Guaranteeing the Fault Transient Performance of Aerospace Multiphase Permanent Magnet Motor System: an Adaptive Robust Speed Control Approach

To enhance the fault transient performance of aerospace multiphase permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM)system,an adaptive robust speed control is proposed regardless of the phase open-circuit(OC)and short-circuit(SC)fault in this paper,which can be applied for both the redundant motor system and fault tolerant motor system.For aerospace multiphase PMSM system,besides external load disturbance and system parameter perturbation,there inevitably exists the electromagnetic torque ripple in fault transient process,which can degrade the system performance and even cause the system instability.To cope with this issue,the electromagnet torque ripple of the multiphase PMSM system in fault transient process is first analyzed.Then,by considering the electromagnet torque fluctuation caused by fault transient as a system uncertainty,a novel adaptive robust speed control scheme is proposed,while the adaptive law is constructed to emulate the total system uncertainty bound,which include the load disturbance,the parameter variation,and the electromagnetic torque fluctuation due to fault transient.The resulting control can ensure the speed control performance even in fault transient process regardless of the uncertainty,in which no prior estimation of the uncertainty bound is required.In addition,the proposed adaptive robust speed control is demonstrated by a six-phase PMSM experimental platform.The novelty of this research is to explore a novel adaptive robust speed control to strengthen the fault tolerance performance of multiphase PMSM system even in fault transient process,which requires no prior estimation of the uncertainty bound.

Tunnel effect of fractal fault and transient S-wave velocity rupture (TSVR) of in-plane shear fault

Transient S wave velocity rupture (TSVR) means the velocity of fault rupture propagation is between S wave velocity α and P wave velocity β . Its existing in the rupture of in plane ( i.e . strike slip) fault has been proved, but in 2 dimensional classical model, there are two difficulties in transient S wave velocity rupture, i.e ., initialization difficulty and divergence difficulty in interpreting the realization of TSVR. The initialization difficulty means, when v ↑ v R (Rayleigh wave velocity), the dynamic stress strength factor K 2(t) →+0, and changes from positive into negative in the interval ( v R, β ). How v transit the forbidden of ( v R, β )? The divergence difficulty means K 2(t) →+∞ when v ↓ β . Here we introduce the concept of fractal and tunnel effect that exist everywhere in fault. The structure of all the faults is fractal with multiple cracks. The velocity of fault rupture is differentiate of the length of the fault respect to time, so the rupture velocity is also fractal. The tunnel effect means the dynamic rupture crosses over the interval of the cracks, and the coalescence of the intervals is slower than the propagation of disturbance. Suppose the area of earthquake nucleation is critical or sub critical propagation everywhere, the arriving of disturbance triggers or accelerates the propagation of cracks tip at once, and the observation system cannot distinguish the front of disturbance and the tip of fracture. Then the speed of disturbance may be identified as fracture velocity, and the phenomenon of TSVR appears, which is an apparent velocity. The real reason of apparent velocity is that the mathematics model of shear rupture is simplified of complex process originally. The dual character of rupture velocity means that the apparent velocity of fault and the real velocity of micro crack extending, which are different in physics, but are unified in rupture criterion. Introducing the above mentioned concept to the calculation of K 2 (t) , the difficulty of initialization can be overcome, and the integral equation of triggering the initialization of TSVR is given quantitatively. By solving this integral equation, the lower limit of TSVR is 1.105 3 β , not β , and the divergence difficulty is overcome. TSVR is unstable solution, and may degenerate to sub Rayleigh wave velocity rupture immediately where the non critical condition can be measured. The results of this paper show that the initialization and continuum depends on the condition of earthquake nucleation in seismogenic area.

