Study of fault injection system based on software

A software fault injection system SFIS is designed,which consists of the target system plus a fault injector,fault library,workload,data collector,and data analyzer. A serial communication mechanism is adopted to simulate the factual work environment. Then a fault model is built for single particle event,which can be denoted as FM=(FL,FT). FL stands for fault location,and FT stands for fault type. The fault model supports three temporal faults: transient,intermittent,and permanent. During the experiments implemented by SFIS,the software interruption method is adopted to inject transient faults,and step trace method is adopted to inject permanent faults into the target system. The experiment results indicate that for the injected transient code segment faults,2.8 % of them do not affect the program output,80.1% of them are detected by the built-in error detection in the system,and 17.1% of them are not detected by fault detection mechanism. The experiment results verify the validity of the fault injection method.

Fault injection system for automatic testing system

Considering the deficiency of the means for confirming the attribution of fault redundancy in the re-search of Automatic Testing System(ATS) , a fault-injection system has been proposed to study fault redundancyof automatic testing system through compurison. By means of a fault-imbeded environmental simulation, thefaults injected at the input level of the software are under test. These faults may induce inherent failure mode,thus bringing about unexpected output, and the anticipated goal of the test is attained. The fault injection con-sists of voltage signal generator, current signal generator and rear drive circuit which are specially developed,and the ATS can work regularly by means of software simulation. The experimental results indicate that the faultinjection system can find the deficiency of the automatic testing software, and identify the preference of fault re-dundancy. On the other hand, some soft deficiency never exposed before can be identified by analyzing the tes-ting results.

A fault injection model-oriented testing strategy for component security

A fault injection model-oriented testing strategy was proposed for detecting component vulnerabilities.A fault injection model was defined,and the faults were injected into the tested component based on the fault injection model to trigger security exceptions.The testing process could be recorded by the monitoring mechanism of the strategy,and the monitoring information was written into the security log.The component vulnerabilities could be detected by the detecting algorithm through analyzing the security log.Lastly,some experiments were done in an integration testing platform to verify the applicability of the strategy.The experimental results show that the strategy is effective and operable.The detecting rate is more than 90%for vulnerability components.

Study and Analysis of Defect Amplification Index in Technology Variant Business Application Development through Fault Injection Patterns

Software reliability for business applications is becoming a topic of interest in the IT community. An effective method to validate and understand defect behaviour in a software application is Fault Injection. Fault injection involves the deliberate insertion of faults or errors into software in order to determine its response and to study its behaviour. Fault Injection Modeling has demonstrated to be an effective method for study and analysis of defect response, validating fault-tolerant systems, and understanding systems behaviour in the presence of injected faults. The objectives of this study are to measure and analyze defect leakage;Amplification Index (AI) of errors and examine “Domino” effect of defects leaked into subsequent Software Development Life Cycle phases in a business application. The approach endeavour to demonstrate the phasewise impact of leaked defects, through causal analysis and quantitative analysis of defects leakage and amplification index patterns in system built using technology variants (C#, VB 6.0, Java).

Transient and Permanent Fault Injection in VHDL Description of Digital Circuits

The ability to evaluate the testability of digital circuits before they are actually implemented is critical for designing highly reliable systems. This feature enables designers to verify the fault detection capability of online as well as offline testable digital circuits for both permanent and transient faults, during the design stage of the circuits. This paper presents a technique for transient and permanent fault injection at the VHDL level description of both combinational and sequential digital circuits. Access to all VHDL blocks a system is straight forward using a specially designed single fault injection block. This capability of inserting transient and permanent faults should help in evaluating the testability of a digital system before it is actually implemented.

Geomechanical analysis of the influence of CO2 injection location on fault stability

Large amounts of carbon dioxide(CO2) should be injected in deep saline formations to mitigate climate change,implying geomechanical challenges that require further understanding.Pressure build-up induced by CO2injection will decrease the effective stresses and may affect fault stability.Geomechanical effects of overpressure induced by CO2injection either in the hanging wall or in the foot wall on fault stability are investigated.CO2injection in the presence of a low-permeable fault induces pressurization of the storage formation between the injection well and the fault.The low permeability of the fault hinders fluid flow across it and leads to smaller overpressure on the other side of the fault.This variability in the fluid pressure distribution gives rise to differential total stress changes around the fault that reduce its stability.Despite a significant pressure build-up induced by the fault,caprock stability around the injection well is not compromised and thus,CO2leakage across the caprock is unlikely to happen.The decrease in fault stability is similar regardless of the side of the fault where CO2is injected.Simulation results show that fault core permeability has a significant effect on fault stability,becoming less affected for high-permeable faults.An appropriate pressure management will allow storing large quantities of CO2without inducing fault reactivation.

