Sedimentary Processes and Depositional Characteristics of Coarse-grained Subaqueous Fans along Steep Slopes in a Lacustrine Rift Basin:A Case Study from the Dongying Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,China

Coarse-grained subaqueous fans are vital oil and gas exploration targets in the Bohai Bay basin,China.The insufficient understanding of their sedimentary processes,depositional patterns,and controlling factors restricts efficient exploration and development.Coarse-grained subaqueous fans in the Yong′an area,Dongying Depression,are investigated in this study.These fans include nearshore subaqueous fans,and sublacustrine fans,and their sedimentary processes,depositional patterns and distribution characteristics are mainly controlled by tectonic activity and paleogeomorphology.Nearshore subaqueous fans developed near the boundary fault during the early–middle deposition stage due to strong tectonic activity and large topographic subsidence.Early sublacustrine fans developed at the front of the nearshore subaqueous fans in the area where the topography changed from gentle to steep along the source direction.While the topography was gentle,sublacustrine fans did not develop.During the late weak tectonic activity stage,late sublacustrine fans developed with multiple stages superimposed.Frequent fault activity and related earthquakes steepened the basin margin,and the boundary fault slopes were 25.9°–34°.During the early–middle deposition stage,hyperpycnal flows triggered by outburst floods developed.During the late deposition stage,with weak tectonic activity,seasonal floods triggered hyperpycnal flows,and hybrid event beds developed distally.

Reservoir Characteristics of Lacustrine Shale and Marine Shale:Examples from the Songliao Basin,Bohai Bay Basin and Qiannan Depression

Lacustrine shale from the Qingshankou Formatin of Songliao basin and the Shahejie Formation of Bohai Bay basin, and marine shale from the lower Cambrian Jinmenchong Formation of Qiannan depression were analysed by using rock pyrolysis, TOC （total organic carbon）, XRD （X-ray diffraction）, SEM （scanning electron microscope）, FE-SEM （field emission scanning electron microscope）, high pressure mercury intrusion, and low pressure N2 and CO2 gas adsorption experiments, in aim to reveal their reservoir features. The results show that： （1） the width of micro-pores of all the studied samples mainly ranges from 0.45 to 0.7 nm indicated by CO2 isotherms, and the width of meso-pores is less than 10 nm, with type IV adsorption isotherms and type H2 hysteresis loop, indicative of ＂ink-bottle＂-shaped pores. Good correlations exist among pore volume, surface area and averaged pore diameter, and a good positive correlation exists between micro-pore volume and TOC content; however, there is no obvious correlation between meso-pore volume and TOC content; （2） interparticle pores, pores among the edge of mineral grains and organic matter pores were all identified in marine and lacustrine shale, among which the interparticle pores may be influence by dissolution effect. Not all bitumen develops organic matter pore, and only high to over mature bitumen present pores. Now the description methods of micrometer scale pores developed in shale are very lack. Micro- fractures developed in Jiyang depression and dissolution interparticle pores developed in Songliao Basin should be the accumulation sites for shale oil in lacustrine shale, and can be as sweet spots.

Key factors controlling shale oil enrichment in saline lacustrine rift basin:implications from two shale oil wells in Dongpu Depression,Bohai Bay Basin

Comparative analyses of petroleum generation potential,reservoir volume,frackability,and oil mobility were conducted on 102 shale cores from the Dongpu Depression.Results show the shale has high organic matter contents composed of oil-prone type I and type II kerogens within the oil window.Various types of pores and fractures exist in the shale,with a porosity of up to 14.9%.The shale has high brittle mineral contents,extensive fractures,and high potential for oil mobility due to high seepage capacity and overpressure.Although the petroleum generation potential of the shale at Well PS18-8 is relatively greater than that at Well PS18-1,oil content of the latter is greater due to the greater TOC.The porosity and fracture density observed in Well PS18-1 are greater and more conducive to shale oil enrichment.Although the shales in Wells PS18-1 and PS18-8 have similar brittle mineral contents,the former is more favorable for anthropogenic fracturing due to a higher preexisting fracture density.Besides,the shale at Well PS18-1 has a higher seepage capacity and overpressure and therefore a higher oil mobility.The fracture density and overpressure play key roles in shale oil enrichment.

