The production of butyric acid by Clostridium butyricum ZJUCB at various pH values was investigated. In order to study the effect of pH on cell growth, butyric acid biosynthesis and reducing sugar consumption, differe...The production of butyric acid by Clostridium butyricum ZJUCB at various pH values was investigated. In order to study the effect of pH on cell growth, butyric acid biosynthesis and reducing sugar consumption, different cultivation pH values ranging from 6.0 to 7.5 were evaluated in 5-L bioreactor. In controlled pH batch fermentation, the optimum pH for cell growth and butyric acid production was 6.5 with a cell yield of 3.65 g/L and butyric acid yield of 12.25 g/L. Based on these results, this study then compared batch and fed-batch fermentation of butyric acid production at pH 6.5. Maximum value (16.74 g/L) of butyric acid concentration was obtained in fed-batch fermentation compared to 12.25 g/L in batch fermentation. It was concluded that culti- vation under fed-batch fermentation mode could enhance butyric acid production significantly (P<0.01) by C. butyricum ZJUCB.展开更多
Objective:To explore various unexplored locations where Penicillium spp.would be available and study the production of penicillin from the isolated Penicillium spp.in different media with altered carbohydrate source.M...Objective:To explore various unexplored locations where Penicillium spp.would be available and study the production of penicillin from the isolated Penicillium spp.in different media with altered carbohydrate source.Methods:The collected soil samples were screened for the isolation of Penicillium chrysogenum(P.chrysogenum) by soil dilution plate.The isolated Penicillium species were further grown in different production media with changes in the carbohydrate source.The extracted penicillin from various isolates was analyzed by HPLC for the efficacy of the product.Further the products were screened with various bacterial species including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA).And the work was extended to find the possible action on MRSA,along with characterization using other pathogens.Results:From the various soil and citrus samples used for analysis,only the soil sample from Government General Hospital of Bangalore,India,and Sanjay Gandhi Hospital,Bangalore,India,showed some potential growth of the desired fungi P.chrysogenum.Different production media showed varied range of growth of PenicilUum.Optimum production of penicillin was obtained in maltose which proved maximum zone of inhibition during assay.Characterization of penicillin on pathogens,like wild Escherichia coli strain,Klebsiella spp.,and MRSA,gave quite interesting results such as no activity on the later strain as it is resistant.HPLC data provided the analytical and confirmation details of the penicillin produced.Accordingly,the penicillin produced from the soil sample of Government General Hospital had the high milli absorbance unit of 441.5 mAu compared with that of the penicillin produced from Sanjay Gandhi Hospital sample,8S.S2 mAu.Therefore,there was a considerable change in quantity of the penicillin produced from both the samples.Conclusions: The Penicillium spp.could be possibly rich in hospital contaminants and its environments.This research focuses on various unexplored sources of medical ailments,and also shows that the growth of penicillin is high in maltose rich media that could possibly enhance the growth.展开更多
The research and development of penicillin started with dificulty before 1949 and achieved certain results.In 1951,after the founding of the People’ s Republic of China,Zhang Weishen,as the only Chinese scientist who...The research and development of penicillin started with dificulty before 1949 and achieved certain results.In 1951,after the founding of the People’ s Republic of China,Zhang Weishen,as the only Chinese scientist who had been trained and worked in a penicillin research and development center in the United States for many years,overcame many difficulties and returned to China.In 1953,with the efforts of Zhang Weishen and his colleagues,China realized the industrialized production of penicillin,alleviating the urgent needs of the masses.Antibiotics has also become the first discipline to achieve major scientific and technological achievements after the founding of the New China.In the mid-1950s,the technical breakthrough in the localization of lactose substitutes marked the localization of the raw materials of the penicillin-producing culture medium,which paved the way for the industrialized production of penicillin with Chinese characteristics.Antibiotics have become one of the most widely used and affordable drugs for hundreds of millions of patients in China,and China has since ended the humiliating history of the "Sick Man of East Asia".展开更多