Study on Injection-Production System Adjustment of Fault Block Reservoir Based on Equilibrium Displacement

This paper proposed a method of injection-production system adjustment to solve the problem that the water flooding effect was restricted because of the horizontal and vertical contradictions during the development process of fault block reservoirs. Considering the heterogeneity of reservoir, the Buckley-Leverett water flooding theory was applied to establish the relationship between the recovery and cumulative water injection. In order to achieve the goal of vertically balanced recovery of each section, the calculation method of vertical sectional injection allocation was proposed. The planar triangular seepage unit was assumed and sweep coefficients of different oil-water distribution patterns were characterized using multi-flow tube method. In order to balance and maximize the plane sweep coefficient, the calculation method of plane production system optimization was obtained. Then the injection-production system stereoscopic adjustment method based on equilibrium displacement was proposed with vertical sectional injection allocation and plane production system optimization. This method was applied to injection and production adjustment of BZ oilfield in southern Bohai. The effect of water control and oil increase was obvious. This method can greatly improve the effect of water flooding of offshore fault block reservoirs with the adjustment of injection-production system.

基于改进优序图法的读时故障注入设计

软件故障注入是可靠性验证的重要保障,与系统的安全性和鲁棒性密切相关。提出了一种基于改进优序图法的读时故障注入方法。相比于传统方法,所提方法能够提高故障注入的有效性,缩小故障空间。首先,对小尺度程序故障注入的结果进行理论分析,得到特征值权重向量;然后,对大尺度程序的汇编代码进行解析,得到汇编代码的特征值;之后,根据特征值权重向量,计算大尺度程序汇编代码的权重;最后,在MiBench数据集上验证方法的有效性。将大尺度程序各条汇编代码分别按照权重和有效故障率进行降序排列,各取前50%的元素,二者的相似度可达到81%。

An Improved Differential Fault Analysis on Block Cipher KLEIN-64

KLEIN-64 is a lightweight block cipher designed for resource-constrained environment,and it has advantages in software performance and hardware implementation.Recent investigation shows that KLEIN-64 is vulnerable to differential fault attack(DFA).In this paper,an improved DFA is performed to KLEIN-64.It is found that the differential propagation path and the distribution of the S-box can be fully utilized to distinguish the correct and wrong keys when a half-byte fault is injected in the 10th round.By analyzing the difference matrix before the last round of S-box,the location of fault injection can be limited to a small range.Thus,this improved analysis can greatly improve the attack efficiency.For the best case,the scale of brute-force attack is only 256.While for the worst case,the scale of brute-force attack is far less than 232 with another half byte fault injection,and the probability for this case is 1/64.Furthermore,the measures for KLEIN-64 in resisting the improved DFA are proposed.

NEW APPROACH TO EMULATE SEU FAULTS ON SRAM BASED FPGAS

Field Programmable Gate Arrays(FPGAs)offer high capability in implementing of complex systems,and currently are an attractive solution for space system electronics.However,FPGAs are susceptible to radiation induced Single-Event Upsets(SEUs).To insure reliable operation of FPGA based systems in a harsh radiation environment,various SEU mitigation techniques have been provided.In this paper we propose a system based on dynamic partial reconfiguration capability of the modern devices to evaluate the SEU fault effect in FPGA.The proposed approach combines the fault injection controller with the host FPGA,and therefore the hardware complexity is minimized.All of the SEU injection and evaluation requirements are performed by a soft-core which realized inside the host FPGA.Experimental results on some standard benchmark circuits reveal that the proposed system is able to speed up the fault injection campaign 50 times in compared to conventional method.