Formation conditions and enrichment model of retained petroleum in lacustrine shale: A case study of the Paleogene in Huanghua depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China

Compared with marine facies shale strata,lacustrine shale strata are more complicated in geological conditions,and thus more difficult to explore and develop.To realize economic exploration and development of lacustrine shale oil,the geological regularities of accumulation and high yield of retained movable petroleum in shale should be understood first.In this work,taking the shale strata of Kong 2 Member and Sha 3 Member in the Paleogene of Huanghua depression in the Bohai Bay Basin as examples,based on the previous joint analysis results of over ten thousand core samples and the latest oil testing,production test and geochemical data of more than 30 horizontal wells,accumulation conditions and models of retained movable petroleum in lacustrine shale were studied comprehensively.The study shows that at moderate organic matter abundance(with TOC from 2%to 4%),shale strata have the best match between oil content and brittleness,and thus are rich in oil and good in fracability.Moderate ancient lake basin size and moderate sediment supply intensity are the internal factors leading to best coupling of organic matter abundance and brittle mineral content in the shale formation.Moderate thermal evolution maturity of Ro of 0.7%–1.0%(at burial depth of 3200 to 4300 m)is the interval where oil generation from thermal evolution and oil adsorption by kerogen in shale layers match best,and retained movable petroleum is high in proportion.Moderate diagenetic evolution stage(3200 to 4300 m in the middle diagenetic stage A)is conducive to the formation of a large number of dissolved pores and organic matter pores,which provide storage space for shale oil enrichment.Moderate development degree of natural fractures(without damaging the shale oil roof and floor sealing conditions)is conducive to the storage,seepage and preservation of shale oil.The research results have overthrown the general understanding that high organic matter abundance,high maturity,and high development degree of natural fractures are conducive to shale oil enrichment,and have guided the comprehensive evaluation of shale oil and gas sweet spots and well deployment in the second member of the Kongdian Formation in the Cangdong sag and the Shahejie Formation in the Qikou sag.Industrial development of the shale oil in Kong 2 Member of the Cangdong sag has made major breakthrough,and important signs of shale oil have been found in Sha 3 Member of the Qikou sag,demonstrating huge exploration potential of lacustrine shale oil.

Dibenzofuran Series in Terrestrial Source Rocks and Crude Oils and Applications to Oil-Source Rock Correlations in the Kuche Depression of Tarim Basin, NW China

Ten series of aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (biphenyl, naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, retene, chrysene, benzoanthracene, dibenzofuran, fluorene, dibenzothiophene) isolated from seven Triassic and Jurassic lacustrine mudstone samples and three swamp coal samples, as well as five crude oil samples collected in the Kuche depression of the Tarim Basin, NW China, have been analysed by GC-MS techniques. It is found that the relative abundances of dibenzofuran series are higher in the three swamp coal samples than those in the lacustrine mudstone samples. Based on the similar relative abundances of dibenzofuran series, especially dibenzofuran compound, in the TICs of aromatic hydrocarbons, crude oils from wells SA3 (K), YTK5 (E, K) and QL1 (E) are thought to have been derived predominantly from the coals of the Lower Jurassic Yangxia Formation or Middle Jurassic Kezilenuer Formation, whereas those from wells YM7 (O) and YH1 (E) were derived mainly from Triassic and Jurassic lacustrine mudstones in the Kuche depression. This is the first report about how to distinguish coal-generated oils from lacustrine mudstone-generated oils in the Kuche depression in terms of the dibenzofuran series. The present paper has enlightening and directive significance for further oil-source rock correlations and oil and/or gas exploration in the Kuche depression of the Tarim Basin.