[Objective] The research aimed to discuss the accumulation of toxic slag of penicillin bacteria residue degradation products and explore its ability to meet the aquaculture industry as a protein feed into development ...[Objective] The research aimed to discuss the accumulation of toxic slag of penicillin bacteria residue degradation products and explore its ability to meet the aquaculture industry as a protein feed into development and utilization conditions.[Method] Through the sub-acute toxicity tests in mice strains,which were fed by different doses of penicillin bacteria residue degradation products （3% and 6%） under continuous observation of 15 weeks,recording a weekly mouse weight and death,and sampling executed after the test,animal liver and kidney function were blood test,taking heart,liver,spleen,kidney weighing,as well as liver and kidney pathology observed in the optical microscope.[Result] There were no significant differences （P 0.05） between the test group mice body weight,mortality and liver and kidney function and the control group within 15 weeks.Low-dose test group could be seen the liver cells,renal tubular epithelial nuclei broken,and a small number of liver and kidney cells with mild edema.High-dose test group could be seen in liver tissue of mice nuclei fragmentation and a fat droplets,the majority of liver cells,edema,and only a small number of liver cells,there were no significant changes.Renal portal area showed inflammatory cell infiltration,renal tubular epithelial cells,edema and necrosis.[Conclusion] In this experimental condition,the degradation products of penicillin bacteria residue played a mild toxcity on organ parenchymal cells in mice.展开更多
An on-line scheduling algorithm to maximize gross profit of penicillin fed-batch fermentation is proposed. According to the on-line classification method, fed-batch fermentation batches are classified into three categ...An on-line scheduling algorithm to maximize gross profit of penicillin fed-batch fermentation is proposed. According to the on-line classification method, fed-batch fermentation batches are classified into three categories. Using the scheduling strategy, the optimal termination sequence of batches is obtained. Pseudo on-line simulations for testing the proposed algorithm with the data from industrial scale penicillin fermentation are carried out.展开更多
Penicillin is historically important as the first discovered drug against bacterial infections in human. Although the penicillin biosyn- thetic pathway and regulatory mechanism have been well studied in Penicillium ch...Penicillin is historically important as the first discovered drug against bacterial infections in human. Although the penicillin biosyn- thetic pathway and regulatory mechanism have been well studied in Penicillium chrysogenum, the compartmentation and molecular transport of penicillin or its precursors are still poorly understood. In search of the genomic database, more than 830 open reading frames （ORFs） were found to encode transmembrane proteins of P. chrysogenum. In order to investigate their roles on penicillin production, one of them （penT） was selected and cloned. The deduced protein ofpenTbelongs to the major facilitator superfamily （MFS） and contains 12 transmembrane spanning domains （TMS）. During fermentation, the transcription of penT was greatly induced by penicillin precursors phenylacetic acid （PAA） and phenoxyacetic acid （POA）. Knock-down of penT resulted in significant decrease of penicillin production, while over-expression of penT under the promoter of trpC enhanced the penicillin production. Introduction of an additional penT in the wild-type strain of P. chrysogenurn doubled the penicillin production and enhanced the sensitivity of P. chrysogenum to the penicillin precursors PAA or POA. These results indicate that penT stimulates penicillin production probably through enhancing the translocation of penicillin precursors across fungal cellular membrane. Penicillin is historically important as the first discovered drug against bacterial infections in human. Although the penicillin biosyn- thetic pathway and regulatory mechanism have been well studied in Penicillium chrysogenum, the compartmentation and molecular transport of penicillin or its precursors are still poorly understood. In search of the genomic database, more than 830 open reading frames （ORFs） were found to encode transmembrane proteins of P. chrysogenum. In order to investigate their roles on penicillin production, one of them （penT） was selected and cloned. The deduced protein ofpenTbelongs to the major facilitator superfamily （MFS） and contains 12 transmembrane spanning domains （TMS）. During fermentation, the transcription of penT was greatly induced by penicillin precursors phenylacetic acid （PAA） and phenoxyacetic acid （POA）. Knock-down of penT resulted in significant decrease of penicillin production, while over-expression of penT under the promoter of trpC enhanced the penicillin production. Introduction of an additional penT in the wild-type strain of P. chrysogenurn doubled the penicillin production and enhanced the sensitivity of P. chrysogenum to the penicillin precursors PAA or POA. These results indicate that penT stimulates penicillin production probably through enhancing the translocation of penicillin precursors across fungal cellular membrane.展开更多
