Fermented liquid feed for pigs： an ancient technique for the future

Fermented liquid feed is feed that has been mixed with water at a ratio ranging from 1：1.5 to 1：4. By mixing with water lactic acid bacteria and yeasts naturally occurring in the feed proliferate and produce lactic acid, acetic acid and ethano which reduces the pH of the mixture. This reduction in pH inhibits pathogenic organisms from developing in the feed. In addition, when this low pH mixture is fed, it reduces the pH in the stomach of pigs and prevents the proliferation of pathogens such as coliforms and Salmonella in the gastrointestinal tract. For piglets, the use of fermented liquid feed offers the possibility of simultaneously providing feed and water, which may facilitate an easier transition from sow＇s milk to solid feed. Secondly, offering properly produced fermented liquid feed may strengthen the role of the stomach as the first line of defense against possible pathogenic infections by lowering the pH in the gastrointestinal tract thereby helping to exclude enteropathogens. Finally, feeding fermented liquid feed to pigs has been shown to improve the performance of suckling pigs, weaner pigs and growing-finishing pigs. In this review, current knowledge about the use of fermented liquid feed in pig diets will be discussed. This will include a discussion of the desirable properties of fermented liquid feed and factors affecting fermentation. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of fermented liquid feed will be discussed including its effects on gastrointestinal health, intestinal pH and the types of bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract as well as the effects of fermented liquid feeds on pig performance.

Effects of liquid feeding of corn condensed distiller's solubles and whole stillage on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and sensory traits of pigs

Background： The immense growth in global bioethanol production has greatly increased the supply of by-products such as whole stillage and condensed distiller＇s solubles, which could be potentially used for animal feeding. The objective of this study was to investigate effects of liquid feeding high levels of corn condensed distiller＇s solubles（CCDS） and whole stillage（CWS） on growth performance, carcass characteristics, belly firmness and meat sensory traits of pigs.Methods： A total of 256 pigs were blocked by sex and initial BW（13.5 ± 2.5 kg）, and pens of pigs（8 pigs/pen） were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 dietary treatments（8 pens/treatment）： 1） corn-soybean meal based diet as control, 2） 25%CWS ＋ 5% CCDS, 3） 19.5% CWS ＋ 10.5% CCDS, and 4） 19.5, 26, and 32.5% CWS ＋ 10.5, 14, and 17.5% CCDS in phases 1（28 d）, 2（38 d）, and 3（60 d）, respectively. Inclusion levels of CCDS and CWS for Treatments 1, 2, and 3 were fixed during all the three phases of the experiment. Inclusion levels of CWS and CCDS were on 88% dry matter basis. The liquid feeding system delivered feed from the mixing tank to feed troughs by high-pressure air, had sensors inside feed troughs, and recorded daily feed intake on the basis of a reference feed intake curve. The pigs were fed 5 to 10 times per day with increasing frequency during the experiment.Results： Control pigs had greater（P 0.10） dressing percentage, loin muscle depth, and lean percentage were observed among the four treatments. Inclusion of CWS and CCDS reduced（P 0.10） the overall like,flavor, tenderness and juiciness of loin chops when compared with the control group.Conclusion： In conclusion, our results indicate that including 30–50% of a mixture of whole stillage and condensed distiller＇s solubles in the growing-finishing diets may reduce growth performance, carcass weight and belly firmness, but does not affect pork sensory traits.

First Systematic Testing Platform for Pressurization Feed System Developed for Liquid Rocket Propellant in China

Beijing Aerospace System Engineering Institute of China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT) declared recently that theinstitute has set up a laboratory whichwould operate a newly

Restricted Daily Feeding of Liquid Meal Reduces the Motivation of Rats to Get Food

To corroborate the hypothesis that mastication affects the motivation to get food, we examined the effects of dietary consistency on the development of meal anticipation in locomotor activity of rats subjected to restricted daily feeding (RF), in which food supply was restricted to a fixed time each day. RF of both liquid and solid meals produced anticipatory locomotor activity. However, the strength of the activity in rats subjected to RF of liquid meal was lower than that in rats subjected to RF of solid meal. These results suggest that the feeding-associated circadian oscillation that developed by feeding with liquid meal is less potent than that in the case of feeding with solid meal. Furthermore, mastication for digesting solid meal might be one of the factors that determine the strength of the feeding-associated circadian oscillation.