陆相拗陷湖盆细粒沉积有机质富集机制研究:以松辽盆地长岭凹陷青山口组为例

松辽盆地作为白垩纪形成的大型陆相拗陷含油气盆地,沉积了巨厚的湖相细粒沉积,近年来在非常规油气方面展现了巨大的勘探潜力,其中青山口组是松辽盆地页岩油的重点攻关层系,细粒沉积有机质富集机制对于非常规油气勘探至关重要。在松辽盆地南部长岭凹陷分别选取位于不同沉积区的3口井,针对其青一段水进体系域的细粒沉积岩,借助岩心观察、有机地球化学和生物标志化合物等技术手段,讨论在不同沉积环境和水进过程中,有机质来源和有机质保存条件的变化,分析有机质富集的关键控制因素,并建立相关的有机质富集模式。结果表明:研究区青一段细粒沉积岩有机质丰度较高,有机质类型以Ⅱ型干酪根为主,整体呈现有机质丰度南低北高、下低上高的特征;饱和烃中正构烷烃主要表现为单峰、前峰型,具有微弱奇数碳优势;萜类化合物中以三环萜烷和五环三萜烷为主;甾类化合物中C_(27-29)规则甾烷以C_(27)规则甾烷丰度最高;芳香烃中三芴系列化合物以二苯并噻吩为主。研究区青一段细粒沉积岩有机质来源以湖泊内源菌藻类为主,含有一定的陆源高等植物输入,古水体整体为弱还原的半咸水环境。其中,有机质来源和古盐度是控制有机质富集的关键因素。在平面上,半深湖—深湖沉积区相较三角洲外前缘沉积区,受河流影响较弱,陆源输入较弱,水体盐度较高,有机质类型较好,有机质更加富集。在垂向上,随着水体加深,河流影响减弱,水体盐度呈升高的趋势,有机质类型变好,有机质富集。

陆相湖盆水下喷发火山岩储层特征及发育模式——以松辽盆地长岭断陷查干花次凹为例

在松辽盆地长岭断陷陆相湖盆水下喷发的火石岭组火山碎屑岩中发现了工业油气,有广阔的勘探前景。研究针对火石岭组水下喷发火山碎屑岩储层的储集空间特征、物性特征及孔隙结构差异开展,分析不同类型储层物性差异原因及其形成和演化过程。主要有以下4个方面:①凝灰岩中火山玻璃含量较高,储集空间以脱玻化孔和溶蚀孔为主,并且粒度越粗物性越好,孔隙规模、孔径大小、孔隙丰度等方面逐渐变大;沉凝灰岩黏土矿物含量高,以黏土矿物晶间孔为主,物性差;凝灰质砂岩中长石、岩屑和浊沸石等易溶组分含量高,以溶蚀孔为主。②研究区火山碎屑岩储层原生孔隙不发育,储层较为致密,平均孔隙度为2.43%,渗透率平均值为0.076×10^(-3)μm^(2),粗粒凝灰岩孔隙度最高,其次是凝灰质砂岩和细粒凝灰岩,沉凝灰岩物性最差。③脱玻化作用是凝灰岩储层中高孔隙度和超低渗透率的重要原因,中成岩阶段的2次油气充注导致岩石发生有机酸溶蚀,此外,裂缝可以为有机酸和深部热液提供运移通道,导致后期溶蚀,并连接各种分散的溶蚀孔隙,提高储集空间的有效性。④近源相带气携水下火山碎屑流亚相粗粒凝灰岩储层是油气勘探的有利目标。

咸化湖盆细粒重力流沉积特征及其页岩油勘探意义——以准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷风城组为例

细粒重力流沉积作用是咸水深湖环境重要的沉积作用过程之一,它能把浅水细粒碎屑和有机质搬运到深湖,形成页岩油的甜点储层和优质源岩。开展咸化湖盆细粒重力流沉积特征的研究对陆相盆地页岩油评价具有重要的意义。准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷风城组(P1f)沉积时期发育了一套咸水湖泊环境下的湖底扇沉积体系,研究表明该体系扇缘可发育8类细粒重力流岩相组合:①细粒浓缩密度流-细粒过渡流-细粒碎屑流岩相组合;②细粒异重流岩相组合;③细粒浓缩密度流-细粒碎屑流岩相组合;④细粒浓缩密度流-泥流-安静水体空落岩相组合;⑤细粒过渡流-细粒碎屑流岩相组合;⑥细粒碎屑流-泥流岩相组合;⑦细粒碎屑流-湍流尾流岩相组合;⑧细粒下部过渡塞流-细粒上部过渡塞流-准层状泥(塞)流岩相组合。这8种岩相组合是细粒重力流沉积作用相互转化的结果,它们属于不完整的混合事件层,可构成一个完整的混合事件层。咸化湖盆、深层热卤水和凝灰质的加入使该湖底扇沉积体系的沉积物普遍含白云石、碳酸钠钙石、苏打石和硅硼钠石等矿物。其中,白云石为化学沉淀的方解石在准同生期和浅埋期形成的准同生白云石,碳酸钠钙石、苏打石和硅硼钠石等矿物可能来自深层热卤水。湖底扇近端粗粒重力流沉积物是致密油发育带,扇缘细粒重力流沉积物是页岩油发育有利相带。湖盆细粒重力流沉积和富有机质层的发育受与气候变化相关的湖平面变化的影响。湖平面上升有利于发育富有机质泥岩,湖平面下降更趋向于发育细粒重力流沉积。细粒重力流沉积物能形成页岩油的甜点层。

