A Data Mining Approach to Detecting Bias and Favoritism in Public Procurement

In a public procurement process,corruption can occur at each stage,favoring a participant with a previous agreement,which can result in over-pricing and purchases of substandard products,as well as gender discrimination.This paper’s aim is to detect biased purchases using a Spanish Language corpus,ana-lyzing text from the questions and answers registry platform by applicants in a public procurement process in Ecuador.Additionally,gender bias is detected,pro-moting both men and women to participate under the same conditions.In order to detect gender bias and favoritism towards certain providers by contracting enti-ties,the study proposes a unique hybrid model that combines Artificial Intelli-gence algorithms and Natural Language Processing(NLP).In the experimental work,303,076 public procurement processes have been analyzed over 10 years(since 2010)with 1,009,739 questions and answers to suppliers and public insti-tutions in each process.Gender bias and favoritism were analyzed using a Word2-vec model with word embedding,as well as sentiment analysis of the questions and answers using the VADER algorithm.In 32%of cases(96,984 answers),there was favoritism or gender bias as evidenced by responses from contracting entities.The proposed model provides accuracy rates of 88% for detecting favor-itism,and 90%for detecting gender bias.Consequently one-third of the procure-ment processes carried out by the state have indications of corruption and bias.In Latin America,government corruption is one of the most significant challenges,making the resulting classifier useful for detecting bias and favoritism in public procurement processes.

A cup of coffee for a brain long life

Coffee is one of the world's favorite and most popular beverages,the third most popular beverage after water and tea.For many people,it is an indispensable habit before going to work and a socialization tool for the rest of the day.In general,the average consum ption varies from 2 to6 cups per day.What are the health implications?Given this consum ption,the benefits are actually greater than the risks.This is the conclusion of a careful study published in the New England Journal of Medicine(van Dam et al.,2020).

音乐治愈大脑

1 Whats unusual is that,while many people with aphasia(失语症)cant speak,some can still sing—thanks to how musical memories are stored in the brain.2 While your brain mostly processes language on the left side,it uses both sides to process music and store musical memories.So if people have damage on the left side of their brains and struggle to put original thoughts into words,they might still be able to use the right side of their brains to sing a favorite song.

My Favorite Chinese Traditional Festival

My favorite Chinese traditional festival is the Mid-Autumn Festival.It falls on the 15th day of lunar August.On that day,my mother and father get up early to prepare a big dinner.My aunt and uncle usually come back home early.After dinner,we go outside and admire the full moon.

加勒特爆米花欢庆里程碑

主题语境:文化传承篇幅:356词建议用时:7分钟加勒特爆米花从一个小店铺发展成一个享誉全球的品牌。文章介绍了它的创始人格拉迪斯·奥托·加勒特及其家族秘方和加勒特爆米花的传统制作方式。1 In 1949,Gladys Otto Garrett started selling caramel popcorn in a small shop in Chicago.Today,the company has spread to countries around the world.Every year,people in the United States consume an estimated 17 billion quarts of popcorn.This favorite snack with a variety of flavors,is celebrated each year on National Popcorn Day,January 19.2 To get more information,I contacted Lindsay Alberti.She is the director of marketing for Garrett Popcorn Shops in Chicago,Illinois.“In 2024,we will be celebrating our 75th year of business since our founder,Gladys Otto Garrett,brought her secret family recipes to Chicago and opened her first shop at 10 West Madison Street,”Alberti told me via email.

MEET YOUR TEACHER David

Q:What is your favoritekind of exercise?A:I like to workout at the gym.Training with weights is fun,and you feel happy when you see your body get stronger.I also like to go swimming.Q:Do you visit your family?Whatdo you like to do withthem?A:I visit my family every month.They live two hours away from me,so it's not very far away.As my parents get older,it is important to spend more time with them.And it's always fun to watch movies with my brother.

My Favorite Festival

My favorite festival is the Spring Festival.The Spring Festival falls on the first day of the lunar New Year.There are all kinds of activities during the Spring Festival.To begin with,we clean our houses,paint doors and windows red,put up red couplets,decorate the doors and windows with paper cuts,buy clothes and have a haircut on New Year’s Eve.

共享家庭传统

1 Your family may have special traditions, particularly as the holidays approach.Whether it's making cookies, walking around the neighborhood to enjoy colorful lights, or watching a favorite holiday movie, these traditions can help you feel closer to the people you love. You can enjoy established traditions or create new ones together.

音乐中为什么有这么多重复片段?

