Importance of oxygen-containing functionalities and pore structures of biochar in catalyzing pyrolysis of homologous poplar

Biochar and bio-oil are produced simultaneously in one pyrolysis process,and they inevitably contact and may interact,influencing the composition of bio-oil and modifying the structure of biochar.In this sense,biochar is an inherent catalyst for pyrolysis.In this study,in order to investigate the influence of functionalities and pore structures of biochar on its capability for catalyzing the conversion of homologous volatiles in bio-oil,three char catalysts(600C,800C,and 800AC)produced via pyrolysis of poplar wood at 600 or 800℃or activated at 800℃,were used for catalyzing pyrolysis of homologous poplar wood at 600℃,respectively.The results indicated that the 600C catalyst was more active than 800C and 800AC for catalyzing cracking of volatiles to form more gas(yield increase by 40.2%)and aromatization of volatiles to form more light or heavy phenolics,due to its abundant oxygen-containing functionalities acting as active sites.The developed pores of the 800AC showed no such catalytic effect but could trap some volatiles and allow their further conversion via sufficient aromatization.Nevertheless,the interaction with the volatiles consumed oxygen on 600C(decrease by 50%),enhancing the aromatic degree and increasing thermal stability.The dominance of deposition of carbonaceous material of a very aromatic nature over 800C and 800AC resulted in net weight gain and blocked micropores but formed additional macropores.The in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy characterization of the catalytic pyrolysis indicated superior activity of 600C for removal of -OH,while conversion of the intermediates bearing C=O was enhanced over all the char catalysts.

Use of amino silane coupling agent to improve physical and mechanical properties of UF-bonded wheat straw(Triticum aestivum L.) poplar wood particleboard

We evaluated the potential use of amino silane coupling agent （SiNH） to improve physical and mechanical properties of UF-bonded wheat straw （Triticurn aestivum L.） poplar wood particleboard. We examined the effects of varied content of silane coupling agent content and ratios of straw to poplar wood particles on particleboard prop- erties. The ratios of straw to poplar wood particles were 100：0, 85：15, 70：30 and 55：45. Silane coupling agent content was tested at three levels, 0, 5 and 10 %. The experimental panels were tested for their mechanical strength, including modulus of elasticity （MOE）, modulus of rupture （MOR）, intemal bonding （IB） and physical properties according to procedures specified in DIN 68763 （Chipboard for special purposes in building construction： concepts, requirements, testing, 1982-03, 1982）. All board properties were improved by the addition of silane cou- pling agent. The use of poplar wood particles had a positive effect on the mechanical properties of wheat straw parti- cleboard but had a negative effect on physical properties （thickness swelling and water absorption）.

Dielectric properties of Simon poplar wood flour/polypropylene composite at oven-dry state

Interfacial compatibility is a crucial factor to the performance of wood-plastic composites （WPCs）. Yet, so far, the coupling mechanisms of WPC have not been completely understood. In order to further clarify the interfacial coupling mechanism, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor of Simon poplar wood flour/polypropylene composites without additives at different wood contents were measured at oven-dry state, and parameters and thermodynamic quantities of the relaxation process were also analyzed and calculated. Consequently, an obvious relaxation process based on the reorientation of methanol groups in amorphous region of wood cell wall was observed exactly that its dielectric loss factor peak decreased with the decreasing wood content within the measured range of 50%-100%. With the trend of dielectric relaxation strength, the two changing trends both revealed that the existence of polypropylene could hinder reorientation of methanol groups. Following the decreasing wood contents, the effect of the hindrance on the dielectric properties turned obvious gradually. It elucidated that introduction of polypropylene caused the quantities of hydrogen bonds formed between each methanol group and the groups around it change. The same conclusion could be drawn from the analysis of thermodynamic quantities during the dielectric relaxation progress.