Transient Fault Locating Method Based on Line Voltage and Zero-mode Current in Non-solidly Earthed Network

为解决配电网小电流接地故障时故障点定位困难的问题，提出一种基于线电压和零模电流暂态分量的故障定位新方法。该方法借助馈线自动化（feeder automation，FA）系统实现，不需要额外增加设备。馈线终端检测线电压和零模电流信号，利用暂态线电压的希尔伯特变换与暂态零模电流的乘积计算故障方向参数，FA主站根据故障点前后方向参数极性相反的特征确定故障点所在的线路区段。介绍基于线电压的小电流接地故障检测和接地故障相确定的算法。数字仿真与试验结果表明该方法是正确可行的。

Transient and Permanent Fault Injection in VHDL Description of Digital Circuits

The ability to evaluate the testability of digital circuits before they are actually implemented is critical for designing highly reliable systems. This feature enables designers to verify the fault detection capability of online as well as offline testable digital circuits for both permanent and transient faults, during the design stage of the circuits. This paper presents a technique for transient and permanent fault injection at the VHDL level description of both combinational and sequential digital circuits. Access to all VHDL blocks a system is straight forward using a specially designed single fault injection block. This capability of inserting transient and permanent faults should help in evaluating the testability of a digital system before it is actually implemented.

Enhancement of Transient Stability of the Nigeria 330 kV Transmission Network Using Fault Current Limiter

The dynamic responses of generators when subjected to disturbances in an interconnected power system have become a major challenge to power utility companies due to increasing stress on the power network. Since the occurrence of a disturbance or fault cannot be completely avoided, hence, when it occurs, control measures need to be put in place to limit the fault current, which invariably limit the level of the disturbances. This paper explores the use of Superconductor Fault Current Limiter (SFCL) to improve the transient stability of the Nigeria 330 kV Transmission Network. During a large disturbance, the rotor angle of the generator is enhanced by connecting a Fault Current Limiter (FCL) which reduces the fault current and hence, increases transient stability of the power network. In this study, the most affected generator was taken into consideration in locating the SFCL. The result obtained reveals that the Swing Curve of the generator without FCL increases monotonically which indicates instability, while the Swing Curve of the System with FCL reaches steady state.

A Transient Enhancement Method for Two-Stage Helicopter Gearbox Fault Diagnosis Based on ALE

Periodical impulse component is one of typical fault characteristics in vibration signals from rotating machinery. However, this component is very small in the early stage of the fault and masked by various noises such as gear meshing components modulated by shaft frequency, which make it difficult to extract accurately for fault detection. The adaptive line enhancer (ALE) is an effective technique for separating sinusoidals from broad-band components of an input signal for detecting the presence of sinusoids in white noise. In this paper, ALE is explored to suppress the periodical gear meshing frequencies and enhance the fault feature impulses for more accurate fault diagnosis. The results obtained from simulated and experimental vibration signals of a two stage helical gearbox prove that the ALE method is very effective in reducing the periodical gear meshing noise and making the impulses in vibration very clear in the time-frequency analysis. The results show a clear difference between the baseline and 30% tooth damage of a helical gear which has not been detected successfully in author’s previous studies.

中性点柔性接地配电网故障相恢复电压暂态时域特征分析

配电网接地故障过零熄弧后的电压暂态恢复特性决定了系统过电压水平及电弧重燃特性,目前,中性点柔性接地配电网故障熄弧后暂态恢复电压变化机理尚不明确,为此建立柔性接地配电网接地故障暂态等值电路,理论解析故障过零熄弧后故障恢复电压的时域表达式。在此基础上,对比分析配电网谐振接地与柔性接地方式下,系统参数变化对故障相恢复电压暂态峰值与恢复速度的影响,揭示暂态时间尺度下故障相恢复电压特征随注入零序电流值与电流注入时机的变化规律,阐明通过中性点注入可控零序电流抑制故障暂态过电压的机理。在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真环境与10 kV真型配电网实验场中模拟各种运行和故障工况,仿真与真型实验结果均验证柔性接地配电网故障相恢复电压时域解析特征与变化规律的正确性。

高比例新能源送端系统暂态电压运行风险分析

针对交、直流故障下的高比例新能源送端系统暂态电压演化传播机理及运行风险尚不明晰的问题,首先,基于交直流系统间的无功电压交互作用机理分析,明确了交、直流系统故障下的暂态电压特性及主导影响因素,阐明了高比例新能源送端系统电力电子设备主导的暂态电压演化传播路径。其次,从“交直流故障强耦合作用持续加强,暂态无功功率成分复杂”、“新能源比例不断提升,暂态电压问题凸显”及“故障承载与调节能力下降,连锁脱网风险增大”三方面系统地阐述了暂态电压运行风险。然后,基于DIgSILENT/PowerFactory建立了实际高比例新能源多直流外送系统仿真模型,不同新能源占比、不同故障工况下的仿真结果验证了暂态电压运行风险分析的正确性。最后,从增强耦合运行特性机理认识、提升新能源涉网性能、增加多尺度协同控制策略、加强交流网架结构等方面提出了应对暂态电压运行风险的技术展望。