1 How many times does the chorus(副歌)repeat in your favorite song?Repetition is a feature that music from cultures around the world tends to share.So,why does music rely so heavily on repetition?2 One part of the answer comes from what psychologists call the mere exposure effect.In short,people tend to prefer things theyve been exposed to before.For example,a song comes on the radio that we dont particularly like,but then we hear the song at the grocery store,at the movie theater and again on the street corner.

我需要牛仔裤

Look around you,and you will see many people wearing jeans.They are popular and a favorite fashion choice for men and women of all ages.There are many styles and colors of jeans.But blue is still the most common color.Some jeans are tight.Some have straight legs,others have wide legs.Jeans with rips in them are in fashion now.

Administrative Hierarchy,Government Favoritism and Size Growth of Cities

Based on the significant difference of China’s cities at different(administrative)hierarchical levels in population growth over the past three decades,this study explains the influence of urban development policies(industrial policies and land policies)on the gap in urban population growth from the perspective of government favoritism.Taking 423 cities during 1990-2015 as samples,this paper selects two indicators,setting up national development zones and turning counties into districts,to represent government favoritism and applies the PSM-DID method.The empirical result shows government favoritism in setting up national development zones and turning counties into districts is conducive to urban population growth and helps generate synergy effects of industrial and land policies.Market potential of cities is an important condition for the effect of government favoritism.The result fi nds that government favors higher-level cities and coastal ones,but overlooks inland medium-and low-level cities,resulting in the shallow U-shaped characteristics of“higher on both ends and lower in the middle”in population growth of cities at different levels.In order to prevent inland medium-and low-level cities from“collapsing”relatively,the government should break its favoritism for high-level cities,transform industrial and land policies from“preference system”to“generalized system of preference”,and put greater favor of inland medium-and low-level cities with certain market potential.

Returning to Nature

IN the dense forest of the Daxiangling Mountains in Sichuan Province grows the favorite food of giant pandas—various bamboo species including arrow bamboo.The slopes are usually covered with snow from the end of November to the end of March the following year.As in the wild,giant pandas generally live at relatively high altitudes and prefer cool environments with rich food resources,rugged terrain,and abundant water,making the mountain range an ideal habitat for them.

My Good Friend and I

Hello,everyone! My English name is Gina Smith.Gina is my first name and Smith is my last name.I’m a middle school student.I like red and purple very much.My favorite subjects are English and math.And I like drawing and playing table tennis.I have a good friend.His name is Zhang Qiang.He is from Shiyan City.He is a middle school student,too.He likes history and biology.

好喝的热饮

It's cold outside.Ahot drinkcan make you warm.Hot chocolate is many people's favorite drink.You can make it at home.Mix chocolate powder and sugar with milk.Then heat it.For a special treat,put whipped cream on top.Winter is also a timeforhot appiecider.You canalsomake it at home.Just heat apple juice together with some spices and enjoy!

My Hobby

Hello,everyone!My name is Chen Yujia,and my English name is Jenny.I’m a student in Class 1 Grade 6 at Dongdu Experimental School.Today,I’d like to share one of my favorite hobbies with you,which is creating bullet journals.Bullet journaling is an exciting and creative way for me to organize my thoughts,plans,and daily life.

My Favorite Singer

My favorite singer is Zhou Shen.He was born in1992.He has big eyes and his eyes look like stars.He is not tall.But I don't think height can determine one's abilities.He is very handsome.He sings very well.His songs become more and more popular.Anyone who listens to his songs will feel quite sad.And his songs also accompanied me throughout my elementary school days.Whenever I feel sad,I listen to them.

Self-introduction

Hello,everyone.My name is Lucy Brown,Lucy is my family1name,and Brown is my last name.My favorite color is blue,so my phone is blue.My telephone number is 136XXXXX712,but2my QQ number is 29XXXXX448.You can call me at the weekend.I have a good friend.His name is Mike White.His phone number is137XXXXX013.We are in China now,and we are in same3middle school.

English, One of My Favourite Subjects

All the students have their own favourite subject(s).Me,too.One of my favorite subjects is English.Thanks to the bilingual teaching of our school,it makes it possible that all the students in our school start learning English when we are in Grade One.

《昆虫记》读后感

Souvenirs Entomologiques is my favorite book.There are many vivid descriptions and interesting stories of insects in this book,and they are so great that I have read them for many times.Although I have finished reading it for a long time,I am still keeping many interesting things in my mind,such as the special features of some insects.Some insects have beautiful colors,some insects have their wonderful“weapons”,while others have strong bodies.

特别的礼物

Whatdoes Carson want todo today?Carson Cabb is getting ready for Christmas.He is wrapping presents.He has one for each of hisfriends.Christmas is Carson'sfavorite holiday.It is a very special day.While he is wrapping presents,he is listening to Christmas music.