Investigation of fecal coliform and typical enteric virus in representative beaches of China

Through investigating ten recreational marine beaches in China, we aimed to detect the occurrence of human enteric viruses in coastal bathing beaches and find a correlationship, if any, between the presence of enteric viruses in surface seawater and the concentrations of fecal coliforms, the conventional indicator of fecal pollution. In this study, twenty seawater samples were assayed for fecal coliforms and human pathogenic enteric viruses （hepatitis A viruses, rotaviruses, polioviruses） analysis. Enteric viruses were detected by RT-PCR, in 20 sample sites, 5%, 40%, 40% were positive for the presence of human hepatitis A viruses, rotaviruses, polioviruses, respectively. Seven of 20 sites are suffering from severe fecal contamination, based on traditional plate counts of fecal coliform outnumbering the established thresholds for recreation. Additionally, statistical analysis presented that no correlation was found between bacterial indicators and viruses in surface seawaters. The data confirmed that indicator bacteria in water are not reflective of the presence of enteric viruses in marine waters. Thus, current recreational water quality standards of both bacterial and viral indices should be reevaluated.

Horizontal Distribution and Annual Variations of Fecal Coliform Bacteria in Luoyuan Bay

Fecal Coliform Bacteria （FCB） of marine waters was monitored in Luoyuan Bay from January, 2003 to December, 2005. The results showed that number of FCB in marine water samples ranged from no detection （ 〈2 cfu/100 mL） to 540 cfu/100 mL in Luoyuan Bay. Values of FCB during August to October were significantly higher than those during January to April during three year period. Monthly changes of FCB values at each year period were mainly due to monthly precipitation. In addition, compared with FCB values in difference sample sites, values of FCB in Bay-heed were significantly higher than those in middle of bay and Bay-mouth, Luoyuan Bay. However, values of FCB in Bay-mouth were significantly less than those in middle of bay. The ratios to the par of FCB in 2003, 2004, and 2005 years were 100%, 98.0%, and 97.9%, respectively. Therefore, we considered that the pollution of FCB of surface marine water in Luoyuan Bay was not serious.

The Effect of Physical Factors on Fecal Coliform Viability Rate in Sewage Sludge

Experiments were conducted on the survival rate of fecal coliform after spreading the sewage sludge for desiccation on sludge beds in an open field throughout the year. The ambient temperature, humidity, sunlight intensity and solar radiation were measured during the period of sludge desiccation. The maximum average temperature, sunlight intensity and solar radiation were recorded throughout the year. During May and August the minimum microbial counts were recorded after four weeks of sludge desiccation. Relative humidity did not have significant effect on survival rate. The minimum microbial counts were taken after four weeks of sludge drying. When the sludge was mixed with three different media, the maximum count of fecal coliform was presented when soil mixed with sludge and irrigated with treated sewage effluent (TSE). When soil mixed with sludge irrigated with well water, the number of fecal coliform count dropped significantly. The minimum count occurred when compost was used instead of sludge. This was a clear indication that the source of contamination was from sludge and was mostly contributed by the TSE irrigation. The use of dried sludge after four weeks of treatment had the lowest fecal coliform count and was safe to be used as fertilizer for farming. Oman is located in a semi-equatorial belt with arid environmental conditions which are ideal for elimination of microbial pathogens. Thus, sludge desiccation in such environmental conditions, specifically during the hot months of the year, is perfect for such practice.

Behavior of Antibiotic-Resistant Fecal Coliforms in the Stream of a Sewage Treatment Plant in Tokyo

We are confronting a new threat in the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria followed by epidemic spread in aquatic environments in metropolitan areas because damage from river floods is increasing remarkably in Japan due to global extreme weather. The sewer penetration rate is about 100% in Tokyo and reclaimed water from sewage treatment plants accounts for over 50% of all water in both the down- and mid-stream areas of local rivers. The water quality of these rivers, which contain microflora, seems to be seriously affected by reclaimed water. In this study, we collected water samples on July 17, 2018 and examined the behavior of antibiotic-resistant fecal coliforms in the stream of a sewage treatment plant in Tokyo. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing fecal coliforms with encoding genes were found;the CTX-M-1, CTX-M-9, TEM, and SHV groups were found to have survived in the final effluent to the river after sterilization with sodium hypochlorite.