Syndepositional Fault Control on Sandbody Distribution at Two Eocene Confluence Deltas in the Dongying Depression,Bohai Bay Basin(Eastern China)

The prediction of sandstone distribution is the main target for hydrocarbon exploration and petroleum reservoir engineering,especially in a rift basin with a complex geological setting.During the Middle Eocene,the Dongying and Yong’an deltas converged in the Dongying depression of the Bohai Bay Basin,eastern China.So far,studies on the control of the existing syndepositional faults on the deltaic sandbodies of the two confluence deltas have been largely neglected.In this contribution,the sedimentary characteristics and spatial distribution of the two deltas,converging in the Dongying depression,were determined.In addition,the morphodynamic controlling factors of the deposits of the two deltas were identified based on core examination,log analysis,and seismic data analysis.During delta progradation,the sandbodies of the initially separated deltas were affected by the development of syndepositional tensional faults,which eventually also influenced the distribution of the sandstone reservoirs.The results of this study can not only be applied to petroleum reservoir engineering but also provide important new information for the studies on delta sandbody all over the world.

坳陷型湖盆层序地层特征与隐蔽油气藏勘探——以松辽盆地为例

坳陷型湖盆沉积的陆源碎屑沉积物由湖盆四周的河流和冲积扇供给 ,三角洲沉积集中于一个或多个沉积中心。湖盆由水退与水进沉积层段交替充填。最大洪泛期沉积的湖相泥岩为坳陷型盆地重要的生油岩和区域性封盖层。 2个最大洪泛期沉积的湖相泥岩所夹持的砂岩体是寻找隐蔽油气藏的最主要目标。在 2个最大洪泛期之间 ,存在着湖平面升降变化的多次一级旋回。这种频繁的湖平面升降与沉积物供应速率的变化 ,导致岸线的迁移与三角洲朵叶体的摆动 ,使得大型三角洲前缘相带成为岩性油气藏发育的有利地区。坳陷型湖盆中发育的隐蔽油气藏 ,大都具有面积大、渗透率和储量丰度低的特点 ,但有构造背景配合 ,就可以形成富集高产区块。松辽盆地下白垩统青山口组、姚家组、嫩江组含油层段为这种油气藏的一个典型实例。

冀中坳陷老第三纪湖盆演化与油气

根据冀中坳陷大量钻井岩性剖面、地震测线和实验室分析等资料 ,以沉积学、层序地层学和石油地质学等多学科理论为指导 ,深入研究冀中坳陷老第三系区域地质特征、层序地层特征、沉积环境变迁、沉积相带展布和油气分布状况。将冀中坳陷老第三纪划分为断陷分割充填期、断陷扩张深陷期、断陷萎缩期、断坳扩展期和断坳抬升消亡期五大演化阶段。最终把区内 12个凹陷划分为继承型、早盛型、过渡型、偏移型和沉降型 5种类型湖盆 ,并对它们进行了含油气评价。指出廊固和坝县凹陷具有良好的油气勘探前景 ,是今后油气勘探的主攻方向 ;饶阳凹陷东部、晋县和束鹿凹陷 ,要立足小断块 ,不断发现小油藏 ,保证冀中油气长期稳产。

