mitigation methods.

TPS based on trilateration for the feed measurement of FAST

Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope( FAST) is the largest sensitive single dish radio telescope in the world,in which the control and measurement of the feed is one crucial section of the FAST control system. Trilateration is presented to obtain three-dimensional coordinate for tracking feed focus cabin. Every three total stations chase prism movement to be attached on feed focus cabin and the prism position is determined from the measured distances based on the principle of trilateration. Therefore,feed position is determined from three prisms on the focus cabin. This study is to assess the accuracy and reliability of trilateration calculation on tracking focus cabin of FAST. Different arrangement of total stations on trilateration is theoretically studied. Through experiment,the proposed method shows that the accuracy is better than that of the polar coordinate measurement. The average root mean square error is lower than 0. 6 mm,which is found to have high accuracy and reliability.

Fast Measurement of Dielectric Conductivity for Space Application by Surface Potential Decay Method

Surface potential decay of polymers for electrical insulation can help to determine the dark conductivity for spacecraft charging analysis. Due to the existence of radiation-induced conductivity, it decays fast in the first few hours after irradiation and exponentially slowly for the remaining time. The measurement of dark conductivity with this method usually takes the slow part and needs a couple of days. Integrating the Fowler formula into the deep dielectric charging equations, we obtain a new expression for the fast decay part. The experimental data of different materials, dose rates and temperatures are fitted by the new expression. Both the dark conductivity and the radiation-induced conductivity are derived and compared with other methods. The result shows a good estimation of dark conductivity and radiation-induced conductivity in high-resistivity polymers, which enables a fast measurement of dielectric conductivity within about 600 rain after irradiation.

A fast and precise three-dimensional measurement system based on multiple parallel line lasers

This paper conducts a trade-off between efficiency and accuracy of three-dimensional(3 D)shape measurement based on the triangulation principle,and introduces a flying and precise 3 D shape measurement method based on multiple parallel line lasers.Firstly,we establish the measurement model of the multiple parallel line lasers system,and introduce the concept that multiple base planes can help to deduce the unified formula of the measurement system and are used in simplifying the process of the calibration.Then,the constraint of the line spatial frequency,which maximizes the measurement efficiency while ensuring accuracy,is determined according to the height distribution of the object.Secondly,the simulation analyzing the variation of the systemic resolution quantitatively under the circumstance of a set of specific parameters is performed,which provides a fundamental thesis for option of the four system parameters.Thirdly,for the application of the precision measurement in the industrial field,additional profiles are acquired to improve the lateral resolution by applying a motor to scan the 3 D surface.Finally,compared with the line laser,the experimental study shows that the present method of obtaining 41220 points per frame improves the measurement efficiency.Furthermore,the accuracy and the process of the calibration are advanced in comparison with the existing multiple-line laser and the structured light makes an accuracy better than 0.22 mm at a distance of 956.02 mm.

Differential correction method applied to measurement of the FAST reflector

The Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope （FAST） adopts an active deformable main reflector which is composed of 4450 triangular panels. During an observation, the illuminated area of the reflector is deformed into a 300-m diameter paraboloid and directed toward a source. To achieve accurate control of the reflector shape, positions of 2226 nodes distributed around the entire reflector must be measured with sufficient precision within a limited time, which is a challenging task because of the large scale. Measurement of the FAST reflector makes use of stations and node targets. However, in this case the effect of the atmosphere on measurement accuracy is a significant issue. This paper investigates a differen- tial correction method for total stations measurement of the FAST reflector. A multi-benchmark differential correction method, including a scheme for benchmark selection and weight assignment, is proposed. On- site evaluation experiments show there is an improvement of 70%-80% in measurement accuracy compared with the uncorrected measurement, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed method.

VFT PHASE VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT IN THREE-PHASE ENCLOSED GIS

The measuring of VFT phase voltage in three-phase enclosed GIS is more complex and difficult than in single-phase ones. There are 3 capacitive sensors in the measuring system, the outputs of which are with a linear relation to the three phase voltages. This linear relation is presented with a factorial matrix. Because each capacitive sensor is coupled with the electric field of three phases (A, B, and C), the electric coupling coefficients are introduced. In order to determine the matrix of electric coupling coefficients, the numerical calculation method can be used. From the discussion on two types of three-phase enclosed GIS bus, i.e. standard arrangement and biased arrangement, the dominant electric coupling coefficients are named, which can be simply and approximately calculated by an analytic expression. Finally, as an example, the waveforms of VFT phase voltage generated on a three-phase enclosed GIS bus model are displayed. When a capacitive sensor is located at the ’shortest point’ of phase A (or B, or C), the VFT phase voltage V A (or V B, or V C) can almost be measured by that capacitive sensor alone.

FAST全站仪测量时滞处理方法研究

500 m口径球面射电望远镜(FAST)作为我国的“十一五”重大科学工程,2016年9月25日竣工,是世界上最大的单口径射电望远镜。全站仪采用激光测量,具有测量精度高的优点,作为FAST的主要测量设备,对FAST馈源舱在高空140 m、口径206 m球冠面运动范围内进行精密实时动态跟踪测量。首先通过对全站仪的测量时滞和测量频率进行检测,评估了全站仪的实时动态测量性能,创新的采用基于新息重组的状态预估方法来消除全站仪的测量时滞,建立时滞系统的状态预测估计模型,通过状态估计和模型预测来消除时滞对测量精度的影响,经测试,应用该方法的目标位置测量精度可以提升85%以上,充分验证了这种方法的有效性,能够更好地提升FAST观测性能。

Establishment of a Real-time Fluorescent Quantitative PCR Assay for Detection of Genetically Modified Maize Line MON88017