Comparative Study on the Properties of Inorganic Silicate and Organic Phenolic Prepolymer Modified Poplar Wood by Vacuum Cycle Pressurization

To enhance mechanical properties and improve flame retardancy and smoke suppression of fast-growing poplar wood in wood applications,the wood was impregnated and modified.An organic phenolic prepolymer and inorganic sodium silicate was used as contrasting impregnation modifiers and wood samples were impregnated by a bionic“respiration”method with alternating positive and negative pressure.The weight percentage gain,density increase ratio,mechanical properties(bending and compressive strength and hardness),and water absorption rate of inorganic and organic-impregnated modified poplar wood(IIMPW and OIMPW,respectively)were compared and these properties in IIMPW were found to be higher than those of OIMPW with the exception of the water absorption rate which was lower than the OIMPW.This was attributed to the superior absorption of sodium silicate that also improved the impregnation,reinforcement,and dimensional stability in the IIMPW.The chemical structure,crystalline structure,internal morphology,flame retardancy,smoke suppression,and thermal stability of IIMPW and OIMPW were characterized by FT-IR,XRD,SEM,CONE,and TGA.FT-IR and XRD results showed that,although IIMPW cellulose crystallinity reduced the most,more chemical bonds were come into being in IIMPW,which explained the better physical and mechanical properties of IIMPW.Compared with OIMPW,IIMPW had better flame retardant and smoke suppression performance.

The influence of silane coupling agent and poplar particles on the wettability, surface roughness, and hardness of UF-bonded wheat straw(Triticum aestivum L.)/poplar wood particleboard

We used silane coupling agents to improve the bonding ability between wheat straw particles and UF resin, and investigated surface properties （wettability and surface roughness） and hardness of parti-cleboard made from UF-bonded wheat straw （Triticum aestivum L.） combined with poplar wood as affected by silane coupling agent content and straw/poplar wood particle ratios. We manufactured one-layered particleboard panels at four different ratios of straw to poplar wood par-ticles （0%, 15%, 30% and 45% wheat straw） and silane coupling agent content at three levels of 0, 5% and 10%. Roughness measurements, average roughness （Ra）, mean peak-to-valley height （Rz）, and root mean square roughness （Rq） were measured on unsanded samples by using a fine stylus tracing technique. We obtained contact angle measurements by using a goniometer connected to a digital camera and computer sys-tem. Boards containing greater amounts of poplar particles had superior hardness compared to control samples and had lower wettability. Panels made with higher amounts of silane had lower Rq values.

Kinetics and FTIR characteristics of the pyrolysis process of poplar wood

The pyrolysis characteristics of residues of poplar （Populus sp.） wood were investigated using a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with a Fourier transform infrared （TG-FTIR） spectrometer. The pyrolysis process was sub- divided into four stages at a rate of 10℃.min-1, varying from 30 to 650℃. Below 180℃, a mass loss occurred for drying and preheating the sample and the onset temperature of pyrolysis ranged between 180-260℃. A significant mass loss 3f 61.4 wt.% occurred between 260-380℃, followed by a slow and continuous mass change with lignin devolatilization. The analysis of kinetic reactions showed that the activation energy （78.29 kJ.mol-1） in the low-temperature section was much larger than that （6.40 kJ-mol-1） in the high-temperature section. The evolved gases formed by thermal degradation 3f poplar wood were simultaneously analyzed by FTIR. It was observed from the main peaks that the emissions evolved during poplar wood pyrolysis were acetic acid, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, water, some volatile com- 3ounds of esters, alcohols and aldehydes. The emissions gradually increased with rising temperatures before a strong 3eak around 360℃ and then decreased. Most gaseous products were emitted in the 320-380℃ range, while CO2 was =ontinuously emitted in a wide range from 140-550℃.

Selecting the Technology of Sodium Silicate Modified Poplar with the Highest Performance by Fuzzy Orthogonal Method

Sodium silicate modification can improve the overall performance of wood.The modification process has a great influence on the properties of modified wood.In this study,a new method was introduced to analyze the wood modification process,and the properties of modified wood were studied.Poplar wood was modified with sodium silicate by vacuum-pressure impregnation.After screening using single-factor experiments,an orthogonal experiment was carried out with solution concentration,impregnation time,impregnation pressure,and the cycle times as experimental factors.The modified poplar with the best properties was selected by fuzzy mathematics and characterized by SEM,FT-IR,XRD and TG.The results showed that some lignin and hemicellulose were removed from the wood due to the alkaline action of sodium silicate,and the orderly crystal area of poplar became disorderly,resulting in the reduction of crystallinity of the modified poplar wood.FT-IR analysis showed that sodium silicate was hydrolyzed to form polysilicic acid in wood,and structural analysis revealed the formation of Si-O-Si and Si-O-C,indicating that sodium silicate reacted with fibers on the wood cell wall.TG-DTG curves showed that the final residual mass of modified poplar wood increased from 25%to 67%,and the temperature of the maximum loss rate decreased from 343℃ to 276℃.The heat release and smoke release of modified poplar wood decreased obviously.This kind of material with high strength and fire resistance can be used in the outdoor building and indoor furniture.