考虑暂态过电压特性的架空输电线路雷击故障时空预警方法

针对运行环境复杂多变,故障率持续居高不下,雷击故障占比较大,并具有随机性与无法预知性的问题,提出考虑暂态过电压特性的架空输电线路雷击故障时空预警方法。深入解析雷击机理与雷电流,确定雷击(感应雷与直击雷)输电线路暂态过电压计算方式,通过小波多分辨率分解算法处理输电线路暂态信号,评估暂态过电压在信号频段中的能量比,识别累计故障,判断雷击点与故障点是否一致,利用单端检测确定雷击点的位置,完成架空输电线路雷击故障的时空预警。实验数据显示,在不同实验组别背景下,当阈值pΔ取值为9.3时,雷击故障识别精度达到最大值92%,雷击点定位精度高达80%。可以获得精准的雷击故障识别结果与雷击点定位结果,充分证实了提出方法具备较好的雷击故障时空预警效果。

基于变压器故障量的分布式小电流接地选线方法

提出并分析了一种基于变压器工频故障量的分布式选线方法和一种基于变压器暂态故障量的分布式选线方法。分析表明,工频故障量选线方法可用于中性点经消弧线圈接地系统欠补偿状态的一部分场景;暂态故障量选线方法比较的是变压器负荷侧暂态故障参考量与被保护线路暂态故障量,这两个暂态故障量具有近距离串行的电流关系,两者的幅值与波形变化都很小,因此具有受干扰小和可靠性高的优点。

电网故障下含直驱风电机组的电力系统频率动态响应分析

电网受扰后基于模型解析的频率响应分析对电力系统安全评估与紧急控制具有重要意义。电网发生故障时,直驱风电机组(DDWT)并网点电压幅值跌落引发控制器暂态响应,同时电压相位突变引发锁相暂态响应,锁相暂态响应又通过变流器控制传导产生功率控制误差,可能导致现有以负荷突变场景为对象的频率特性分析产生较大偏差。为此,提出了电网故障下DDWT锁相偏差的量化方法;解析了锁相偏差经DDWT变流器控制的传导路径,提出了锁相暂态响应导致DDWT功率控制误差的机理及其计算方法;建立了电网故障下含DDWT的电力系统频率响应模型,提出了锁相暂态响应影响下系统频率变化率和最大频率偏差的计算方法,解析了电网故障下考虑DDWT功率控制误差的电力系统频率动态响应特性,并通过算例分析验证了所提方法的有效性。

一种适用于深远海全直流风电汇集网络的保护方法

随着海上风电向深远海发展,全直流型风电场由于不存在过电压问题等优点逐渐受到重视。针对全直流海上风电场的汇集线路继电保护问题,首先分析了直流汇集网络在不同故障类型及不同故障位置下的故障特征,计算对应故障情况下的故障电流,并与仿真值进行对比验证。根据故障特征提出一种利用汇集侧暂态电流变化率的单端量故障选线方案,利用区内外故障的故障暂态电流变化率极性和幅值差异,可在换流器过流闭锁前快速识别故障类型、故障线路及极性。通过在母线处设置附加选线流程,使线路末端高阻接地故障时也能准确选线。在PSCAD/EMTDC平台中搭建了全直流海上风电场模型,进行多种故障场景下的仿真分析,验证了所提故障选线方法的有效性。

基于线路容流暂态信号能量流向特征的小电流单相接地故障区段定位算法

针对配电网小电流系统单相接地故障定位难的问题,提出一种基于线路容流暂态信号能量流向特征的小电流单相接地故障定位算法。该算法能够在故障发生时准确识别故障线路并定位故障区间,同时对故障前后波形的离散采样数据进行软件滤波,得到线路的容流暂态信号分量,利用其能量流向特征对单相接地故障进行识别和区段定位。实验结果表明,所提算法能够准确区分出故障与非故障线路区段,具有自举性,可方便应用于就地型馈线自动化开关节点,具有较好的实用性。