文摘The production of butyric acid by Clostridium butyricum ZJUCB at various pH values was investigated. In order to study the effect of pH on cell growth, butyric acid biosynthesis and reducing sugar consumption, different cultivation pH values ranging from 6.0 to 7.5 were evaluated in 5-L bioreactor. In controlled pH batch fermentation, the optimum pH for cell growth and butyric acid production was 6.5 with a cell yield of 3.65 g/L and butyric acid yield of 12.25 g/L. Based on these results, this study then compared batch and fed-batch fermentation of butyric acid production at pH 6.5. Maximum value (16.74 g/L) of butyric acid concentration was obtained in fed-batch fermentation compared to 12.25 g/L in batch fermentation. It was concluded that culti- vation under fed-batch fermentation mode could enhance butyric acid production significantly (P<0.01) by C. butyricum ZJUCB.
文摘Objective:To explore various unexplored locations where Penicillium spp.would be available and study the production of penicillin from the isolated Penicillium spp.in different media with altered carbohydrate source.Methods:The collected soil samples were screened for the isolation of Penicillium chrysogenum(P.chrysogenum) by soil dilution plate.The isolated Penicillium species were further grown in different production media with changes in the carbohydrate source.The extracted penicillin from various isolates was analyzed by HPLC for the efficacy of the product.Further the products were screened with various bacterial species including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA).And the work was extended to find the possible action on MRSA,along with characterization using other pathogens.Results:From the various soil and citrus samples used for analysis,only the soil sample from Government General Hospital of Bangalore,India,and Sanjay Gandhi Hospital,Bangalore,India,showed some potential growth of the desired fungi P.chrysogenum.Different production media showed varied range of growth of PenicilUum.Optimum production of penicillin was obtained in maltose which proved maximum zone of inhibition during assay.Characterization of penicillin on pathogens,like wild Escherichia coli strain,Klebsiella spp.,and MRSA,gave quite interesting results such as no activity on the later strain as it is resistant.HPLC data provided the analytical and confirmation details of the penicillin produced.Accordingly,the penicillin produced from the soil sample of Government General Hospital had the high milli absorbance unit of 441.5 mAu compared with that of the penicillin produced from Sanjay Gandhi Hospital sample,8S.S2 mAu.Therefore,there was a considerable change in quantity of the penicillin produced from both the samples.Conclusions: The Penicillium spp.could be possibly rich in hospital contaminants and its environments.This research focuses on various unexplored sources of medical ailments,and also shows that the growth of penicillin is high in maltose rich media that could possibly enhance the growth.
文摘The research and development of penicillin started with dificulty before 1949 and achieved certain results.In 1951,after the founding of the People’ s Republic of China,Zhang Weishen,as the only Chinese scientist who had been trained and worked in a penicillin research and development center in the United States for many years,overcame many difficulties and returned to China.In 1953,with the efforts of Zhang Weishen and his colleagues,China realized the industrialized production of penicillin,alleviating the urgent needs of the masses.Antibiotics has also become the first discipline to achieve major scientific and technological achievements after the founding of the New China.In the mid-1950s,the technical breakthrough in the localization of lactose substitutes marked the localization of the raw materials of the penicillin-producing culture medium,which paved the way for the industrialized production of penicillin with Chinese characteristics.Antibiotics have become one of the most widely used and affordable drugs for hundreds of millions of patients in China,and China has since ended the humiliating history of the "Sick Man of East Asia".