Effects of site conditions on growth and wood properties of Populus×euramericana cv.'74/76'

The growth and wood properties of 240 individual Populus×euramericana cv.’74/76’(hereafter poplar 107)trees planted in Hebei Plain,China was evaluated.Mean annual increments in height,breast height diameter and volume,as well as cellulose,hemicellulose and lignin contents,shrinkage,density,bending strength and modulus of elasticity in the heart wood and sap wood.Environmental factors influencing growth and wood properties were analyzed using correlation and stepwise regres sion.The results show that the coefficients of variation(CVs)of growth traits ranged from 10.6 to 22.4%.The CVs of the chemical properties of heartwood ranged from 4.3 to 30.2%,and for sap wood from 3.2 to 27.5%.The CVs of the physical and mechanical properties of heartwood ranged from 8.6 to 31.7%,and for sapwood from 6.4 to 29.9%.The results of one-way ANOVA showed that there were significant differences in growth traits and wood properties among sites.Soil pH,total and available phosphorus,total potassium,and soil organic matter were key soil factors affecting growth and wood properties of poplar 107,whereas mean annual ground temperatures and precipitation were the main climatic factors.To better cultivate poplar 107,area with less annual rainfall,slightly higher temperature and soil pH value close to neutral should be selected.

Evaluation of Water Transfer Capacity of Poplar with Pectinase Treated under the Solar Interface Evaporation

Poplar wood,which was used as the absorption material for the solar-driven interfacial evaporation,was treated for 3 days,6 days and 9 days with the pectinase,and then was simulated for photothermal evaporation test at one standard solar radiation intensity(1 kW⋅m^(−2)).The effects of pectinase treatment on cell passage and water migration capacity of poplars were analyzed by the mercury intrusion porosimetry,the scanning electron microscope and fractal theory.It was found that the pit membrane and the ray parenchyma cells of poplar wood were degraded and destroyed after pectinase treatment.Compared with the untreated poplar wood,the evaporation rate of three sections of the specimen was changed.Especially the evaporation rate of radial and tangential direction was significantly increased.At the same time,based on the experimental data and fractal dimension deduction,fractal characteristics could be found in that the structure of poplars treated with pectinase.The porosity decreased with the increase of the fractal dimension in a certain range.It was shown that it is feasible to evaluate solar-driven water migration capacity by using fractal theory.

A Primary Study on Mechanical Properties of Heat-Treated Wood via in-situ Synthesis of Calcium Carbonate

This study aims to improve the value of fast-growing wood and extend the heat-treated wood utilization using inorganic calcium carbonate(CaCO_(3))crystals via an in-situ synthesis method.CaCl_(2)and Na 2CO_(3)solutions with a concentration ratio of 1:1 were successively introduced into the thermally modified poplar wood obtained by steam heat treatment(HT)at 200℃for 1.5 and 3 h,resulting in the in-situ synthesis of CaCO_(3)crystals inside the heat-treated wood.The filling effect was best at the concentration of 1.2 mol/L.CaCO_(3)was uniformly distributed in the cell cavities of the heat-treated wood,and some of the crystals were embedded in the fissures of the wood cell walls.The morphology of CaCO_(3)crystals was mainly spherical and rhombic polyhedral.Three main types of CaCO_(3)crystals were calcite,vaterite,and aragonite.The HT of poplar wood at 200℃resulted in degrading the chemical components of the wood cell wall.This degradation led to reduced wood mechanical properties,including the surface hardness(HD),modulus of rupture(MOR),and modulus of elasticity(MOE).After CaCO_(3)was in-situ synthesized in the heat-treated wood,the HD increased by 18.36%and 16.35%,and MOR increased by 14.64%and 8.89%,respectively.Because of the CaCO_(3)synthesization,the char residue of the 200℃heat-treated wood samples increased by 9.31%and the maximum weight loss rate decreased by 19.80%,indicating that the filling with CaCO_(3)cannot only improve the mechanical properties of the heat-treated wood but also effectively enhance its thermal stability.