CRP/ALB、FC和FIB联合检测对克罗恩病肠黏膜愈合和复发预测的价值

目的探讨C反应蛋白/白蛋白比值(CRP/Alb)、粪钙卫蛋白(FC)和纤维蛋白原(FIB)联合检测的克罗恩病肠黏膜愈合和复发预测价值。方法对2021年1月~2022年12月收治且达临床愈合(克罗恩病疾病活动指数<150分)的克罗恩病患者106例进行回顾性分析。患者均进行肠镜SES-CD评分评价并分为肠黏膜愈合组(n=47)和非肠黏膜愈合组(n=59)。比较两组患者复发率,并通过诊断性试验四格表分析克罗恩病肠黏膜愈合状况对其复发的预测价值。根据患者复发状况分为复发组(n=31)和非复发组(n=75)。收集比较不同组别患者治疗前后的CRP/ALB、FC、FIB水平,并通过绘制ROC曲线分析CRP/ALB、FC、FIB水平单独和联合预测克罗恩病肠黏膜愈合和复发的效能。结果非肠黏膜愈合组的复发率和治疗前后的CRP/ALB、FC、FIB水平均高于肠黏膜愈合组(P<0.05)。诊断性试验四格表分析结果显示,克罗恩病临床愈合后未肠黏膜愈合预测其复发的敏感度、特异度及准确性分别为80.65%、54.67%和62.26%。复发组治疗前后的CRP/ALB、FC、FIB水平均高于非复发患者(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,治疗前CRP/ALB、FC和FIB联合检测的克罗恩病肠黏膜愈合和复发预测效能均更佳,其曲线下面积分别为0.741和0.839。结论CRP/ALB、FC和FIB均能在一定程度上预测克罗恩病肠黏膜愈合和复发状况,且联合检测的预测效能最佳。

Prevelance of total coliforms, faecal coliforms and <i>E. coli</i>in Rawalpindi vegetable markets

Nutritional value of vegetables and high prices of meat and meat originated food compel common people to consume plant originated food particularly salad vegetables. Microbial population of vegetable surfaces contains a large number of pathogenic bacteria including members of Enterobactereace like Escherichia coli (E. coli). A survey was conducted in three major markets of Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Tomato, lettuce, cabbage and cucumber samples were collected from three shops of each market. Each vegetable was analysed as unwashed and washed for total coliforms, faecal coliforms and E. coli by FAO (Food Quality Manual). About two hundred and fifty E. coli isolates were preserved, serotyped for presence of O157 serotype. Total coliforms, faecal coliforms and E. coli count exceeded the permissible limits in most samples. The highest Total coliforms were associated with cabbage (3.78 log10 cfu/g). Cucumber was the least contaminated by Total coliforms (2.15 log10 cfu/g). E. coli was detected in tomato, lettuce, cucumber and cabbage. Washed samples showed reduced bacterial population. Seventy six isolates of E. coli were biochemically characterized and serotyped for O157 antigen. A majority of strains could not be identified by serotyping. These findings conclude with high potentially pathogenic microbial load on salad vegetables and urge for preventive action on priority basis.

Coliforms and Helminth Eggs Removals by Coagulation-Flocculation Treatment Based on Natural Polymers

Wastewater from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (Mexico) was treated by a coagulation-flocculation using natural gums. The residual water was characterized in terms of organic load, and biological contaminants, i.e. total Coliforms (TC), fecal Coliforms (FC) and helminth eggs (HE). The sample has values of 2.8 × 107 MPN/100 ml, 8.48 × 106 MPN/100 ml and 470 HE/L is regarded to TC, FC and HH, respectively. The HE identified in the wastewaters were Diphyllobothrium latum, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis nana and Toxocara canis. From several gums, Hydroxypropyl triammonium chloride guar gum (HPTAC-guar) was selected as the most adequate coagulant-flocculant for the class of municipal wastewater (MWW). A diminution of 82% for TC, 94% for FC and 99% for HE was obtained. Besides, the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity removals were 46% and 39% respectively. The natural gum mixed with Ca(OH)2, obtained removals of 52% for TC, 100% for HE, 47% for COD and 30% for turbidity.