液态饲喂杂粕型饲粮对生长猪生长性能、养分消化率、血清炎性因子及粪便短链脂肪酸含量的影响

本试验旨在研究液态饲喂杂粕型饲粮对生长猪生长性能、养分消化率、血清炎性因子及粪便短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)含量的影响。选取平均体重为(30.00±4.26)kg的“杜×长×大”三元杂交猪126头,随机分为3组,每组7个重复,每个重复6头猪。试验Ⅰ组饲喂豆粕型颗粒饲粮;试验Ⅱ组饲喂杂粕型颗粒饲粮(由双低菜籽粕、玉米胚芽粕、喷浆玉米皮及米糠替代部分豆粕和玉米组成);试验Ⅲ组饲喂杂粕型液态饲粮,即在杂粕型饲粮的基础上加入2.7倍的水,混合均匀后饲喂。各组饲粮营养水平基本一致。试验期56 d。结果表明:1)试验全期,与试验Ⅰ组相比,试验Ⅱ组平均日采食量和平均日增重分别降低了2.29%和5.33%(P>0.05),料重比提高了3.40%(P>0.05);与试验Ⅱ组相比,试验Ⅲ组平均日采食量和平均日增重分别提高了7.04%(P<0.05)和6.32%(P>0.05)。2)试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组干物质、总能和粗蛋白质消化率极显著低于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.01),粗脂肪、磷和粗灰分消化率显著低于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组间各养分消化率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。3)试验Ⅲ组粪便丁酸含量显著高于试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05),与试验Ⅰ组差异不显著(P>0.05)。4)与试验Ⅰ组相比,试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组血清抗炎因子白细胞介素-10(IL-10)含量极显著提高(P<0.01),试验Ⅱ组血清促炎因子白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量显著提高(P<0.05);与试验Ⅱ组相比,试验Ⅲ组血清IL-1β含量显著降低(P<0.05),血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)和TNF-α含量有一定程度降低但未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。综上可知,与豆粕型颗粒饲粮相比,杂粕型颗粒饲粮会降低生长猪采食量和养分消化率,提高血清炎性因子含量,而通过液态方式饲喂杂粕型饲粮可改善饲粮适口性,提高生长猪采食量,降低血清促炎因子IL-1β含量,对养分消化率无改善作用。

Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles by Thermal Decomposition of Diironnonacarbonyl in Ionic Liquid and Their Potential Use as Nanotracers for Mixer Studies in Liquids Feeds

Iron nanoparticles with dynamic light scattering median diameter around 10 nm have been prepared by thermal decomposition under a nitrogen atmosphere from diironnonacarbonyl (DINC) dissolved in n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF). The effect of temperature changes in the range of 170°C - 200°C and changes in concentration of DINC in BMIMBF in the range of 0.1% - 0.9% on the properties of obtained iron nanoparticles has been investigated. The stable dispersion of iron nanoparticle in ethanol has been prepared after separation of nanoparticles from ionic liquid by centrifugation following by their re-dispersion in ethanol. The possibility of quantitative analysis of iron content in ethanol dispersion by deposition of ferromagnetic nanoparticles on the surface of plastic-protected neodymium magnet, dissolution of iron in hydrochloric acid and addition of ammonium thiocyanate solution following by spectrophotometric determination of iron cations at wavelength of 490 nm has been investigated. The feasibility of using the same approach in case of addition of ethanol dispersion of iron nanoparticles to the liquid animal feeds for evaluation of efficiency of their mixing has been discussed.