杨木旧材高温作用后力学性能试验研究

依托新疆玉儿滚军垦旧址保护项目,采用火灾后未过火原木制作杨木旧材的标准无疵小试样,考虑温度、恒温时间两种因素高温处理试样并进行抗拉、抗压力学性能试验,探究木材顺纹和横纹方向上的主要力学性能演化规律。在试验基础上,建立了顺纹杨木旧材抗压本构模型。试验结果表明:高温处理后,顺纹木材抗压强度整体下降幅度为15%~30%,横纹木材抗压强度整体下降幅度为20%~50%;顺纹木材和横纹木材的抗拉强度均显著下降,为25%~62%。建立的本构模型曲线与试验结果相比,误差在10%以内,可适用于相应木材力学性能分析。

热处理木材提取物微胶囊防腐剂对杨木耐腐性影响研究

在不同pH值的反应条件下,通过正硅酸四乙酯的水解缩合得到二氧化硅;运用溶胶凝胶法制备几种热处理木材提取物/二氧化硅微胶囊,并采用真空-加压浸渍改性杨木。通过流失试验和耐腐试验,研究微胶囊对改性杨木耐腐性的影响;通过酶活性试验探究了微胶囊的抑菌机理。结果表明:热处理木材提取物/二氧化硅微胶囊木材防腐剂可以提高木材的抗流失性和耐腐性;微胶囊抑菌成分主要通过影响白腐菌中木质素酶(锰过氧化物酶、漆酶)、纤维素酶(外切纤维素酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶)、半纤维素酶活性达到阻碍白腐菌生长的目的;微胶囊仅对褐腐菌中纤维素酶(内切纤维素酶)活性有抑制作用。

基于改进Hofstetter模型的杨木组分体积分数对其弹性参数的影响规律

木材的微观结构和组分构成是影响其弹性参数的重要因素,但关于木材组分体积分数变化对其弹性参数影响的研究相对较少。通过引入灰分因素,对Hofstetter木材连续微观力学模型进行改进,并在此基础上分析杨木组分的体积分数变化对其弹性参数的影响规律。研究表明:改进的Hofstetter模型可较准确预测杨木的顺纹弹性模量,误差绝对值仅13.71%。结晶纤维素等自身刚度较大的组分体积分数增大时,杨木的弹性模量和剪切模量增幅较大;聚合物网络、无定形纤维素体积分数增大时,泊松比增幅较大;木质素、半纤维素体积分数变化对所有弹性参数的影响均较小。

纳米SiO_(2)/MUG复合改性剂的制备及其改性材性能研究

为进一步提升三聚氰胺-尿素-葡萄糖(MUG)生物质树脂改性木材尺寸稳定性,采用单一或复合硅源[纳米SiO_(2)、KH550(K5)、KH560(K6)单一或复配后]与MUG生物质树脂复合,制得K5/MUG、K6/MUG、Si/MUG、Si/K5/MUG、Si/K6/MUG 5种有机-无机复合改性剂,分别浸渍处理人工林杨木,考察不同改性剂对杨木密度、吸水性、尺寸稳定性和力学强度等性能的影响,优选出性能最佳的复合改性剂,利用SEM和FTIR分析改性剂的分布及与木材组分的反应情况,探明复合硅协同效应及复合体系之间的相互作用机制。结果表明,5种复合改性剂均具有良好渗透性,改性材的吸药量均>200%、增重率均>44%,吸水性均比素材显著降低;其中,以5%质量分数的KH550、1%质量分数的纳米SiO_(2)和30%质量分数的MUG复合改性杨木的径向、弦向和体积湿胀率最低,分别为1.14%、2.13%和3.20%;增容率最小(8.1%);抗胀缩率最高(77.5%);顺纹抗压强度最高(130.9 MPa),较素材提高了92.03%。纳米SiO_(2)经KH550接枝改性后,能更均匀分散于MUG树脂中,并被树脂包覆固化于木材内,有机-无机协同效应使复合体系的交联程度提高,无机Si元素的刚性增加了木材机械支撑强度。因此,硅烷偶联剂改性纳米SiO_(2)能进一步提升MUG改性材的尺寸稳定性和力学强度等性能。