Diagnostic Value of Fecal Calprotectin and Serum MMP-9 in Diagnosing Disease Activity of Ulcerative Colitis

Background and Study Aim: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by remission of disease activity. Searching for laboratory markers which are simple, sensitive, specific and noninvasive is fundamental to assess the extent of inflammation, activity of the disease, evolution and prognosis which can be used to assess response to treatment and the possibility of relapse. Our aim of the work was to investigate the diagnostic role of fecal calprotectin and serum MMP-9 in determining the activity of ulcerative colitis. Patients and Methods: 71 patients were included in the study and fecal calprotectin, serum MMP-9, ESR and CRP were measured in these patients to determine the disease activity of ulcerative colitis. Results: Fecal calprotectin concentration in the patients with active UC was significantly higher than that in inactive disease and in controls (387.21 ± 44.07 μg/g vs 103.62 ± 119.67 μg/g, 12.44 ± 3.65 μg/g, p = 0.000). Serum MMP-9 was found to be higher in patients with active UC than in patients with inactive disease (11.02 ± 5.29 vs 4.01 ± 1.72 ng/ml, p = 0.000). A significant difference was also found in the patients with active UC of mild, moderate and severe degrees. Also, strong positive correlation was found between fecal calprotectin and serum MMP-9 and the severity of the disease. The area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristics (AUCROC) was 0.949 and 0.941 for fecal calprotectin and serum MMP-9 respectively. Conclusion: Fecal calprotectin and serum MMP-9 can be used to differentiate between active and inactive forms of UC.

Characterization of Springtime Coliform Populations at the End Creek Wetland Restoration (Union Co., Oregon, USA): A Three-Year Study

In 2005, a 550-acre tract of agricultural land containing two small streams near La Grande, Oregon was registered in the U.S. Federal Wetlands Reserve Program. This designation was part of a plan to reclaim and restore the wetland to its natural state. Initial efforts at the End Creek Restoration Project restored both End Creek and South Fork Willow Creek to a natural course through rechanneling, and several plantings had restored some of the native flora. Since its establishment, the End Creek streams and floodplain have become a reserve for summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a threatened anadromous salmonid, and many migratory birds. The threatened Columbia Spotted Frog has also established itself in some of the ponds. As part of an effort to establish a baseline for water quality, we monitored total springtime coliform and fecal coliform bacteria in three of the End Creek ponds for three years. The results of this study indicate that, throughout any given spring, the numbers of both coliform and fecal coliform bacteria can fluctuate markedly among ponds on any given day, and that in any particular pond the numbers fluctuate from week to week. In addition, our analysis suggests that in early spring, the numbers of these organisms also fluctuate from year to year. The causes of these fluctuations are not well understood, but are expected to reflect both springtime flooding and the migrations of source animals such as waterfowl and cervids. Information gathered from this study will help inform future management activities on the wetland.

Assessing the East Bay of Galveston Bay, Texas for Coliform Bacteria in Recreational Water

The Galveston Bay beach is a widely used recreational area that remains a concern in terms of water quality. There are many factors that contribute to its pollution such as fecal matter entering the bay due to overflow of the sewage system and run offs. Thus, evaluating the water quality for fecal matter and other pollutants is continuously monitored by citizen scientists and research groups throughout the Galveston Bay. The investigation utilizes the colorimetric response of coliform at three test sites along the East Bay of Galveston. Each response is positive for coliform that may indicate the presence of fecal matter. Other scientists have denoted the presence of fecal matter in the Galveston Bay at two sites using enterococci indicator which may be more associated with human fecal matter. The analyses show that the recreational water is likely not a threat since its levels were low. However, the need for analyses based on EPA protocols and standards is necessary to better access water pollution due to fecal matter in the Galveston Bay area.

酶底物光谱法与酶底物法检测水中大肠菌群的比较分析

采用新型酶底物光谱法和酶底物法对不同类型水样中总大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌及粪大肠菌群指标进行同步检测。两种方法各有优势,采用SPSS软件对检测结果处理后进行配对t检验,结果显示:两组总大肠菌群的数据P=0.057,相关系数r=0.904;两组大肠埃希氏菌的数据P=0.593,相关系数r=0.972;两组粪大肠菌群的数据P=0.136,相关系数r=0.986,表明两种检测方法具有相关性,且没有统计学意义上的显著性差异。采用酶底物光谱法检测有证质控样品,总大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌、粪大肠菌群的检测结果均在质控样真值范围内,证明该方法检测准确度符合要求。酶底物光谱法与酶底物法相比,反应原理类似,操作更加简便,具有仪器自动化和智能化快速检测、判读、存储、联网传输数据等优点,可满足实验室常规检测需求,在应急突发事件现场检测方面有较强的运用前景和优势。