配合饲料中64种药物超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱检测方法的研究

[目的]建立同时检测配合饲料中64种药物的超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱(ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry,UHPLC-MS/MS)法,提高非法添加物的检测效率。[方法]采用Waters HSS T3型色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8μm)进行分离,流动相A为0.1%甲酸水溶液,流动相B为含0.1%甲酸的乙腈溶液,梯度洗脱,流速为0.40 mL/min,进样量为2μL;采用电喷雾离子源正离子扫描模式进行检测,多反应监测模式进行信号采集。比较4种样品提取溶剂以及2种固相萃取柱处理对目标药物的回收率,确定样品前处理的最佳方法。利用建立的UHPLC-MS/MS法对宁夏回族自治区不同来源的100批次配合饲料样品进行64种药物检测。[结果]配合饲料样品均质后,用含0.2%甲酸的乙腈水溶液(乙腈∶水=8∶2,V/V)提取,利用Oasis PRiME HLB型固相萃取柱对样品净化,多数目标药物的回收率在60%以上。64种药物在浓度为5.0~200.0μg/L的范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(R)均大于0.99;不同药物的定量限在5.0~10.0μg/kg;阳性添加5.0、20.0、50.0μg/kg 3个浓度的平均回收率在41.00%~120.49%,批内相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.54%~15.94%,批间RSD在1.25%~13.64%。在100个批次的配合饲料样品中均未检出目标药物。[结论]建立的UHPLC-MS/MS法线性关系良好、回收率高、精密度好,具有较高的重现性和较好的可操作性,可用于配合饲料中非法添加64种药物的筛查。

餐厨垃圾相变液制备小球藻饲料对罗氏沼虾生长性能及营养成分的影响

为探究餐厨垃圾耦合培养的小球藻饲料对罗氏沼虾生长性能、基础营养成分和品质的影响,以大塘养殖罗氏沼虾为试验对象,在基础饲料中添加0.1%小球藻饲料,进行30 d的养殖试验,测定其生长性能、基础体成分和肌肉营养成分。试验结果显示,添加0.1%小球藻饲料能够提高罗氏沼虾的终末平均体重、终末平均体长、质量增加率和特定生长率,差异不显著(P>0.05)。添加小球藻饲料有助于提高虾体的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、Ca、P等含量,差异不显著(P>0.05);此外,添加小球藻饲料能提高虾体的部分必需氨基酸含量和不饱和脂肪酸含量,其中单不饱和脂肪酸含量是对照组的2倍,多不饱和脂肪酸含量比对照组提高了25.6%,油酸、花生一烯酸和亚油酸含量分别达1 131.10、24.87和768.91μg·mL^(-1),显著高于对照组(P<0.05),具有较高的食用价值与保健作用。

热泵辅助无规填料表面蒸发装置浓缩热敏料液性能研究

目的:设计一种低能耗、可在常压下低温浓缩热敏料液的表面蒸发浓缩装置。方法:建立装置的基本方程,分析体积蒸发通量和节能倍率随料液流量、料液温度、吹扫气流量、吹扫气温度的变化规律,制作试验台并通过试验得出一组最佳性能参数。结果:当料液流量为0.02 kg/s时,装置具有最高的节能倍率和较高的体积蒸发通量;当料液温度从30℃增加到50℃时,体积蒸发通量增加了224.68%,但节能倍率降低了12.42%;当吹扫气流量从0.004 kg/s增加到0.006 kg/s时,体积蒸发通量增加了23.45%,但节能倍率降低了7.74%;当吹扫气温度从10℃增加到30℃时,体积蒸发通量减少了22.92%,但节能倍率升高了37.49%;以糖度为15°Brix的橙汁进行测试,当料液温度为38℃、吹扫气温度为26℃时,装置的体积蒸发通量可达219 kg/(m 3·h),节能倍率可达3.3。结论:热泵辅助无规填料表面蒸发装置浓缩热敏料液时具有常压下低温浓缩、能耗低等特点。