陆相断陷湖盆的成岩圈闭──以泌阳凹陷下第三系核桃园组三段为例

泌阳凹陷下第三系核桃园组三段现多处于晚成岩阶段“Ａ”亚期─“Ｂ”亚期，与成岩圈闭形成关系较密切的成岩作用为胶结作用和溶解作用。常见的胶结物以碳酸盐的分布最广、含量最高，溶解作用以晚期深埋溶解作用为主，表现为由有机质演化产生的酸液对碳酸盐胶结物、长石等的溶解。成岩圈闭形成的关键在于遮挡层的存在，核桃园组三段砂体相带多变，不同部位的胶结、溶解作用有所差异，在晚成岩“Ａ”亚期，碳酸盐胶结物的胶结作用和溶解作用同时进行，常在扇体中部分支河道砂体主休部位发生溶解，而在侧缘、端部及上翘方向发生沉淀胶结，形成胶结遮挡带。根据成岩圈闭的特点，可将其划分为３大类，即与岩性尖灭有关的成岩圈闭、与断层有关的成岩圈闭、透镜型成岩圈闭，并可进一步细分为９个亚类。影响成岩圈闭形成的因素有沉积相、溶蚀作用、成岩作用、流体性质、断层作用及排替压力等，其中以沉积相、成岩作用及流体性质为主要影响因素。

大型坳陷湖盆沉积坡折带特征及其对砂体与油气的控制作用——以鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组为例

在海相盆地和断陷湖盆中都发育坡折带,并对层序和沉积起重要控制作用,这一观点已得到广泛关注并被普遍接受。利用地震反射剖面及沉积微相组合特征,对鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组的研究表明,在大型坳陷湖盆中也发育坡折带,按照在湖盆中的所处位置,可明显划分出深水沉积坡折与浅水沉积坡折两类,前者位于三角洲坡型前缘深水区,后者位于三角洲台型前缘或三角洲平原附近。研究表明,深水沉积坡折主要控制砂质碎屑流与浊流等深水重力流砂体沉积,浅水沉积坡折主要控制正常牵引流三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体沉积。进一步研究认为,除对砂体成因类型具有控制作用外,深水与浅水沉积坡折对延长组中部砂体厚度变化、平面展布形态以及砂体物性变化也具有明显控制作用。在此基础上,文章还讨论了坡折带对油气分布的控制作用,认为延长组油气分布受坡折带与层序格架双重控制,坡上/坡下、高位域/低位域/水进域均能成藏,但规模较大的油气田大多数都位于层序界面附近,要么受坡折带控制,要么受低位域砂体控制,或者二者共同控制。

渤海湾盆地东营断陷湖盆充填模式研究

湖盆充填样式是评价烃源岩沉积学特征的重要手段。文中通过分析东营凹陷下第三系沙河街组烃源岩的沉积序列、地层发育特征和盆地充填演化过程,结合烃源岩的地球化学特征,将沙河街组烃源岩自下而上划分为3个发展演化阶段,并建立了蒸发岩相组合模式(沙四上亚段)、波动深湖相组合模式(沙三下亚段)和三角洲-湖泊相组合模式(沙三中亚段和沙三上亚段),它们分别对应了欠充填、平衡充填和过充填的湖泊类型,反映了湖泊从开始形成、扩张壮大到萎缩消亡的过程。

松辽坳陷深水湖盆层序界面特征及低位域沉积模式

白垩系青山口组到嫩江组沉积时期 ,松辽盆地为深水坳陷湖盆 ,沿长轴方向为缓坡 ,而在短轴方向为陡坡。缓坡条件下 ,三级层序界面表现为沉积相带的迁移 ,地震剖面上的超削反射终止特征不明显 ,陡坡条件下 ,三级层序界面不仅表现为沉积相带的迁移 ,而且在地震剖面上的超削反射终止特征十分明显。在层序内部均可识别出低位域、水进域和高位域。在层序的低位域 ,沿盆地长轴方向 ,三角洲水下分流河道十分发育 ,在河口的前方形成分布较广、相对较薄的河口坝、远砂坝沉积及湖底扇 ;沿短轴方向 ,三角洲水下分流河道不发育 ,而发育河口坝和远砂坝 ,向湖区方向 ,过渡为前三角洲和深湖沉积 ,在前三角洲和深湖沉积区发育大量重力流成因的湖底扇。

渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷沙河街组一段下亚段湖相白云岩及其与海相白云岩的差异

渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷古近系沙河街组一段下亚段湖相白云岩主要为颗粒白云岩和泥晶白云岩两大类,常与泥质岩成薄互层或与其他碳酸盐岩互层产出。该湖相白云岩有序度较低,类似于海相准同生白云岩;Mg/Ca值偏离正常的化学计量值,具有富钙特征,说明其为快速交代的产物;碳氧同位素、Z值分析结果则反映了湖水的咸化程度较高。根据低海平面期蒸发浓缩盐水在湖底形成密度层并向灰质沉积层中回流渗透导致白云石化发生的机理,建立了歧口凹陷沙一下亚段湖相白云岩的成因模式。湖相白云岩的分布特征及其与海相白云岩的差异分析表明,湖相白云岩具有分布面积小、白云石化作用不彻底等特征,油气储集性能较为局限。