松花江干流粪大肠菌群时空变化研究

粪大肠菌群普遍存在于人类和温血动物的粪便中,在水环境和水处理过程中与病原体具有相似的稳定性,水质监测中一般选择粪大肠菌群来表征水体微生物安全状况。对2012年-2019年松花江干流开展粪大肠菌群分布特征的研究,结果表明,粪大肠菌群的数量在2.0×10^(2)~2.4×10^(5)MPN/L之间,月达标率69.1%,2012年-2018年达标率呈现上升趋势,2019年略有下降。各断面年际变化规律不一致,总体上2018年和2019年粪大肠菌群数量明显下降。不同水期数量变化规律不同,沿程数量变化呈现“M”型,表现出粪大肠菌群指标受城市生活污水影响明显。存在一定的季节因素影响,自然衰减不明显,人为因素是污染主要原因。2018年后微生物安全基本得到保证,水体的卫生学状况明显改善。

酶底物法测定污泥中粪大肠菌群的方法研究及比对

为了提高污泥微生物学指标粪大肠菌群的检测效率,验证采用酶底物法检测该指标的可行性及适应性,开展方法研究及比对试验。采用酶底物法和多管发酵法对污泥中粪大肠菌群进行同步测定,检测结果采用SPSS软件进行数据处理及配对t检验,全国6家实验室201组比对结果显示:两组数据P=0.141(>0.05),相关系数r=0.964,表明两种检测方法相关性较好,没有统计学意义上的显著性差异,具有一致性。3家实验室的6个实验组分别对低、中、高三个浓度的实际样品以及有证标准物质配制的样品进行了6次重复测定:实验室内相对标准偏差范围分别为4.5%~13.7%、1.6%~6.7%、1.4%~3.6%和1.1%~4.5%;实验室间相对标准偏差分别为8.7%、5.2%、5.3%、3.1%;重复性限依次为0.44、0.39、0.43和0.27;再现性限依次为0.44、0.49、0.81和0.31;实验室内的相对误差范围为0.91%~2.8%;相对误差最终值为1.9%±1.5%。通过试验验证,酶底物法测定污泥中粪大肠菌群的方法精密度、准确度符合要求,确认方法检出限为10MPN/g。多管发酵法、滤膜法分别是现行检测污泥中粪大肠菌群的国标方法和行标方法,酶底物法与前两者相比,具有操作简单、准确度高、不需要确证试验、检测效率高等特点。酶底物法可作为测定污泥中粪大肠菌群指标的补充方法。

多管法测定地表水中粪大肠菌群的测量不确定度评定方法研究

依据《水质粪大肠菌群的测定多管发酵法》(HJ 347.2—2018),研究了地表水中粪大肠菌群的测量不确定度,主要对培养基称量和溶液的量取、水样取样稀释以及两种浓度水样重复性检测引起的不确定度进行量化分析。通过本研究得出A类评定的不确定度为粪大肠菌群测量的不确定度的主要来源。不确定度的分析能有效掌握检测结果的可信程度和准确性,建立的不确定度评定方法,适用于类似粪大肠菌群检测的不确定度评定。

Changes of composition and antibiotic resistance of fecal coliform bacteria in municipal wastewater treatment plant

The dynamics of the composition and antibiotic resistance of the fecal coliform bacteria(FCB)in a typical wastewater treatment plant(WWTP)were investigated concerning the seasonal changes.Results showed that WWTP could remove the FCB concentration by 3∼5 logs within the effluent of 10^(4)∼10^(5)CFU/L,but the antibiotic resistant rate of FCB species increased significantly after WWTP.The dominant FCB changed from Escherichia coli in the influent(∼73.0%)to Klebsiella pneumoniae in the effluent(∼53.3%)after WWTP,where the Escherichia coli was removed the most,while Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most persistent.The secondary tank removed the most of FCB(by 3∼4 logs)compared to other processes,but increased all the concerned antibiotic resistant rate.The potential super bugs of FCB community showing resistance to all the target antibiotics were selected in the biological treatment unit of WWTP.The FCB showed the highest multiple antibiotic resistance(92.9%)in total which even increased to 100%in the effluent.Klebsiella has the highest antibiotic resistant rate in FCB,with a multiple antibiotic resistance rate of 98.4%.These indicated that the Klebsiella pneumoniae not just Escherichia coli should be specially emphasized after WWTP concerning the health risk associated with FCB community.