MIL-100(Fe)处理杨木的阻燃性能研究

【目的】为提高木材的阻燃抑烟性能,本研究采用金属有机框架材料(MOF)作为新型阻燃剂,选用MIL-100(Fe)处理木材,制备一种绿色环保的阻燃材料,旨在为木材阻燃提供新思路。【方法】以MIL-100(Fe)为阻燃剂,采用常压浸泡(WJP组)和真空加压浸渍(W-JZ组)两种方法,在木材体内原位合成MIL-100(Fe)。利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射和傅里叶变换红外光谱分析处理材形貌结构;采用氮气吸附法对处理材的孔隙结构进行表征;采用极限氧指数、热重测试、锥形量热测试评估处理材的热稳定性和阻燃抑烟性能;最后采用扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱对残炭进行形貌结构表征并进行机理分析。【结果】两种处理方法均可在木材内原位合成MIL-100(Fe),其中W-JZ组有更多的MIL-100(Fe)前驱体溶液进入木材内部并完成结晶,质量增长率达24.36%,形成的晶体结构更完整均匀,尺寸更小。MIL-100(Fe)处理材表现出良好的热稳定性,其中W-JZ组残炭率提升了39.99%,热质量损失速率峰值降低了26.47%。MIL-100(Fe)处理材的总热释放量和总烟释放量降低,阻燃抑烟性能良好。MIL-100(Fe)发挥凝聚相与气相阻燃作用。其分解过程中可释放不可燃气体稀释可燃气体浓度,同时利用多级孔结构吸附烟气。分解后形成的Fe_(3)O_(4)催化木材脱水反应生成致密的炭层,阻止热量和氧气的传递及可燃性挥发产物的释放。【结论】本研究采用MIL-100(Fe)阻燃剂处理木材,有效提高了木材的热稳定性与阻燃抑烟性能,丰富了现有木材阻燃体系。

Improvement of wood properties by composite of diatomite and “phenol-melamine-formaldehyde” co-condensed resin

We improved the overall performance of fast-growing poplar by utilizing a low-cost, effective and simple method. The fast-growing poplar was modified by a vacuum-pressure impregnation method with three types of modification solutions composed of phe- nol-melamine-formaldehyde （PMF） co-condensed resin, diatomite, and 3-aminopropyl （diethoxy） methylsilane. We measured the weight percent gain （WPG）, bulking, leaching, anti-swelling efficiency （ASE）, wa- ter-repellent effectiveness （WRE）, and oxygen index of the modified specimens. All of the wood physical properties, which are beneficial for human uses, were significantly improved by the treatment. We improved various characteristics of wood and the oxygen index of poplar above 48.6% after the modification using diatomite and PMF co-condensed resin.

Growth and wood properties of a 38-year-old Populus simonii 3 P.nigra plantation established with different densities in semi-arid areas of northeastern China

To characterize the effects of plantation densities on the growth characteristics(diameter at breast level,tree height and volume)and the common wood properties,38-year-old Populus simonii 9 P.nigra clones planted with four levels of spacing(2 m 92 m,3 m 93 m,4 m 94 m,and 5 m 95 m)in a semi-arid area in northeastern China were examined.The results of ANOVA showed significant differences(P\0.01)for all the investigated growth traits and wood properties under different plantation densities,except for the chemical composition of wood.The repeatability and phenotypic variations of all the traits varied from 0.34 to 0.99 and from 13.45 to 59.65%,respectively.Except for wood density,which was significantly negatively correlated with the growth traits,a positive correlation was observed between the growth traits and all the other wood mechanical properties.However,most of the correlations between the growth traits and the chemical composition of the wood were not significant.The path analysis for the wood mechanical characteristics and the growth in the prediction of volume were significant and ranged from 0.18 to 0.72 for wood density and diameter at breast height,respectively,while those for the chemical composition of wood ranged from 0.001 to 0.336,which showed a low impact on the volume.The highest stand volume(610 m3)per hectare was observed with the 2 m 92 m spacing,which consequently provided a high total price and income,while a high individual volume growth per tree was observed with the 5 m 95 m spacing.The results suggested that for the poplar trees younger than 40 years in a semi-arid area in China,2 m 92 m spacing is suitable for obtaining a high volume per hectare,while 5 m 95 m spacing is best for obtaining a high individual volume per tree.