液态发酵饲料对仔猪生产性能影响的研究进展

液态发酵饲料是指固体饲料与水按照比例(1∶1.5~1∶4.0)混合,经过微生物发酵制成的适口性好、易消化、营养价值高的液体饲料。在现代集约化生猪养殖中,为提高母猪繁殖效率、降低生产成本,养殖场通常推行仔猪低日龄断奶技术。但早期断奶的仔猪由于面临消化道机能发育不全、饲料抗营养因子多等诸多应激因素,易患上断奶应激综合征,导致其采食量下降、生长缓慢、腹泻率升高,严重危害养殖场的经济效益。液态发酵饲料具有物理形态与母乳相似、饲料营养价值高等特点,能够改善仔猪肠道菌群,提高仔猪消化能力,在仔猪生产中具有广阔的应用前景。本文通过介绍液态发酵饲料的定义、特点、生产方式及对仔猪生产性能影响,以期为液态发酵饲料在仔猪生产中的合理应用提供理论依据。

高效液相色谱法测定发酵饲料中乳酸的含量

建立了一种能准确测定发酵饲料中乳酸含量的液相色谱分析方法。以C_(18)柱为分析柱,采用紫外检测器,10 min内能够很好地分离出乳酸。流动相为磷酸二氢钾溶液,检测波长为210 nm,外标法定量测定。实验结果表明,该方法在1~300 mg/L的浓度范围内,线性关系良好,R^(2)>0.999。检出限为30 mg/kg,定量限为50 mg/kg,加标回收率为86.6%~98.0%。该方法灵敏度和准确度高、重复性好,可适用于发酵饲料中乳酸的测定。

基于Meta分析方法评估液态饲料对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

文章用Meta分析方法评估液态饲料对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响。通过计算机检索中国知网(CNKI)、万方(Wan Fang)、维普(CQVIP)、Science Direct、Web of Science、Pub Med数据库,查找液态饲料对断奶仔猪生长性能影响的相关试验。检索年限从2000年到2022年,按照纳入和排除标准筛选文献、提取资料,用Review Manager 5.4软件进行Meta分析。结果显示:纳入16个研究,共计样本1 628例,Meta分析结果显示,液态料组平均日增重显著高于固态料组[P<0.000 01,标准化均数差(SMD)=1.57,95%置信区间(CI):1.02~2.12];平均日采食量显著高于固态料组(P=0.000 1,SMD=1.18,95%CI:0.58~1.79);两组间料重比(P=0.33,SMD=-0.17,95%CI:-0.51~0.17)、腹泻率(P=0.84,SMD=-0.02,95%CI:-0.24~0.2)差异不显著。结果表明:液态饲料可显著提高断奶仔猪平均日增重和平均日采食量,对料重比和腹泻率无影响。

饲料中乙烯雌酚含量的检测方法研究

本研究旨在开发一种高效、经济的方法,利用高效能液相层析仪(HPLC)配合光二极管侦测器(PDA),对饲料中乙烯雌酚含量进行分析。为了避免在低浓度情况下的误判,同时采用高效液相层析质谱仪(HPLC/MS)进行了再确认。在实验中,饲料样品以甲醇为萃取液,经过振荡、离心、浓缩上清液,残渣用70%甲醇溶解,通过Oasis■HLB卡匣去除干扰物质,最后用甲醇进行冲提,冲提液经高效液相层析仪检测。实验结果表明,对于饲料添加0.5、1、3、5 ppm的情况,回收率在80.8%到107.5%。仅采用光二极管侦测器检测时,最低检测限为0.03 ppm;而采用质谱侦测器检测时,最低检测限可达0.005 ppm。研究结果表明,所开发的高效液相层析仪饲料中乙烯雌酚检测方法具有便捷、经济、可行的特点,可作为饲料中乙烯雌酚检验的一种有效方法。

Captiva EMR-Lipid固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-串联质谱快速筛查饲料中7种真菌毒素