In order to improve the standardized technical systems of quantitative analyses for genetically modified organisms （GMOs） and products, ensure bio-safety and reduce ecological risk in China, a real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR assay was established for detection of genetically modified maize line MON88017. The established method was evaluated based on the specificity, sensitivity, accuracy and measurement uncertainty. The results showed that the established method had strong specificity in detection of genetically modified maize line MON88017. 1.50% MON88017 sample was detected with 29 replica- tions. The average measured value （ 1. 541% ） was close to the actual value （ 1.50% ） and the relative deviation was 2.70%. The variation coefficient of the measured value was 0.110 g ; the recovery was 100.00% and the measurement uncertainty was 0. 096. The limit of detection for genetically modified maize line MON88017 with the established method was 5 copies at the 97.5% confidence level. Thus, the real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR assay established in this study exhibited high specificity, accuracy and sensitivity, which could provide technical support for the safety supervision of genetically modified organ- isms and products in China.

A Method of Insulator’s NSDD Measurement and Its Device Based on Laser Transmission Principle

Accuracy measurement of the Non-soluble Deposit Density (NSDD) on the insulator surface is very important for the transmission line anti-pollution flashover works. A method to measure the NSDD on double sheds porcelain insulator surface based on laser transmission principle is proposed in this paper. Laser unit and luminous intensity sensor are installed between the up and down surface of the double sheds porcelain insulators, two glass tablets are put between the double sheds. The contamination on the glass tablets will influence the luminous intensity that reaches the intensity sensor. The luminous signal is changed to electrical signal, and the insulator’s NSDD could be obtained based on the difference of luminous intensity. The device can be used in online monitoring of the insulator's NSDD condition on the insulator surface.

Combining Cubic Spline Interpolation and Fast Fourier Transform to Extend Measuring Range of Reflectometry

The reflectometry is a common method used to measure the thickness of thin films. Using a conventional method,its measurable range is limited due to the low resolution of the current spectrometer embedded in the reflectometer.We present a simple method, using cubic spline interpolation to resample the spectrum with a high resolution,to extend the measurable transparent film thickness. A large measuring range up to 385 m in optical thickness is achieved with the commonly used system. The numerical calculation and experimental results demonstrate that using the FFT method combined with cubic spline interpolation resampling in reflectrometry, a simple,easy-to-operate, economic measuring system can be achieved with high measuring accuracy and replicability.

Development of All-Weather and Real-Time Bottom-Mounted Monitor of Bed Load Quantity

Quantity of bed load is an important physical parameter in sediment transport research. Aiming at the difficulties in the bed load measurement, this paper develops a bottom-mounted monitor to measure the bed load transport rate by adopting the sedimentation pit method and resolving such key problems as weighing and desilting, which can achieve long-time, all-weather and real-time telemeasurement of the bed load transport rate of plain rivers, estuaries and coasts. Both laboratory and field tests show that this monitor is reasonable in design, stable in properties and convenient in measurement, and it can be used to monitor the bed load transport rate in practical projects.

Real-time tracking of deformable objects based on MOK algorithm

The traditional oriented FAST and rotated BRIEF（ORB） algorithm has problems of instability and repetition of keypoints and it does not possess scale invariance. In order to deal with these drawbacks, a modified ORB（MORB） algorithm is proposed. In order to improve the precision of matching and tracking, this paper puts forward an MOK algorithm that fuses MORB and Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi（KLT）. By using Kalman, the object＇s state in the next frame is predicted in order to reduce the size of search window and improve the real-time performance of object tracking. The experimental results show that the MOK algorithm can accurately track objects with deformation or with background clutters, exhibiting higher robustness and accuracy on diverse datasets. Also, the MOK algorithm has a good real-time performance with the average frame rate reaching 90.8 fps.

Effective implementation and improvement of fast labeled multi-Bernoulli filter

Effective implementation of the fast labeled multi-Bernoulli(FLMB)filter is addressed for target tracking with interval measurements.Firstly,a sequential Monte Carlo(SMC)implementation of the FLMB filter,SMC-FLMB filter,is derived based on generalized likelihood function weighting.Then,a box particle(BP)implementation of the FLMB filter,BP-FLMB filter,is developed,with a computational complexity reduction of the SMC-FLMB filter.Finally,an improved version of the BP-FLMB filter,improved BP-FLMB(IBP-FLMB)filter,is proposed,improving its estimation accuracy and real-time performance under the conditions of low detection probability and high clutter.Simulation results show that the BP-FLMB filter has a great improvement of the real-time performance than the SMC-FLMB filter,with similar tracking performance.Compared with the BP-FLMB filter,the IBP-FLMB filter has better estimation performance and real-time performance under the conditions of low detection probability and high clutter.

FAST保护区地质灾害发育特征及形成机理与防治建议

FAST(中国天眼)保护区内地质灾害发育,目前共有在册地质灾害132处,属地质灾害高易发区域,区内地质灾害隐患已对FAST工程的安全运行构成威胁。本文以FAST保护区现有地质灾害为研究对象,采用实地调查、资料收集、数理统计等方法,对保护区内地质灾害的发育特征进行分析,建立地质灾害关联模型,研究区内地质灾害孕灾条件及影响因素之间的耦合关系,并对区内地质灾害成因机理进行分析研究,提出了防治措施及监测预警建议。FAST保护区滑坡地质灾害主要有“牵引式”、“推移式”两种破坏力学模式,其中小型滑坡多呈“牵引式”破坏,中型、大型滑坡多呈“推移式”破坏;区内崩塌危岩体的主要破坏模式有“倾倒式”、“坠落式”、“滑移式”。区内地质灾害主要诱发因素是强降雨和人类工程活动,因此,强降雨前后应做好地质灾害巡查防控,区内开展岩土工程活动前需做好科学评估和规划,避免人为引发地质灾害。