具备内部故障仿真能力的永磁同步发电机电磁暂态建模与仿真方法

对永磁同步发电机(PMSG)内部定子绕组故障的精确建模与仿真有助于设计有效的状态检测系统和控制保护策略。首先对PMSG内部故障特征进行分析和详细的数学推导,给出了适合电磁暂态(EMT)建模的状态空间形式的动态方程。进而提出了一种PMSG内部故障EMT建模与仿真方法,并推导出其等效电路。利用MATLAB对推导出的方程进行了数值计算迭代求解,并在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建了PMSG测试模型,与数值计算结果进行分析和对比验证。分析结果表明,PMSG内部故障会在短路路径中产生较大的循环故障电流,但是从发电机外部特性很难判断是否发生内部故障。对比验证结果表明,所建立PMSG内部故障EMT模型可准确反映内部故障特征,验证了所提建模方法的正确性。

高阻型单相接地故障信号的暂态分量影响因素研究

高阻型单相接地故障信号的暂态分量,在故障过渡电阻这一主要影响因素之外,还受到以下影响因素的制约,进而影响暂态判据选线的准确度:配电网发生故障时所运用的系统接地方式、故障发生时的相角、故障发生点距母线的距离、故障发生出线的长度等。其中系统接地方式由于为配电网系统本身的设计所导致,不受故障本身随机性的影响,因而其影响对于研究高阻型单相接地故障特征的暂态分量具有基础意义。本文利用了Matlab-Simulink仿真平台,重点针对过渡电阻阻值、中性点接地方式对高阻型单相接地故障暂态分量的影响进行了仿真分析,着重探究了过渡电阻阻值以及几种中性点非有效接地方式,在接近真实情况的三相不平衡条件下对高阻型单相接地故障暂态分量的影响。结果表明高阻型单相接地故障的过渡电阻较小、系统消弧线圈补偿度较小或中性点不接地,将影响高阻型单相接地故障信号的暂态分量并使得其强度较大、信噪比较高。

适用于带并抗的同杆双回线接地故障分相自适应重合闸策略

同杆双回线发生接地故障采用传统跳闸策略时可能会产生负序分量,传统自动重合闸方案在合闸前不判定故障性质,重合失败时将影响系统稳定性。针对该问题,提出了一种适用于带并抗的同杆双回线接地故障改进跳闸与分相自适应重合闸策略。首先,通过建立带并抗的同杆双回线各相之间的耦合模型并对其进行分析,提出了一种能够避免负序分量注入系统的改进跳闸策略。其次,分别对瞬时性故障和永久性故障情况下的故障相并联电抗器电流特征分析,提出了基于故障相并联电抗器微分栅电流的故障性质判据。最后,结合改进跳闸策略和故障性质判据,形成了适用于带并抗的同杆双回线接地故障分相自适应重合闸策略。PSCAD/EMTDC仿真验证了所提改进跳闸与分相自适应重合闸策略能够避免负序分量注入系统,以及在不同接地故障类型、故障位置和过渡电阻情况下都能保证输电线路重合成功率。

500 kV限流器接入对南网系统过电压的影响分析

串联限流电抗器能有效限制500 kV电压等级的短路电流,但其接入系统后会影响系统的过电压水平,需要进一步进行安全校验。以广南站500 kV/90 kA限流器示范工程为背景,利用电磁暂态仿真软件EMTP研究500 kV限流电抗器自身的过电压以及限流电抗器接入后对系统的工频过电压、操作过电压、线路断路器的暂态恢复电压,以保证系统与设备的安全运行。结果表明,无论是否采用限流电抗器,顺德-广南500 kV线路无故障甩负荷和单相故障切负荷时的工频过电压均在允许的范围内;500 kV限流电抗器接入后的顺德-广南500 kV线路合闸操作过电压未超过标准允许范围,变电站及限抗站金属氧化物避雷器MOA能耗及电流与其设计参数相比有很大的裕度。