Microbiological Quality Assessment of Mutton in the Saaba District in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Introduction: This study was carried out to assess the quality of sheep meat sold to consumers in Saaba municipality. Methods: A preliminary survey consisted of assessing hygiene and sampling meat in butchers’ stores. To achieve this, 100 sales outlets were surveyed for their hygiene conditions. 25 mutton meat samples were sampled in the three villages in Saaba district and analyzed using conventional microbiological techniques. The analysis consisted of determining the microbiological characteristics. Results: According to the results of this study, 100% of the butchers surveyed were men of the region. Among these men, 13% had secondary education, 46% had primary education and 41% were illiterate. Of the 100 retail outlets visited, 96% of the sellers were unaware of the hygiene rules and the dangers of microorganisms. The microbiological analysis of the samples revealed that 100% of the meat was of unsatisfactory microbiological quality. The average contamination rate by total aerobic mesophilic flora, total coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and yeasts and molds was 8.93 × 106, 3.12 × 105, 3.69 × 106, and 6.74 × 103 CFU/g respectively. No Salmonella strain was detected in any of the samples analyzed. Conclusion: Our results pointed out the unsatisfactory safety quality of the sheep meat sold in the sheep meat and good hygiene practices.

我国城镇污水处理厂紫外消毒工艺运行情况调研及优化建议

城市污水处理是环境保护工程的重要组成部分,其中紫外消毒工艺因高效、环保等优点被广泛应用于污水处理厂。然而,紫外消毒工艺在实际运行中仍面临诸多挑战,如消毒剂量的合理性、设备选型与维护保养等,这些问题的存在不仅影响了污水处理厂的运行效率,也制约了紫外消毒技术的进一步推广。因此,对污水厂紫外消毒工艺进行系统调研,对于提升污水处理厂的运行管理水平和优化紫外消毒工艺设计具有重要意义。为充分了解污水处理厂实际运行中紫外消毒工艺存在的问题及影响因素,研究选取了全国范围内79座采用紫外消毒工艺的污水处理厂作为调研对象。这些污水处理厂分布广泛,涵盖了不同的地理环境和处理规模,范围覆盖西南、华中、华东、华南4大区域,包括四川、重庆、贵州、湖北、湖南、河南、山东、广东8个省市,处理规模由几百立方米每天到20万m^(3)/d,确保了研究的代表性和广泛性。调研内容包括紫外消毒工艺的运行参数、设备配置、维护保养情况以及出水水质等,旨在全面了解紫外消毒工艺的实际运行状况和存在的问题。调研结果显示,紫外消毒工艺基本能够满足城镇污水处理厂出水中粪大肠菌群数量控制要求,但仍存在紫外消毒剂量不合理、设备选型不合适、维护保养不到位等情况。此外,水量波动、出水悬浮固体(SS)和色度等水质因素也被证实对紫外消毒效果有显著影响。基于调研结果,研究提出了一系列针对性的建议:污水处理厂应根据实际水质和水量波动情况,合理调整紫外消毒剂量,以确保消毒效果;定期维护保养以延长设备使用寿命并保持消毒效果。这些建议不仅有助于提高现有污水处理厂的运行效率,也为新建污水处理厂的紫外消毒工艺设计提供了参考。

多管发酵法测定水中粪大肠菌群方法验证及注意的问题

水质粪大肠菌群是水体受人畜粪便污染的最直接指标。本文对多管发酵法测定水中粪大肠菌群中样品采集、样品保存、质量保证和质量控制措施、废物处理等内容进行探讨,并对HJ 347.2—2018方法进行验证,方法的空白对照、阴阳菌株对照、准确度和精密度结果均符合方法要求。

不同废水中活性氯与粪大肠菌群的相关性研究

活性氯具有特定的氧化性,能使微生物细胞内酶活性降低,导致细胞失活,从而使微生物死亡;在疫情期间,大量使用含氯消毒剂杀毒,对生态环境有着一定的影响,本文选取疫情期间废水中粪大肠菌群和总余氯含量为代表,直接测定了不同水样中所含粪大肠菌群以及使用哈希DR300便携式快速测定仪测定个水样中总余氯的含量,得到了废水中总余氯含量与粪大肠菌群具有一定的线性相关性。

水中粪大肠菌群四种监测方法的对比分析

粪大肠菌群作为一项能够反映水质卫生安全程度的因子,已成为水体污染评价的重要指标。目前,国内环境监测领域主流的测定方法有多管发酵法、纸片快速法、酶底物法和滤膜法4种。从原理、阳性判别方式、适用范围、检出限、方法特点和干扰因素等方面对上述4种方法进行对比论述,表明了4种方法所具有的特性,总结了实际工作中应当因地制宜选择合适的测定方法,有助于提升监测质量、提高工作效率。