沉积学研究对济阳断陷湖盆油气勘探开发的推动作用

胜利油田勘探开发的 4 0年 ,也是沉积学应用研究的 4 0年。从沉积相和沉积体系 ,到地震地层学和层序地层格架、断裂构造对湖盆沉积的控制作用以及储层非均质模式的建立等 ,处处体现了沉积学对油气勘探开发的推动作用。近年来 ,胜利油田在断陷湖盆沉积动力学、层序地层学与岩性油气藏勘探开发、沉积单元与流动单元等基础理论、研究手段和应用成效等方面进行了深入的探讨 ,促进了断陷湖盆储层沉积学的发展。

坳陷湖盆湖岸线的确定方法--以志丹地区延长组为例

通过岩心、测井曲线等资料的研究,对志丹地区延长组沉积相进行了专项研究。结果认为三角洲平原和前缘在岩性、沉积构造、测井曲线、生物化石、沉积组合特征等方面均具有不同的特征,三角洲平原与前缘的界限就是湖岸线的位置。结果显示志丹地区长1油层组、长2、长3、长4+5油层组北部主要发育三角洲平原亚相,长2、长3、长4+5南部为三角洲前缘亚相,长6、长8、长9、长10为三角洲前缘亚相,长7北部为三角洲前缘亚相。

陆相断陷湖盆高频层序特征及其沉积演化——以渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷沙三下亚段为例

岩相及其组合有规律地分布于层序地层格架内。通过岩心观察和样品测试数据综合分析,基于T(湖进)-R(湖退)层序划分方法,系统分析了渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷古近系沙三下亚段陆相断陷湖盆关键层序界面特征、变化形式、构成样式及分布模式,总结出沙三下亚段的沉积层序演化模式。研究结果表明:①沙三下亚段关键层序界面类型主要有区域性的最大湖泛面和层序界面;②层序变化形式主要有向上变浅的R半旋回、向上变深的T半旋回和稳定旋回3种,层序单元构成可归为3种类型,分别为快升慢降型、慢升快降型和均一型;③沙三下亚段为一完整的三级层序,可划分为4个四级层序,对应早期湖进体系域(早期LTST)、晚期湖进体系域(晚期LTST)、早期湖退体系域(早期LRST)和晚期湖退体系域(晚期LRST),四级层序和划分的五级层序单元具有全区的可对比性和完整性;④济阳坳陷沙三下亚段湖平面在总体快升慢降的背景下,主要经历4个变化阶段--早期LTST的快速上升阶段、晚期LTST的缓慢上升阶段、早期LRST的缓慢下降阶段及晚期LRST的下降阶段。层序演化过程中,构造沉降、沉积物供给和气候条件等因素在不同阶段所起的作用不同,从而造成层序格架内岩相及其组合分布的差异。

断陷湖盆陆相层序中体系域四分性探讨──泌阳断陷下第三系核桃园组为例

断陷湖盆中一个完整陆相层序的体系域具四分性，即低水位体系域（ＬＳＴ）、水进体系域（ＴＳＴ）、高水位体系域（ＨＳＴ）及水退体系域（ＲＳＴ），该四分体系域具显著的几何构型特征，它们分别由低位加积小层序组、退积小层序组、高位加积小层序组及进积小层序组构成。陆相层序四分体系域是一个沉积基准面旋回所引起的可容空间旋回性变化的沉积响应。对于断陷湖盆的一个完整陆相层序，其体系域划分原则为：湖相厚层泥岩代表高水位体系域，它是水退体系域和水进体系域的分界；初始湖泛面之上为水进体系域，其下为低水位体系域。断陷湖盆中一个完整的陆相层序自下而上依次由下列层序单元构成；层序界面（ＳＢ）→无湖岸上超的低水位体系域→湖岸显著上超的水进体系域→由沉积速率缓慢的垂向加积型湖相泥质岩构成的高水位体系域→湖岸显著退却的水退体系域→层序界面（ＳＢ）。