研究旨在采用Captiva EMR-Lipid固相萃取技术结合超高效液相色谱串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)对饲料中7种真菌毒素进行快速筛查。制备后的饲料样品经84%乙腈水溶液超声(结合振摇)提取10min,离心后经Captiva EMR-Lipid固相萃取柱一步通过式脱脂净化。然后进行UPLC-MS/MS电喷雾电离(ESI),正、负离子扫描,多反映监测模式(MRM),基质匹配外标法定量。结果表明,单个饲料样品中7种真菌毒素的提取、净化和检测分析可在30 min内完成,基质匹配标准曲线相关系数(r)均大于0.994,检出限均为2~10μg/kg,不同水平加标浓度下的平均回收率为61.9%~123.5%,相对标准偏差(RSD)≤9.2%(n=5)。研究表明,该方法前处理步骤少,易操作,筛查定性准确,检测分析通量相对较高,满足饲料中7种真菌毒素的筛查分析。

固相萃取法结合液相色谱-串联质谱技术测定饲料中庆大霉素含量

本研究建立了一种固相萃取法结合液相色谱-串联质谱技术测定饲料中庆大霉素含量的方法。采用5%三氯乙酸提取液提取饲料样品,用PCX固相萃取柱净化,使用液相色谱-串联质谱检测,以2 mmol/L甲酸铵-0.1%甲酸溶液(A)-乙腈(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱,Agilent SB-Aq色谱柱分离。庆大霉素含量在1.0~100.0 mg/L线性关系良好(R 2>0.995);方法的检出限为0.03 mg/kg,定量限为0.1 mg/kg;庆大霉素在3个添加水平(1.0、10.0、100.0 mg/kg)下的平均回收率为81.5%~123.6%,相对标准偏差<15%。该方法易于使用,预处理简单,适用于测定饲料中的庆大霉素含量。

脱硫废液浆法进料制酸工艺应用实践

以山西晋中某1 340 kt/a焦化配套25 kt/a脱硫废液制酸装置为例,介绍了脱硫废液浆法进料制酸工艺的原理、流程、技术特点等。浆法进料制酸装置自动化水平高,运行能耗低,生产成本低,可长期连续稳定运行,是目前焦化脱硫废液制酸工艺中较好的解决方案。

空气提升器运行特性及工程应用研究

空气提升器是目前放射性废液处理工程中应用较多的一种料液输送装置,可以有效解决放射性废液在常规方式下不便于输送的难题。本文简要介绍了空气提升器工作原理及运行特性,并基于现场设备调试时发现的问题,通过试验得出了该工程应用问题的处理方法及结论,旨在为处理放射性废液输送装置相关问题方面提供良好的工程借鉴,为后续工程设计提供经验反馈。

高效液相色谱-荧光法测定饲料中维生素B_(1)和维生素B_(2)

为建立以高效液相色谱-荧光法测定饲料中维生素B_(1)和维生素B_(2)的分析方法,实验通过高温高压法对饲料进行前处理,而后衍生,以乙酸钠-甲醇为流动相,分别在不同波长下对维生素B_(1)和B_(2)进行测定。结果显示:维生素B_(1)和维生素B_(2)在0.03~5.00μg/mL线性范围内,相关系数R均大于0.9999;加标回收率为92.7%~98.1%;维生素B_(1)和维生素B_(2)的检出限分别为0.04、0.06 mg/kg,定量限分别为0.15、0.18 mg/kg。本方法对饲料中维生素B_(1)和维生素B_(2)的测定,具有便捷、准确的优势。

饲料中大豆异黄酮检测方法的建立

[目的]建立用于检测饲料中大豆提取物的高效液相色谱方法(HPLC),为大豆异黄酮在畜牧业的合理使用提供支持。[方法]通过查阅文献,采用HPLC色谱技术,样品经甲醇溶液超声提取后,以乙腈-0.1%醋酸水为流动相梯度洗脱,260 nm波长检测。[结果]建立的HPLC检测方法,线性范围为0.2~20μg/mL,定量限可达0.197μg/mL,以2、15μg/mL的质量浓度进行添加回收,添加回收率为97.45%~102.54%。[结论]按建立的HPLC方法检测5%纯度的大豆异黄酮,可检测6种组分的含量分别为:大豆苷1.13%、大豆黄苷0.22%、染料木苷2.79%、大豆苷元0.55%、大豆黄素0.06%和染料木素0.29%,总黄酮含量为5.04%。