文摘[Objective] The research aimed to discuss the accumulation of toxic slag of penicillin bacteria residue degradation products and explore its ability to meet the aquaculture industry as a protein feed into development and utilization conditions.[Method] Through the sub-acute toxicity tests in mice strains,which were fed by different doses of penicillin bacteria residue degradation products （3% and 6%） under continuous observation of 15 weeks,recording a weekly mouse weight and death,and sampling executed after the test,animal liver and kidney function were blood test,taking heart,liver,spleen,kidney weighing,as well as liver and kidney pathology observed in the optical microscope.[Result] There were no significant differences （P 0.05） between the test group mice body weight,mortality and liver and kidney function and the control group within 15 weeks.Low-dose test group could be seen the liver cells,renal tubular epithelial nuclei broken,and a small number of liver and kidney cells with mild edema.High-dose test group could be seen in liver tissue of mice nuclei fragmentation and a fat droplets,the majority of liver cells,edema,and only a small number of liver cells,there were no significant changes.Renal portal area showed inflammatory cell infiltration,renal tubular epithelial cells,edema and necrosis.[Conclusion] In this experimental condition,the degradation products of penicillin bacteria residue played a mild toxcity on organ parenchymal cells in mice.
基金supported by the Open Project Program,State key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering/ECUSTthe Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60174024).
文摘An on-line scheduling algorithm to maximize gross profit of penicillin fed-batch fermentation is proposed. According to the on-line classification method, fed-batch fermentation batches are classified into three categories. Using the scheduling strategy, the optimal termination sequence of batches is obtained. Pseudo on-line simulations for testing the proposed algorithm with the data from industrial scale penicillin fermentation are carried out.
基金supported by the grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Nos.2009CB118905 and 2010ZX09401-403)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Nos.KSCX2-EW-G-6 and KSCX2-EW-J-6)
文摘Penicillin is historically important as the first discovered drug against bacterial infections in human. Although the penicillin biosyn- thetic pathway and regulatory mechanism have been well studied in Penicillium chrysogenum, the compartmentation and molecular transport of penicillin or its precursors are still poorly understood. In search of the genomic database, more than 830 open reading frames （ORFs） were found to encode transmembrane proteins of P. chrysogenum. In order to investigate their roles on penicillin production, one of them （penT） was selected and cloned. The deduced protein ofpenTbelongs to the major facilitator superfamily （MFS） and contains 12 transmembrane spanning domains （TMS）. During fermentation, the transcription of penT was greatly induced by penicillin precursors phenylacetic acid （PAA） and phenoxyacetic acid （POA）. Knock-down of penT resulted in significant decrease of penicillin production, while over-expression of penT under the promoter of trpC enhanced the penicillin production. Introduction of an additional penT in the wild-type strain of P. chrysogenurn doubled the penicillin production and enhanced the sensitivity of P. chrysogenum to the penicillin precursors PAA or POA. These results indicate that penT stimulates penicillin production probably through enhancing the translocation of penicillin precursors across fungal cellular membrane. Penicillin is historically important as the first discovered drug against bacterial infections in human. Although the penicillin biosyn- thetic pathway and regulatory mechanism have been well studied in Penicillium chrysogenum, the compartmentation and molecular transport of penicillin or its precursors are still poorly understood. In search of the genomic database, more than 830 open reading frames （ORFs） were found to encode transmembrane proteins of P. chrysogenum. In order to investigate their roles on penicillin production, one of them （penT） was selected and cloned. The deduced protein ofpenTbelongs to the major facilitator superfamily （MFS） and contains 12 transmembrane spanning domains （TMS）. During fermentation, the transcription of penT was greatly induced by penicillin precursors phenylacetic acid （PAA） and phenoxyacetic acid （POA）. Knock-down of penT resulted in significant decrease of penicillin production, while over-expression of penT under the promoter of trpC enhanced the penicillin production. Introduction of an additional penT in the wild-type strain of P. chrysogenurn doubled the penicillin production and enhanced the sensitivity of P. chrysogenum to the penicillin precursors PAA or POA. These results indicate that penT stimulates penicillin production probably through enhancing the translocation of penicillin precursors across fungal cellular membrane.