Fault activation and induced seismicity in geological carbon storage--Lessons learned from recent modeling studies

In the light of current concerns related to induced seismicity associated with geological carbon sequestration(GCS),this paper summarizes lessons learned from recent modeling studies on fault activation,induced seismicity,and potential for leakage associated with deep underground carbon dioxide(CO2) injection.Model simulations demonstrate that seismic events large enough to be felt by humans require brittle fault properties and continuous fault permeability allowing pressure to be distributed over a large fault patch to be ruptured at once.Heterogeneous fault properties,which are commonly encountered in faults intersecting multilayered shale/sandstone sequences,effectively reduce the likelihood of inducing felt seismicity and also effectively impede upward CO2leakage.A number of simulations show that even a sizable seismic event that could be felt may not be capable of opening a new flow path across the entire thickness of an overlying caprock and it is very unlikely to cross a system of multiple overlying caprock units.Site-specific model simulations of the In Salah CO2storage demonstration site showed that deep fractured zone responses and associated microseismicity occurred in the brittle fractured sandstone reservoir,but at a very substantial reservoir overpressure close to the magnitude of the least principal stress.We conclude by emphasizing the importance of site investigation to characterize rock properties and if at all possible to avoid brittle rock such as proximity of crystalline basement or sites in hard and brittle sedimentary sequences that are more prone to injection-induced seismicity and permanent damage.

Diesel Engine Fault Diagnosis with Vibration Signal

When the vibration of diesel engine structure is measured, the signal is composed of a very complex superposition of the contributions of different vibratory sources modified by their respective transmission paths. These sources originate from several internal phenomenon in the engine such as combustion pressure variation, unbalanced reciprocating and rotating parts. In a diesel engine, movement parts work in a specific order. Once the starting point is determined, occurrence of work order in different cycle phases can be determined. This could successfully use to identifying of impulses in complex vibration signal of a diesel engine. From the variation of features of those impulses, it is possible to determine the working condition of the engine. This can use to fault diagnosis of diesel engine, specially faults related to combustion process.

面向接地故障定位的异频信号注入频率估计研究

当噪声较大时,注入频率估计性能大幅下降,设计面向接地故障定位的异频信号注入频率估计方法。设计由供电单元、感应单元、数字单元构成的信号采集器,采集接地故障定位的三相电压信号与零序电压信号。分别设计模拟滤波器与数字滤波器,滤波注入信号。通过SDFT算法估计滤波后注入信号的注入频率,实现面向接地故障定位的异频信号注入频率估计。在SNR固定为40 dB的情况下,测试注入频率估计性能。测试结果表明,随着频率的升高,该方法的频率估计结果标准差始终较低,整体变化较为稳定,证明了该方法具有较好的抗噪性能,可以准确估计接地故障定位时注入的异频信号频率。

Sinistral strike slip of the Zhangjiakou-Penglai Fault and its control on hydrocarbon accumulation in the northeast of Shaleitian Bulge,Bohai Bay Basin,East China

The structural style, fault activity, strike-slip displacement, and the formation mechanism and hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in the center tectonic zone in the northeast Shaleitian Bulge of Zhangjiakou-Penglai Fault Zone were studied by seismic attribute analysis, structural geometric analysis, fault activity analysis, structure evolution history and simulation of hydrocarbon migration, based on 3-D seismic and drilling data. The main results are as follows:(1) The study area is a superimposed tectonic zone, which experienced early(Paleocene and Eocene) extension and late(Oligocene and Pliocene-Quaternary) strike-slip and pull-apart.(2) The sinistral strike slip of the northeast Shaleitian Bulge of Zhangjiakou-Penglai Fault Zone went through two periods, Oligocene and Pliocene-Quaternary, and the Bohai section was active earlier than the inland section.(3) The sinistral strike slip displacement of Zhangjiakou-Penglai Fault is 4 km since Cenozoic, including 1 km in the Oligocene, and 3 km in the Pliocene-Quaternary.(4) The strike-slip movements have resulted in the increase of fault activity and basin-mountain restructure in the fault zone, also contributed to the formation of the central tectonic belt and the conjugate evolution in north-east structural belt.(5) The conjugate strike slip of the Zhangjiakou-Penglai Fault Zone dominated the migration and accumulation of hydrocarbon in shallow formations by controlling the injection points and segments of hydrocarbon from the deep layers to shallow layers.

