The Impact of Stream Landscape on Genetic Structure and Dispersal Patterns in Stream Salamander(Pachyhynobius shangchengensis)

Compared with other terrestrial environments,the stream environment generally presents a linear spatial structure and relatively simple environment.In a stream landscape,the dispersal direction of stream-type organisms usually presents a linear structure along the stream,which results in the limited dispersal and the genetic differentiation of stream-type organisms across different stream sections.The Shangcheng Stout Salamander(Pachyhynobius shangchengensis)is a narrowly distributed stream salamander in Dabie Mountains of East China.In the present study,we tested for the impact of stream landscape(i.e.waterfalls and underground river)on genetic structure and dispersal pattern in P.shangchengensis based on 12 nuclear microsatellite loci from 195 individuals in 3 populations(A,B and C)from three closely connected sections within one stream.Genetic diversity results suggested that Population B contains relatively high genetic diversity for P.shangchengensis when compared to the other populations(A and C).Detectable genetic differentiation was found(FST=0.008,P=0.007)among three populations,which was also supported by the Structure,FCA analysis and relatedness estimates of each pair of individuals among populations.The assignment test suggested that P.shangchengensis has philopatric males and female-biased dispersal(mean female Alc=.0.031,SE=0.225;mean male Alc=0.026,SE=0.198).Female-biased dispersal was also supported by analyses for each sex(i.e.Spatial autocorrelation,Genetic distance,Relatedness analysis).Our study indicated that small and isolated populations(A and C)had relatively low genetic diversity due to the limited population size.For stream salamanders,landscape features(i.e.waterfalls and underground river)can influence the ability of an individual to disperse through the landscape,and consequently influence the formation of strong genetic differentiation of P.shangchengensis.

Landscape Characteristics and Spatial Patterns of Tujia Traditional Villages in Southwest Hubei

The traditional villages in the Tujia area of southwest Hubei are comprehensive carriers of historical culture,architectural skills and landscape patterns.The traditional villages have formed a unique village landscape,which is an important part of China's national culture and landscape resources.Based on the classification of landscape characteristics of 86 traditional Tujia villages in southwest Hubei,the study explored the landscape spatial pattern characteristics of traditional villages by GIS spatial analysis method.

The Landscape Style and Features of Historical and Cultural Blocks in Handan,Hebei Province,China

The landscape style and features of historical and cultural blocks in Handan show the landscape characteristics of Handan in the specific cultural and historical period.To explore the landscape style and features of historical and cultural blocks in Handan is of great practical significance to maintain the characteristics of historical and cultural blocks,improve city quality,continue city culture and retain cultural characteristics.According to the advantaged natural geography,human geography factors and the current situation of landscape style and features in Handan City,this study discussed the landscape style and features of historical and cultural blocks through practical investigation and scientific research,found out the main problems and put forward corresponding protection and promotion strategies,in order to create a landscape pattern of historical and cultural blocks with cultural connotation,harmony and order,and distinctive characteristics.

The Landscape Style and Features of Historical and Cultural Blocks in Zhengding,Hebei Province,China

Historical and cultural blocks in Zhengding are important parts of China’s famous historical and cultural city.Combined with the natural geography,human geography factors and the current situation of landscape style and features of the historical and cultural blocks and through practical investigation and scientific research,the protection and development law of the historical and cultural blocks in Zhengding was discussed,the main problems existing were found out,and suggestions for the protection and improvement of the historical and cultural blocks in Zhengding was put forward based on the results of questionnaire survey and psychological evaluation,in order to create a harmonious and orderly,profound culture and distinctive historical and cultural landscape style and features.

Integrating ergonomics data and emotional scale to analyze people’s emotional attachment to different landscape features in the Wudaokou Urban Park

Against the background of urban renewal,the landscape transformation of urban public space into urban parks has become an effective way of improving environmental quality and creating an emotional attachment for people.Meanwhile,existing studies have seldom adopted experimental methods to scientifically reveal the effect of different landscape features on emotional experience.Using a portable eye movement tracker,wearable wireless physiological sensor,and emotional attachment scale,this study collects participants’ergonomics data,and their degree and dimension of emotional attachment while experiencing different landscape features in Wudaokou Park in Beijing,China.The data were analyzed with the help of ErgoLab platform and IBM SPSS software.The results indicate that the artificial and natural landscape features and their specific characteristics have different effects on eye movement index,heart rate variability,skin conductance level,and attachment degree and dimension.The design of Wudaokou Park was proven to significantly promote emotional attachment.Natural features play an important role,among which the use of wild plants and gazebosdshowing the texture and structural logic of bamboo materialsdstand out.The research not only expands the practical scope of ergonomics instruments and improves the rationality of the emotional attachment scale,but also provides emotion-oriented design methods for urban researchers and designers to improve the emotional experience in urban parks in the future.

Leading Features of the International Security Landscape in 2008

The international security situation in the past year on the whole retained the basic posture of peace and stability, but unstable and uncertain elements cast a growing shadow