The effect of number of joints on bending properties of laminated lumber made from poplar (Populus nigra)

Connection plays an important role in structural components and end jointing is one of the most common connections in structural applications. This study was designed to investigate some mechanical properties （MOE and MOR） of solid wood samples manufactured from poplar （Populus nigra）, joined together through end jointing. As well, we studied combinations of lumber manufactured from 10-mm veneer, using a polyvinyl acetate adhesive. The results show that non-jointed lumber （control samples） have better bending properties （MOE and MOR） than jointed specimens and lumber made from laminated layers. On the whole, side-by- side joints have a negative effect on the MOR and MOE of laminated products, which is more pronounced in the MOR. By increasing the number of joints, the properties of combination of three-ply, i.e., bending strength and modulus of elasticity, decreased.

Isolation and characterization of wood components with aqueous acetic acid

研究在白杨的隔离上被进行(Populusxeuramaricana (Dode ) Guineir cv。我有包含硫酸的小数量的水的醋酸(AcOH ) 的 -72/58) 木头部件。反应时间，醋酸的集中，到木头的白酒的比率，和酸催化剂的集中被调查在木头部件的分别上检验他们的效果。三个主要分开的部件被描绘。结果证明为白杨木头部件的分别的最适条件：在反应答案，到木头 6 的白酒的比率，倒流时间 3 h，和 90% AcOH 的 0.3% H_2SO_4。残余主要由α - 纤维素和半纤维素组成。水不可溶解猛抛(醋酸木质素， AcL ) 从 341 ～ 253 的一个低重量一般水准分子量范围(Mw ) 和从 1.1 ～ 1.2 的狭窄的分子量分布。糖分析表明 solubilized 产品主要源于半纤维素并且作为单音的糖类退出了。

补片形状对修补的杨木单板力学性能的影响

以同一批次旋切杨木单板为试验对象,设计船形、菱形、锯齿形、双圆形、蝶形5种补片(为与仿真试验进行对比,试验单板及补片的尺寸均依据相关标准及仿真尺寸进行设计),用环氧树脂胶黏剂进行粘贴,制备静态拉伸试验试件;按照国家标准GB/T 36408—2018《木结构用单板层积材》、GB/T 14017—2009《木材横纹抗拉强度实验方法》,应用济南试金WDW-300E微机控制电子式万能试验机,对5种补片每组设置的20个单板试样进行木材顺纹抗拉试验,测定补片修补单板断裂应力值、应用扫描电子显微镜观测补片修补单板断裂的微观形态。应用数值模拟方法,依据汉克森(Hankinson)失效理论,对设计的5种补片形状的修补单板仿真模型进行拉伸模拟试验,计算5种不同补片形状修补单板仿真模型的断裂失效应力值。对比实测与仿真试验结果,检验仿真的有效性,分析木质单板缺陷挖补技术中补片形状对修补的木质单板力学性能的影响及单板的断裂模式。结果表明:①5种补片中,除菱形补片外,其余单板的失效单元均沿45°方向延伸,在电镜观测下试样断裂位置显示有多处细胞壁发生断裂,这些细胞与板壁的断裂细胞壁相连形成了宏观裂缝。②在数值模拟与实测中,蝶形、菱形补片修补后单板的承载能力均较大,其失效载荷值分别为31.3、29.7 MPa;菱形、锯齿形、双圆形、蝶形4种形状的补片,比船形补片的承载能力提升了25.52%~30.18%;蝶形补片的承载能力最大且与节子形状契合度最高。③仿真与实测,差值均在12.1%以内,验证了仿真的可行性。