Single event effects evaluation on convolution neural network in Xilinx 28 nm system on chip

Convolutional neural networks(CNNs) exhibit excellent performance in the areas of image recognition and object detection, which can enhance the intelligence level of spacecraft. However, in aerospace, energetic particles, such as heavy ions, protons, and alpha particles, can induce single event effects(SEEs) that lead CNNs to malfunction and can significantly impact the reliability of a CNN system. In this paper, the MNIST CNN system was constructed based on a 28 nm systemon-chip(SoC), and then an alpha particle irradiation experiment and fault injection were applied to evaluate the SEE of the CNN system. Various types of soft errors in the CNN system have been detected, and the SEE cross sections have been calculated. Furthermore, the mechanisms behind some soft errors have been explained. This research will provide technical support for the design of radiation-resistant artificial intelligence chips.

基于多领域耦合建模的轴向柱塞泵故障诊断方法

针对轴向柱塞泵传统单一领域建模方法存在的建模困难、仿真精度低以及故障诊断所需故障样本不足的问题,开展基于多领域耦合建模的轴向柱塞泵故障诊断方法。利用Simscape构建轴向柱塞泵多领域耦合模型,并对柱塞泄漏、主轴轴承磨损以及组合故障3种常见的故障进行模拟,再通过故障注入技术和MATLAB快速重启功能获取多种工况、不同故障程度下的压力和流量数据;随后从时域和频域对故障数据进行特征提取,同时利用单因素方差分析对故障特征进行选择;最后利用得到的特征对K邻近、朴素贝叶斯、决策树、神经网络、支持向量机等5种故障诊断算法进行训练,得到故障诊断准确率最高的算法,其平均诊断准确率为98.5%。该方法提高了轴向柱塞泵多领域耦合建模的精确性,实现了对轴向柱塞泵的有效故障诊断。

基于EEMD与极限提升树的传感器故障诊断方法

传感器在工业互联等关键领域扮演着重要角色,通过故障诊断方法保障其数据的可靠性至关重要。本文提出一种基于EEMD与极限提升树的传感器故障诊断方法,以提高对传感器故障的准确识别和及时处理能力。该方法通过采集电压电流传感器数据,以故障注入方式建立数据集,利用EEMD对数据进行降噪与特征提取,并通过极限提升树进行训练,从而建立故障诊断模型。通过划分的验证集对所构建的模型进行验证。试验表明,该方法的测试准确性指标显著优于其他方法,至少高于次优方法11.95%的F1得分,能够更好地捕捉传感器数据的故障特征,具有较高的诊断准确率和较强的鲁棒性,且消耗较低、实用价值强,能够有力保障工业互联、玻璃智能制造等领域的数据准确性和安全性。

一种远程终端采集系统测试验证方法

一种远程终端采集系统包括两台远程终端采集单元和两台远程接口单元,提出针对该采集系统的测试验证方法。模拟飞管系统的上位机和交联的各激励信号源,实现数据交互,完成基于测试用例的测试验证试验。测试设计与实现主要包括远程终端采集系统通过1394B总线组网测试、单台远程终端采集单元或单台远程接口单元通过1394B总线联网测试;该测试验证方法实现远程终端采集系统交联数据的仿真模拟、记录显示、数据分析等功能。测试验证试验结果表明,通过该测试验证方法,实现了远程终端采集系统功能、性能的全面验证,实现了远程终端采集系统的故障注入测试,有效提升了远程终端采集系统的测试性、可靠性。

基于固态断路器主动注入式直流故障测距方法

随着直流配电网的快速发展与深化应用,准确可靠的故障测距技术对直流故障检修和恢复至关重要。该文提出一种基于固态断路器(SSCB)主动注入式直流故障测距方法。首先,利用SSCB开断主动注入不同脉冲宽度的信号,并检测注入脉冲首末端和反射波首末端的时间差作为注入波形传播时间间隔,能够减小采样频率带来的误差。然后,提取电缆线路电压线模量作为检测量,削弱正负极线路之间的耦合作用,获得稳定波速。最后,基于小波变换原理提出改进自适应模极大值方法来检测脉冲首末端时刻,减小噪声和过渡电阻对测距精度的影响。仿真结果表明,基于SSCB主动注入式测距方法在直流配电网单极接地和极间短路故障情况下均能够实现准确且快速的定位。